SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99:2012

GUIDE 99


Международный словарь по
метрологии. Основные и
общие понятия и
соответствующие термины
(VIM)
International vocabulary of
metrology — Basic and general
concepts and associated terms
(VIM)


First edition 2007

Первое издание 2007
©
 ISO/IEC 2007

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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/R)
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ДОКУМЕНТ ЗАЩИЩЕН АВТОРСКИМ ПРАВОМ


© ISO/IEC 2007
The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals, instruction
booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purposes. The conditions for such reproduction are:
that no modifications are made to the terms and definitions; that such reproduction is not permitted for dictionaries or similar publications
offered for sale; and that this International Standard is referenced as the source document.
With the sole exceptions noted above, no other part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
Копирование терминов и определений, содержащихся в настоящем международном стандарте, разрешено в учебниках,
инструкциях, технических публикациях и журналах только с целью обучения или внедрения терминологии. Условия для такого
копирования: не допускается никаких изменений в терминах и определениях; такое копирование не разрешается для словарей
или подобных публикаций, предназначенных для продажи; должна быть ссылка на этот международный стандарт как на
первоисточник.
Кроме случаев, обозначенных выше, никакие части этой публикации не могут быть перепечатаны или использованы в другом
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Published in Switzerland/Опубликовано в Швейцарии

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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/R)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vii
Conventions.xii
Scope.1
1 Quantities and units.2
2 Measurement .16
3 Devices for measurement .35
4 Properties of measuring devices.38
5 Measurement standards (Etalons) .46
Annex A (informative) Concept diagrams .54
Bibliography.81
List of acronyms.86
Alphabetical index.88


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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/R)
Содержание Страница
Предисловие. vi
Введение. ix
Принятые правила и обозначения . xiv
Область применения. 1
1 Величины и единицы. 2
2 Измерение . 16
3 Измерительные устройства . 35
4 Свойства измерительных устройств . 38
5 Эталоны. 46
Приложение A (информативное) Схемы понятий. 54
Библиография . 81
Перечень сокращений. 86
Алфавитный указатель .90


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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/R)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
Draft Guides adopted by the responsible Committee or Group are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as a Guide requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This first edition of ISO/IEC Guide 99 cancels and replaces the second edition of the International vocabulary
of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM). It is equivalent to the third edition of the VIM. For further
information, see the Introduction (0.2)
Note that in this document, GUM is used to refer to the industry-recognized publication, adopted as
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008. When a specific subclause number is cited, the reference is to ISO/IEC
Guide 98-3:2008.

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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/R)
Предисловие
Международная организация по стандартизации (ISO) является всемирной федерацией национальных
органов по стандартизации (комитетов-членов ISO). Работу по подготовке Международных стандартов
обычно выполняют технические комитеты ISO. Каждый комитет-член, заинтересованный в теме, для
которой был создан технический комитет, имеет право быть представленным в этом комитете.
Международные организации, правительственные и неправительственные, связанные с ISO, также
принимают участие в работе. ISO тесно сотрудничает с Международной электротехнической
комиссией (IEC) по всем вопросам стандартизации в электротехнике.
Международные стандарты подготавливаются в соответствии с правилами, приведенными в
директивах ISO/IEC, Часть 2.
Проект Руководства, одобренный ответственным Комитетом или Группой, рассылается комитетам-
членам для голосования. Публикация документа в качестве Руководства требует одобрения не менее
75 % комитетов-членов, которые участвовали в голосовании.
Обращается внимание на возможность того, что некоторые элементы этого документа могут быть
субъектами патентного права. ISO не должен нести ответственность за выявление любых таких
патентных прав.
Настоящая первая редакция Guide ISO/IEC 99 отменяет и заменяет вторую редакцию Международного
словаря основных и общих терминов в метрологии (VIM). Она эквивалентна третьей редакции VIM.
Для дальнейшей информации см. Введение (0.2).
Заметим, что в настоящем документе используются ссылки на GUM как на ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008 в
качестве публикации признанной промышленностью. В случае ссылки на определенный номер
подпункта, эта ссылка относится к ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008.

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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/R)
Introduction
0.1 General
In general, a vocabulary is a “terminological dictionary which contains designations and definitions from one or
more specific subject fields” (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). The present Vocabulary pertains to metrology, the
“science of measurement and its application”. It also covers the basic principles governing quantities and
units. The field of quantities and units could be treated in many different ways. Clause 1 of this Vocabulary is
one such treatment, and is based on the principles laid down in the various parts of ISO 31, Quantities and
units, currently being replaced by ISO 80000 and IEC 80000 series Quantities and units, and in the
SI Brochure, The International System of Units (published by the BIPM).
The second edition of the International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM) was
published in 1993. The need to cover measurements in chemistry and laboratory medicine for the first time, as
well as to incorporate concepts such as those that relate to metrological traceability, measurement
uncertainty, and nominal properties, led to this third edition. Its title is now International vocabulary of
metrology — Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM), in order to emphasize the primary role
of concepts in developing a vocabulary.
In this Vocabulary, it is taken for granted that there is no fundamental difference in the basic principles of
measurement in physics, chemistry, laboratory medicine, biology, or engineering. Furthermore, an attempt
has been made to meet conceptual needs of measurement in fields such as biochemistry, food science,
forensic science, and molecular biology.
Several concepts that appeared in the second edition of the VIM do not appear in this third edition because
they are no longer considered to be basic or general. For example, the concept 'response time', used in
describing the temporal behaviour of a measuring system, is not included. For concepts related to
measurement devices that are not covered by this third edition of the VIM, the reader should consult other
vocabularies such as IEC 60050, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, IEV. For concepts concerned with
quality management, mutual recognition arrangements pertaining to metrology, or legal metrology, the reader
is referred to documents given in the bibliography.
Development of this third edition of the VIM has raised some fundamental questions about different current
philosophies and descriptions of measurement, as will be summarized below. These differences sometimes
lead to difficulties in developing definitions that could be used across the different descriptions. No preference
is given in this third edition to any of the particular approaches.
The change in the treatment of measurement uncertainty from an Error Approach (sometimes called
Traditional Approach or True Value Approach) to an Uncertainty Approach necessitated reconsideration of
some of the related concepts appearing in the second edition of the VIM. The objective of measurement in the
Error Approach is to determine an estimate of the true value that is as close as possible to that single true
value. The deviation from the true value is composed of random and systematic errors. The two kinds of
errors, assumed to be always distinguishable, have to be treated differently. No rule can be derived on how
they combine to form the total error of any given measurement result, usually taken as the estimate. Usually,
only an upper limit of the absolute value of the total error is estimated, sometimes loosely named
“uncertainty”.
In the CIPM Recommendation INC-1 (1980) on the Statement of Uncertainties, it is suggested that the
components of measurement uncertainty should be grouped into two categories, Type A and Type B,
according to whether they were evaluated by statistical methods or otherwise, and that they be combined to
yield a variance according to the rules of mathematical probability theory by also treating the Type B
components in terms of variances. The resulting standard deviation is an expression of a measurement
uncertainty. A view of the Uncertainty Approach was detailed in the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
measurement (GUM) (1993, corrected and reprinted in 1995) that focused on the mathematical treatment of
measurement uncertainty through an explicit measurement model under the assumption that the measurand
can be characterized by an essentially unique value. Moreover, in the GUM as well as in IEC documents,
guidance is provided on the Uncertainty Approach in the case of a single reading of a calibrated instrument, a
situation normally met in industrial metrology.

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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/R)
The objective of measurement in the Uncertainty Approach is not to determine a true value as closely as
possible. Rather, it is assumed that the information from measurement only permits assignment of an interval
of reasonable values to the measurand, based on the assumption that no mistakes have been made in
performing the measurement. Additional relevant information may reduce the range of the interval of values
that can reasonably be attributed to the measurand. However, even the most refined measurement cannot
reduce the interval to a single value because of the finite amount of detail in the definition of a measurand.
The definitional uncertainty, therefore, sets a minimum limit to any measurement uncertainty. The interval can
be represented by one of its values, called a “measured quantity value”.
In the GUM, the definitional uncertainty is considered to be negligible with respect to the other components of
measurement uncertainty. The objective of measurement is then to establish a probability that this essentially
unique value lies within an interval of measured quantity values, based on the information available from
measurement.
The IEC scenario focuses on measurements with single readings, permitting the investigation of whether
quantities vary in time by demonstrating whether measurement results are compatible. The IEC view also
allows non-negligible definitional uncertainties. The validity of the measurement results is highly dependent on
the metrological properties of the instrument as demonstrated by its calibration. The interval of values offered
to describe the measurand is the interval of values of measurement standards that would have given the
same indications.
In the GUM, the concept of true value is kept for describing the objective of measurement, but the adjective
“true” is considered to be redundant. The IEC does not use the concept to describe this objective. In this
Vocabulary, the concept and term are retained because of common usage and the importance of the concept.
0.2 History of the VIM
In 1997 the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), chaired by the Director of the BIPM, was formed
by the seven International Organizations that had prepared the original versions of the Guide to the
expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) and the International vocabulary of basic and general terms
in metrology (VIM). The Joint Committee took on this part of the work of the ISO Technical Advisory Group 4
(TAG 4), which had developed the GUM and the VIM. The Joint Committee was originally made up of
representatives from the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory
Medicine (IFCC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), and the
International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). In 2005, the International Laboratory Accreditation
Cooperation (ILAC) officially joined the seven founding international organizations.
The JCGM has two Working Groups. Working Group 1 (JCGM/WG 1) on the GUM has the task of promoting
the use of the GUM and preparing Supplements to the GUM for broad application. Working Group 2
(JCGM/WG 2) on the VIM has the task of revising the VIM and promoting its use. Working Group 2 is
composed of up to two representatives of each member organization, supplemented by a limited number of
experts. The third edition of the VIM has been prepared by Working Group 2.
In 2004, a first draft of the third edition of the VIM was submitted for comments and proposals to the eight
organizations represented in the JCGM, which in most cases consulted their members or affiliates, including
numerous National Metrology Institutes. Comments were studied and discussed, taken into account when
appropriate, and replied to by JCGM/WG 2. A final draft of the third edition was submitted in 2006 to the eight
organizations for review and approval.
All subsequent comments were considered and taken into account as appropriate by Working Group 2.
The third edition of the VIM has been approved by each and all of the eight JCGM Member organizations.

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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/R)
Введение
0.1 Общие положения
В общем, словарь – это “терминологический словарь, содержащий наименования и определения из
одной или более определенных предметных областей” (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). Настоящий Словарь
относится к метрологии, “науке об измерениях и их применении”. Он также содержит основные
правила, которыми руководствуются при применении величин и единиц. Существует множество
способов, с помощью которых можно рассматривать область величин и единиц. Один из таких
способов, принятый в Разделе 1 настоящего Словаря, основан на принципах, сформулированных в
различных частях ISO 31, Величины и единицы, которые в настоящее время заменяются системой
Международных стандартов ISO 80000 и IEC 80000, Величины и единицы, и в Брошюре SI
Международная система единиц, (опубликованной BIPM).
Второе издание Международного словаря общих и основных терминов в метрологии (VIM) было
опубликовано в 1993 году. Потребность впервые охватить измерения в области химии и лабораторной
медицины, а также включить понятия, связанные с метрологической прослеживаемостью,
неопределенностью измерения и качественными свойствами стала причиной создания третьей
редакции словаря. Теперь словарь называется: Международный словарь по метрологии. Основные и
общие понятия и соответствующие термины (VIM). Название изменено, чтобы подчеркнуть
первичную роль понятий при создании словаря.
В настоящем Словаре принимается, что нет фундаментальных различий в основных принципах
измерений в физике, химии, лабораторной медицине, биологии или инженерии. Кроме того, была
сделана попытка удовлетворить потребности в понятиях, касающихся измерений в таких областях, как
биохимия, наука о питании, криминалистика и молекулярная биология.
Некоторые понятия, которые вошли во второе издание VIM, не были включены в настоящее третье
издание, потому что они более не рассматриваются как общие и основные. Например, не было
включено понятие “время отклика” (response time), используемое при описании поведения во времени
измерительной системы. Что касается понятий, связанных с измерительными устройствами, которые
не охвачены настоящим третьим изданием VIM, то читатель может обращаться к другим словарям,
таким как IEC 60050, Международный электротехнический словарь (IEV). Относительно понятий,
связанных с менеджментом качества, договорённостями о взаимном признании применительно к
области метрологии или законодательной метрологии, читатель может обращаться к документам,
приведенным в библиографии.
Разработка настоящего третьего издания VIM подняла ряд фундаментальных вопросов, касающихся
различных подходов, используемых при описании измерений, что будет просуммировано ниже. Эти
различия иногда усложняли разработку определений, которые могли бы использоваться параллельно
для различных описаний. В настоящем третьем издании не отдается предпочтения ни одному из
различных подходов (концепций).
Эволюция трактовки неопределенности измерения от “Концепции погрешности” (который иногда
называют Традиционным подходом или Концепцией истинного значения) к “Концепции
неопределенности” повлекло за собой пересмотр некоторых связанных понятий, содержащихся во
втором издании VIM. Целью измерения в “Концепции погрешности“ является нахождение оценки
истинного значения, насколько возможно близкой к этому единственному истинному значению.
Отклонение от истинного значения состоит из случайных и систематических погрешностей. Два вида
погрешностей, которые по предположению всегда можно различить, должны обрабатываться по-
разному. Невозможно определить правило относительного того, как их объединять для получения
полной погрешности любого данного результата измерения, обычно получают только её оценку.
Обычно оценивается только верхняя граница абсолютного значения полной погрешности, иногда
ошибочно называемая “неопределенностью”.

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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/R)
В Рекомендации INC-1(1980) Международного комитета по мерам и весам, заявившей о
неопределённостях, предлагается, чтобы составляющие неопределенности измерений
группировались в две категории, типа А и типа В, в соответствии с тем, были ли они оценены
статистическими методами или иным способом, и чтобы они объединялись с целью получения
дисперсии в соответствии с правилами теории вероятностей, при этом составляющие типа В также
рассматриваются как дисперсии. Результирующее стандартное отклонение является выражением
неопределенности измерений. Концепция неопределенности была детально представлена в
Руководстве по выражению неопределенности в измерениях (GUM) (1993, исправлено и переиздано
в 1995), которое сконцентрировано на математической трактовке неопределенности измерений через
детально проработанную модель измерения в предположении, что измеряемая величина может
характеризоваться по существу единственным значением. Кроме того, в GUM, также как и в
документах IEC, дается руководство на основе Концепции неопределенности в случае единичного
показания калиброванного прибора – ситуация обычная в промышленной метрологии.
Цель измерения в Концепции неопределенности не в том, чтобы определить истинное значение
насколько возможно точно. Скорее здесь предполагается, что информация, полученная при
измерении, позволяет только приписать обоснованный интервал значений для измеряемой величины,
основываясь на предположении, что при выполнении измерений не было сделано ошибок.
Дополнительная значимая информация может уменьшить размеры интервала значений, которые
можно обоснованно приписать измеряемой величине. Однако, даже самое точное измерение не может
уменьшить этот интервал до единственного значения из-за конечного количества деталей в описании
измеряемой величины. По этой причине, неопределённость самого определения измеряемой
величины (дефинициальная неопределённость) устанавливает минимальный предел для любой
неопределенности измерений. Интервал может быть представлен одним из своих значений,
называемым “измеренным значением величины”.
В GUM дефинициальная неопределенность рассматривается как пренебрежимо малая по сравнению с
другими составляющим неопределенности измерений. В этом случае целью измерения является
установление на основании информации, доступной при измерении, вероятности того, что это по
существу единственное значение лежит в пределах интервала измеренных значений величины.
В IEC внимание фокусируется на измерениях с единичными показаниями, что позволяет исследовать,
изменяются ли величины во времени и на этой основе сделать вывод о совместимости результатов
измерений. Подход IEC позволяет рассматривать также случаи, когда дефинициальные
неопределенности не являются пренебрежимо малыми. Достоверность результатов измерения в
значительной степени зависит от метрологических свойств средства измерений, которые
определяются через его калибровку. Интервал значений, предлагаемых для описания измеряемой
величины, является интервалом значений эталонов, которые могли бы дать такие же показания.
В GUM понятие истинного значения сохраняется для описания цели измерения, но прилагательное
“истинный” считается избыточным. IEC не использует это понятие для описания цели измерения. В
настоящем Словаре это понятие и термин сохранены по причине их широкого использования и важности.
0.2 История VIM
В 1997 году Объединенный комитет по руководствам в метрологии (JCGM), который возглавил
директор Международного Бюро мер и весов (BIPM), был создан семью Международными
организациями, подготовившими исходные версии Руководства по выражению неопределенности в
измерениях (GUM) и Международного словаря основных и общих терминов в метрологии (VIM).
Объединенный комитет взял на себя часть работы 4-ой Технической консультативной группы ISO
(ISO TAG 4), которая разрабатывала GUM и VIM. Первоначально Объединенный комитет состоял из
представителей Международного Бюро мер и весов (BIPM), Международной электротехнической
комиссии (IEC), Международной федерации клинической химии
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99:2012
01-marec-2012
Mednarodni slovar za meroslovje - Osnovni in splošni koncepti ter z njimi
povezani izrazi (VIM)
International vocabulary of metrology - Basic and general concepts and associated terms
(VIM)
Internationales Wörterbuch der Metrologie (VIM)
Vocabulaire international de métrologie - Concepts fondamentaux et généraux et termes
associés (VIM)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007
ICS:
01.040.17 Meroslovje in merjenje. Metrology and measurement.
Fizikalni pojavi (Slovarji) Physical phenomena
(Vocabularies)
17.020 Meroslovje in merjenje na Metrology and measurement
splošno in general
SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99:2012 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99:2012


GUIDE 99

International vocabulary of
metrology — Basic and general
concepts and associated terms
(VIM)
Vocabulaire international de
métrologie — Concepts
fondamentaux et généraux et
termes associés (VIM)



First edition 2007
Première édition 2007
©
 ISO/IEC 2007

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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99:2012
ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F)
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©  ISO/IEC 2007
The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals, instruction
booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purposes. The conditions for such reproduction are:
that no modifications are made to the terms and definitions; that such reproduction is not permitted for dictionaries or similar publications
offered for sale; and that this International Standard is referenced as the source document.
With the sole exceptions noted above, no other part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
La reproduction des termes et des définitions contenus dans la présente Norme internationale est autorisée dans les manuels
d'enseignement, les modes d'emploi, les publications et revues techniques destinés exclusivement à l'enseignement ou à la mise en
application. Les conditions d'une telle reproduction sont les suivantes: aucune modification n'est apportée aux termes et définitions; la
reproduction n'est pas autorisée dans des dictionnaires ou publications similaires destinés à la vente; la présente Norme internationale
est citée comme document source.
À la seule exception mentionnée ci-dessus, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que
ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'ISO à
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Published in Switzerland/Publié en Suisse


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ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007(E/F)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vii
Conventions.xi
Scope.1
1 Quantities and units.2
2 Measurement .16
3 Devices for measurement .34
4 Properties of measuring devices.37
5 Measurement standards (Etalons) .46
Annex A (informative) Concept diagrams .54
Bibliography.81
List of acronyms.86
Alphabetical index.88


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Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. vi
Introduction . ix
Conventions . xiii
Domaine d'application. 1
1 Grandeurs et unités. 2
2 Mesurages. 16
3 Dispositifs de mesure . 34
4 Propriétés des dispositifs de mesure . 37
5 Étalons. 46
Annexe A (informative) Schémas conceptuels . 54
Bibliographie . 81
Liste des sigles . 86
Index alphabétique . 91


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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
Draft Guides adopted by the responsible Committee or Group are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as a Guide requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This first edition of ISO/IEC Guide 99 cancels and replaces the second edition of the International vocabulary
of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM). It is equivalent to the third edition of the VIM. For further
information, see the Introduction (0.2)
Note that in this document, GUM is used to refer to the industry-recognized publication, adopted as
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008. When a specific subclause number is cited, the reference is to ISO/IEC
Guide 98-3:2008.


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Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
Les projets de Guides adoptés par le comité ou le groupe responsable sont soumis aux comités membres
pour vote. Leur publication comme Guides requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
Cette première édition du Guide ISO/CEI 99 annule et remplace la deuxième édition du Vocabulaire
international des termes fondamentaux et généraux de métrologie (VIM). Elle est équivalente à la troisième
édition du VIM. Pour plus d'information, voir l'Introduction (0.2)
Dans le présent document, «GUM» renvoie à la publication reconnue dans l'industrie qui a maintenant été
adoptée sous la référence Guide ISO/CEI 98-3:2008. Lorsqu'un paragraphe spécifique est cité, il est fait
référence au Guide ISO/CEI 98-3:2008.


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Introduction
0.1 General
In general, a vocabulary is a “terminological dictionary which contains designations and definitions from one or
more specific subject fields” (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). The present Vocabulary pertains to metrology, the
“science of measurement and its application”. It also covers the basic principles governing quantities and
units. The field of quantities and units could be treated in many different ways. Clause 1 of this Vocabulary is
one such treatment, and is based on the principles laid down in the various parts of ISO 31, Quantities and
units, currently being replaced by ISO 80000 and IEC 80000 series Quantities and units, and in the
SI Brochure, The International System of Units (published by the BIPM).
The second edition of the International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM) was
published in 1993. The need to cover measurements in chemistry and laboratory medicine for the first time, as
well as to incorporate concepts such as those that relate to metrological traceability, measurement
uncertainty, and nominal properties, led to this third edition. Its title is now International vocabulary of
metrology — Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM), in order to emphasize the primary role
of concepts in developing a vocabulary.
In this Vocabulary, it is taken for granted that there is no fundamental difference in the basic principles of
measurement in physics, chemistry, laboratory medicine, biology, or engineering. Furthermore, an attempt
has been made to meet conceptual needs of measurement in fields such as biochemistry, food science,
forensic science, and molecular biology.
Several concepts that appeared in the second edition of the VIM do not appear in this third edition because
they are no longer considered to be basic or general. For example, the concept 'response time', used in
describing the temporal behaviour of a measuring system, is not included. For concepts related to
measurement devices that are not covered by this third edition of the VIM, the reader should consult other
vocabularies such as IEC 60050, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, IEV. For concepts concerned with
quality management, mutual recognition arrangements pertaining to metrology, or legal metrology, the reader
is referred to documents given in the bibliography.
Development of this third edition of the VIM has raised some fundamental questions about different current
philosophies and descriptions of measurement, as will be summarized below. These differences sometimes
lead to difficulties in developing definitions that could be used across the different descriptions. No preference
is given in this third edition to any of the particular approaches.
The change in the treatment of measurement uncertainty from an Error Approach (sometimes called
Traditional Approach or True Value Approach) to an Uncertainty Approach necessitated reconsideration of
some of the related concepts appearing in the second edition of the VIM. The objective of measurement in the
Error Approach is to determine an estimate of the true value that is as close as possible to that single true
value. The deviation from the true value is composed of random and systematic errors. The two kinds of
errors, assumed to be always distinguishable, have to be treated differently. No rule can be derived on how
they combine to form the total error of any given measurement result, usually taken as the estimate. Usually,
only an upper limit of the absolute value of the total error is estimated, sometimes loosely named
“uncertainty”.
In the CIPM Recommendation INC-1 (1980) on the Statement of Uncertainties, it is suggested that the
components of measurement uncertainty should be grouped into two categories, Type A and Type B,
according to whether they were evaluated by statistical methods or otherwise, and that they be combined to
yield a variance according to the rules of mathematical probability theory by also treating the Type B
components in terms of variances. The resulting standard deviation is an expression of a measurement
uncertainty. A view of the Uncertainty Approach was detailed in the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
measurement (GUM) (1993, corrected and reprinted in 1995) that focused on the mathematical treatment of
measurement uncertainty through an explicit measurement model under the assumption that the measurand
can be characterized by an essentially unique value. Moreover, in the GUM as well as in IEC documents,
guidance is provided on the Uncertainty Approach in the case of a single reading of a calibrated instrument, a
situation normally met in industrial metrology.

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The objective of measurement in the Uncertainty Approach is not to determine a true value as closely as
possible. Rather, it is assumed that the information from measurement only permits assignment of an interval
of reasonable values to the measurand, based on the assumption that no mistakes have been made in
performing the measurement. Additional relevant information may reduce the range of the interval of values
that can reasonably be attributed to the measurand. However, even the most refined measurement cannot
reduce the interval to a single value because of the finite amount of detail in the definition of a measurand.
The definitional uncertainty, therefore, sets a minimum limit to any measurement uncertainty. The interval can
be represented by one of its values, called a “measured quantity value”.
In the GUM, the definitional uncertainty is considered to be negligible with respect to the other components of
measurement uncertainty. The objective of measurement is then to establish a probability that this essentially
unique value lies within an interval of measured quantity values, based on the information available from
measurement.
The IEC scenario focuses on measurements with single readings, permitting the investigation of whether
quantities vary in time by demonstrating whether measurement results are compatible. The IEC view also
allows non-negligible definitional uncertainties. The validity of the measurement results is highly dependent on
the metrological properties of the instrument as demonstrated by its calibration. The interval of values offered
to describe the measurand is the interval of values of measurement standards that would have given the
same indications.
In the GUM, the concept of true value is kept for describing the objective of measurement, but the adjective
“true” is considered to be redundant. The IEC does not use the concept to describe this objective. In this
Vocabulary, the concept and term are retained because of common usage and the importance of the concept.
0.2 History of the VIM
In 1997 the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), chaired by the Director of the BIPM, was formed
by the seven International Organizations that had prepared the original versions of the Guide to the
expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) and the International vocabulary of basic and general terms
in metrology (VIM). The Joint Committee took on this part of the work of the ISO Technical Advisory Group 4
(TAG 4), which had developed the GUM and the VIM. The Joint Committee was originally made up of
representatives from the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory
Medicine (IFCC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), and the
International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). In 2005, the International Laboratory Accreditation
Cooperation (ILAC) officially joined the seven founding international organizations.
The JCGM has two Working Groups. Working Group 1 (JCGM/WG 1) on the GUM has the task of promoting
the use of the GUM and preparing Supplements to the GUM for broad application. Working Group 2
(JCGM/WG 2) on the VIM has the task of revising the VIM and promoting its use. Working Group 2 is
composed of up to two representatives of each member organization, supplemented by a limited number of
experts. The third edition of the VIM has been prepared by Working Group 2.
In 2004, a first draft of the third edition of the VIM was submitted for comments and proposals to the eight
organizations represented in the JCGM, which in most cases consulted their members or affiliates, including
numerous National Metrology Institutes. Comments were studied and discussed, taken into account when
appropriate, and replied to by JCGM/WG 2. A final draft of the third edition was submitted in 2006 to the eight
organizations for review and approval.
All subsequent comments were considered and taken into account as appropriate by Working Group 2.
The third edition of the VIM has been approved by each and all of the eight JCGM Member organizations.

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Introduction
0.1 Général
En général, un vocabulaire est un «dictionnaire terminologique contenant des désignations et des définitions
tirées d'un ou plusieurs domaines particuliers» (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). Le présent Vocabulaire concerne la
métrologie, «science des mesurages et ses applications». Il couvre aussi les principes de base régissant les
grandeurs et unités. Le domaine des grandeurs et unités peut être traité de différentes manières. Celle
retenue pour l'Article 1 de ce Vocabulaire est fondée sur les principes exposés dans les différentes parties de
l'ISO 31, Grandeurs et unités, en cours de remplacement par les séries ISO 80000 et CEI 80000 Grandeurs
et unités, et dans la Brochure sur le SI, Le Système international d'unités (publiée par le BIPM).
La deuxième édition du Vocabulaire international des termes fondamentaux et généraux de métrologie (VIM)
a été publiée en 1993. Le besoin de couvrir pour la première fois les mesures en chimie et en biologie
médicale, ainsi que celui d'inclure des concepts relatifs, par exemple, à la traçabilité métrologique, à
l'incertitude de mesure et aux propriétés qualitatives, ont conduit à cette troisième édition. Son titre est
devenu Vocabulaire international de métrologie — Concepts fondamentaux et généraux et termes associés
(VIM), afin de mettre en évidence le rôle primordial des concepts dans l'élaboration d'un vocabulaire.
Dans ce Vocabulaire, on considère qu'il n'y a pas de différence fondamentale dans les principes de base des
mesurages en physique, chimie, biologie médicale, biologie ou sciences de l'ingénieur. De plus, on a essayé
de couvrir les besoins conceptuels des mesurages dans des domaines tels que la biochimie, la science des
aliments, l'expertise médicolégale et la biologie moléculaire.
Plusieurs concepts qui apparaissaient dans la deuxième édition du VIM n'apparaissent pas dans la troisième
édition car il ne sont plus considérés comme étant fondamentaux ou généraux. Par exemple, le concept de
temps de réponse, utilisé pour décrire le comportement temporel d'un système de mesure, n'est pas inclus.
Pour des concepts relatifs aux dispositifs de mesure qui ne figurent pas dans cette troisième édition du VIM,
le lecteur pourra se reporter à d'autres vocabulaires comme la CEI 60050, Vocabulaire électrotechnique
international, VEI. Pour ceux se rapportant à la gestion de la qualité, aux arrangements de reconnaissance
mutuelle ou à la métrologie légale, le lecteur se reportera à la bibliographie.
Le développement de cette troisième édition du VIM a soulevé quelques questions fondamentales, résumées
ci-dessous, concernant différentes approches utilisées pour la description des mesurages. Ces différences
ont parfois rendu difficile le développement de définitions compatibles avec les différentes descriptions. Dans
cette troisième édition, les différentes approches sont traitées sur un pied d'égalité.
Le changement dans le traitement de l'incertitude de mesure, d'une approche «erreur» (quelquefois appelée
approche traditionnelle ou approche de la valeur vraie) à une approche «incertitude», a conduit à reconsidérer
certains des concepts correspondants qui figuraient dans la deuxième édition du VIM. L'objectif des
mesurages dans l'approche «erreur» est de déterminer une estimation de la valeur vraie qui soit aussi proche
que possible de cette valeur vraie unique. L'écart par rapport à la valeur vraie est constitué d'erreurs
aléatoires et systématiques. Les deux types d'erreurs, que l'on admet pouvoir toujours distinguer, doivent être
traitées différemment. On ne peut pas établir de règle indiquant comment les combiner pour obtenir l'erreur
totale caractérisant un résultat de mesure donné, celui-ci étant en général l'estimation. En général il est
seulement possible d'estimer une limite supérieure de la valeur absolue de l'erreur totale, appelée parfois
abusivement «incertitude».
La Recommandation INC-1 (1980) du CIPM sur l'expression des incertitudes suggère que les composantes
de l'incertitude de mesure soient groupées en deux catégories, Type A et Type B, selon qu'elles sont
évaluées par des méthodes statistiques ou par d'autres méthodes, et qu'elles soient combinées pour obtenir
une variance conformément aux règles de la théorie mathématique des probabilités, en traitant aussi les
composantes de Type B en termes de variances. L'écart-type qui en résulte est une expression de
l'incertitude de mesure. Une description de l'approche «incertitude» a été détaillée dans le Guide pour
l'expression de l'incertitude de mesure (GUM) (1993, corrigé en 1995), qui met l'accent sur le traitement
mathématique de l'incertitude à l'aide d'un modèle de mesure explicite supposant que le mesurande puisse
être caractérisé par une valeur par essence unique. De plus, dans le GUM aussi bien que dans les
documents de la CEI, des indications sont données sur l'approche «incertitude» dans le cas d'une lecture
unique d'un instrument étalonné, une situation qui se rencontre couramment en métrologie industrielle.

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L'objectif des mesurages dans l'approche «incertitude» n'est pas de déterminer une valeur vraie le mieux
possible. On suppose plutôt que l'information obtenue lors d'un mesurage permet seulement d'attribuer au
mesurande un intervalle de valeurs raisonnables, en supposant que le mesurage a été effectué correctement.
Des informations additionnelles pertinentes peuvent réduire l'étendue de l'intervalle des valeurs qui peuvent
être attribuées raisonnablement au mesurande. Cependant, même le mesurage le plus raffiné ne peut réduire
l'intervalle à une seule valeur à cause de la quantité finie de détails dans la définition d'un mesurande.
L'incertitude définitionnelle impose donc une limite inférieure à toute incertitude de mesure. L'intervalle peut
être représenté par une de ses valeurs, appelée «valeur mesurée».
Dans le GUM, l'incertitude définitionnelle est supposée négligeable par rapport aux autres composantes de
l'incertitude de mesure. L'objectif des mesurages est alors d'établir une probabilité que la valeur par essence
unique soit à l'intérieur d'un intervalle de valeurs mesurées, en se fondant sur l'information obtenue lors des
mesurages.
Les documents de la CEI mettent l'accent sur des mesurages comportant une seu
...

SLOVENSKI SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99

STANDARD
marec 2012











Mednarodni slovar meroslovja – Osnovni in splošni koncepti ter z njimi
povezani izrazi (VIM)

International vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general concepts and
associated terms (VIM)

Vocabulaire international de métrologie – Concepts fondamentaux et généraux et
termes associés (VIM)























Referenčna oznaka
ICS 01.040.17; 17.020 SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99:2012 (sl, en, fr)


Nadaljevanje na straneh od 2 do 198



© 2012-03. Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012
NACIONALNI UVOD

Vodilo SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 (sl, en, fr), Mednarodni slovar za meroslovje – Osnovni in splošni
koncepti ter z njimi povezani izrazi (VIM), 2012, ima status slovenskega vodila in je enakovreden
mednarodnemu vodilu ISO/IEC Guide 99, International vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general
concepts and associated terms (VIM), 2007.
NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Mednarodno vodilo ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007 je pripravil Skupni odbor za vodila na področju meroslovja
(JCGM). Slovensko vodilo SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99:2012 je prevod angleškega besedila
mednarodnega vodila ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007. V primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v
tem vodilu je odločilno izvirno mednarodno vodilo v angleškem jeziku. Slovensko-angleško-francosko
izdajo standarda je pripravila strateška delovna skupina pod okriljem SIST/TC REM Referenčni materiali.
ZVEZE S STANDARDI
S privzemom tega mednarodnega vodila veljajo za omejeni namen referenčnih standardov vsi
standardi, navedeni v izvirniku, razen standardov, ki smo jih že sprejeli v nacionalno standardizacijo:
SIST ISO 31-0+A1+A2:2007 (sl) Veličine in enote – 0. del: Splošna načela
SIST ISO 31-5+A1:2008 (sl) Veličine in enote – 5. del: Elektrika in magnetizem
SIST ISO 31-6+A1:2008 (sl Veličine in enote – 6. del: Svetloba in sorodna elektromagnetna
sevanja
SIST ISO 31-8+A1:2008 (sl) Veličine in enote – 8. del: Fizikalna kemija in molekulska fizika
SIST ISO 31-9+A1:2008 (sl) Veličine in enote – 9. del: Atomska in jedrska fizika
SIST ISO 31-10+A1:2008 (sl) Veličine in enote – 10. del: Jedrske reakcije in ionizirajoča
sevanja
SIST ISO 31-11:1995 (sl) Veličine in enote – 11. del: Matematični znaki in simboli za
uporabo v fizikalnih in tehniških vedah
SIST ISO 31-12+A1:2008 (sl) Veličine in enote – 12. del: Karakteristična števila
SIST ISO 31-13+A1:2008 (sl) Veličine in enote – 13. del: Fizika trdne snovi
SIST ISO 704:2003 (en) Terminološko delo – Načela in metode
SIST ISO 1000+A1:2008 (sl) Enote SI s priporočili za uporabo njihovih večkratnikov in
nekaterih drugih enot
SIST ISO 3534-1:2008 (en,fr) Statistika – Slovar in simboli – 1. del: Splošni statistični izrazi in
izrazi v zvezi z verjetnostjo
SIST EN ISO 5436-2:2004 (en) Specifikacija geometrijskih veličin izdelka – Tekstura površine:
Profilna metoda – Standardi za merjenje – 2. del: Standardi za
merilno programsko opremo
SIST ISO 5725-1:2003 (en) Točnost (pravilnost in natančnost) merilnih metod in rezultatov
– 1. del: Splošna načela in definicije
SIST ISO 5725-2:2003 (en) Točnost (pravilnost in natančnost) merilnih metod in rezultatov
– 2. del: Temeljna metoda določanja ponovljivosti in
obnovljivosti standardne merilne metode
SIST ISO 5725-3:2003 (en) Točnost (pravilnost in natančnost) merilnih metod in rezultatov
– 3. del: Vmesne mere natančnosti standardne merilne metode
SIST ISO 5725-4:2003 (en)  Točnost (pravilnost in natančnost) merilnih metod in rezultatov
– 4. del: Temeljne metode določanja pravilnosti standardne
merilne metode
2

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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012
SIST ISO 5725-5:2003 (en) Točnost (pravilnost in natančnost) merilnih metod in rezultatov
– 5. del: Alternativne metode določanja natančnosti standardne
merilne metode
SIST ISO 5725-6:2003 (en) Točnost (pravilnost in natančnost) merilnih metod in rezultatov
– 6. del: Uporaba vrednosti za točnost v praksi
SIST EN ISO 9000:2005 (sl,en) Sistemi vodenja kakovosti – Osnove in slovar (ISO 9000:2005)
SIST EN ISO 10012:2003 (sl,en) Sistemi vodenja meritev – Zahteve za procese merjenja in
merilno opremo (ISO 10012:2003)
SIST EN ISO 15189:2007 (an,fr,de) Medicinski laboratoriji – Posebne zahteve za kakovost in
usposobljenost (ISO 15189:2007)
SIST EN ISO 17511:2003 (en) Diagnostični medicinski pripomočki in vitro – Merjenje količin v
vzorcih biološkega izvora – Meroslovna sledljivost vrednosti,
dodeljenih kalibratorjem in kontrolnim materialom (ISO
17511:2003)
SIST-TS ISO/TS 21748:2006 (en) Napotek za uporabo ocen ponovljivosti, obnovljivosti in
pravilnosti pri ocenjevanju merilne negotovosti
SIST IEC 60050-300:2008 (sl) Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Električne in elektronske
meritve in merilni instrumenti – 311. del: Splošni izrazi,
povezani z meritvami – 321. del: Splošni izrazi, povezani z
električnimi meritvami – 313. del: Tipi električnih merilnih
instrumentov – 314. del: Posebni izrazi, povezani s tipom
instrumenta (IEC 60050-300:2001)
SIST EN 60359:2002 (en) Električna in elektronska merilna oprema – Izražanje lastnosti
(IEC 60359:2001)
PREDHODNA IZDAJA
– Mednarodni slovar osnovnih in splošnih izrazov s področja meroslovja, 1999.

OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– Privzem vodila ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007.
OPOMBE
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu vodila uporablja izraz “merilni pogrešek”, to pomeni tudi “merilna
napaka“.
– Angleški izraz »verification« ima v slovenščini dva pomena; na področju zakonskega meroslovja
je overjanje, sicer pa preverjanje.
– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.
3

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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012

VSEBINA Stran CONTENTS Page
Predgovor.6 Foreword .6
Uvod.8 Introduction.8
Dogovor.16 Conventions.16
Področje uporabe . 22 Scope .22
1 Veličine in enote . 22 1 Quantities and units .22
2 Meritev, merjenje. 50 2 Measurement .50
3 Merilne naprave. 88 3 Devices for measurement .80
4 Lastnosti merilnih naprav. 94 4 Properties of measuring devices.94
5 Merilni standardi (etaloni) . 112 5 Measurement standards (Etalons) . 112
Dodatek A (informativni): Sheme konceptov. 128 Annex A (informative): Concept diagrams . 128
Literatura.181 Bibliography. 184
Seznam kratic. 183 List of acronyms . 186
Abecedni seznam slovenskih izrazov. 190
Abecedni seznam angleških izrazov . 193
Abecedni seznam francoskih izrazov. 196

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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012

SOMMAIRE Page
Avant-propos . 7
Introduction. 9
Conventions. 17
Domaine d'application . 23
1 Grandeurs et unités. 23
2 Mesurages. 51
3 Dispositifs de mesure . 89
4 Propriétés des dispositifs de mesure . 95
5 Étalons. 113
Annexe A (informative):
Schémas conceptuels . 129
Bibliographie. 187
Liste des sigles . 189




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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012


Predgovor Foreword

ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) ISO (the International Organization for
je svetovna zveza nacionalnih organov za Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
standarde (članov ISO). Mednarodne standarde national standards bodies (ISO member
ponavadi pripravljajo tehnični odbori ISO. Vsak bodies). The work of preparing International
član, ki želi delovati na določenem področju, za Standards is normally carried out through ISO
katero je bil ustanovljen tehnični odbor, ima technical committees. Each member body
pravico biti zastopan v tem odboru. Pri delu interested in a subject for which a technical
sodelujejo tudi mednarodne vladne in nevladne committee has been established has the right to
organizacije, povezane z ISO. V vseh zadevah, be represented on that committee. International
ki so povezane s standardizacijo na področju organizations, governmental and non-
elektrotehnike, ISO tesno sodeluje z governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part
Mednarodno elektrotehniško komisijo (IEC). in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

Mednarodni standardi so pripravljeni v skladu s International Standards are drafted in
pravili, podanimi v 2. delu Direktiv ISO/IEC. accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2.

Osnutki vodil, ki jih sprejmeta odgovorni odbor Draft Guides adopted by the responsible
ali skupina, se pošljejo vsem članom v Committee or Group are circulated to the
glasovanje. Za objavo vodila je treba pridobiti member bodies for voting. Publication as a
soglasje najmanj 75 odstotkov članov, ki se Guide requires approval by at least 75 % of the
udeležijo glasovanja. member bodies casting a vote.

Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da je lahko nekaj Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of
elementov tega dokumenta predmet patentnih the elements of this document may be the
pravic. ISO ne prevzema odgovornosti za subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held
identifikacijo katerih koli ali vseh takih patentnih responsible for identifying any or all such patent
pravic. rights.



Ta, prva izdaja vodila ISO/IEC Guide 99 This first edition of ISO/IEC Guide 99 cancels
preklicuje in nadomešča drugo izdajo and replaces the second edition of the
Mednarodnega slovarja osnovnih in splošnih International vocabulary of basic and general
izrazov s področja meroslovja (VIM) in je terms in metrology (VIM). It is equivalent to the
enakovredna tretji izdaji VIM. Za nadaljnje third edition of the VIM. For further information,
informacije glej uvod (0.2) see the Introduction (0.2)

Opomba: V tem dokumentu se GUM uporablja Note that in this document, GUM is used to
za sklicevanje na publikacijo, ki se priznava v refer to the industry-recognized publication,
industriji in je sprejeta kot vodilo ISO/IEC Guide adopted as ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008. When a
98-3:2008. Kadar je navedena številka specific subclause number is cited, the
določenega podpoglavja, velja sklicevanje na reference is to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008.
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008.

6

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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012


Avant-propos

L'ISO (Organisation internationale de
normalisation) est une fédération mondiale
d'organismes nationaux de normalisation (comités
membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes
internationales est en général confiée aux comités
techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre
intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie
du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les
organisations internationales, gouvernementales
et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO
participent également aux travaux. L'ISO
collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.

Les Normes internationales sont rédigées
conformément aux règles données dans les
Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2.

Les projets de Guides adoptés par le comité ou
le groupe responsable sont soumis aux comités
membres pour vote. Leur publication comme
Guides requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins
des comités membres votants.

L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains
des éléments du présent document peuvent
faire l'objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle
ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être
tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir
identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de
leur existence.

Cette première édition du Guide ISO/CEI 99
annule et remplace la deuxième édition du
Vocabulaire international des termes
fondamentaux et généraux de métrologie (VIM).
Elle est équivalente à la troisième édition du VIM.
Pour plus d'information, voir l'Introduction (0.2)

Dans le présent document, «GUM» renvoie à la
publication reconnue dans l'industrie qui a
maintenant été adoptée sous la référence
Guide ISO/CEI 98-3:2008. Lorsqu'un
paragraphe spécifique est cité, il est fait
référence au Guide ISO/CEI 98-3:2008.







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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012
Uvod Introduction

0.1 Splošno 0.1 General

Slovar je na splošno "terminološki besednjak, ki In general, a vocabulary is a “terminological

vsebuje imena in definicije z enega ali več dictionary which contains designations and
specifičnih področij" (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). definitions from one or more specific subject fields”
Ta slovar se nanaša na meroslovje, "vedo o (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). The present Vocabulary
merjenju in njegovi uporabi". Zajema tudi pertains to metrology, the “science of
osnovna načela glavnih veličin in enot. measurement and its application”. It also covers
Področje veličin in enot je mogoče obravnavati the basic principles governing quantities and units.
na veliko različnih načinov. Poglavje 1 v tem The field of quantities and units could be treated in
slovarju je eno od takšnih obravnavanj in temelji many different ways. Clause 1 of this Vocabulary is
na načelih, določenih v različnih delih standarda one such treatment, and is based on the principles
ISO 31, Veličine in enote, ki se pravkar laid down in the various parts of ISO 31, Quantities
nadomešča s skupino standardov ISO 80000 in and units, currently being replaced by ISO 80000
IEC 80000, Veličine in enote, ter v brošuri SI and IEC 80000 series Quantities and units, and in
Mednarodni sistem enot (ki jo je izdal BIPM). the SI Brochure, The International System of Units
(published by the BIPM).
Druga izdaja Mednarodnega slovarja osnovnih The second edition of the International

in splošnih izrazov s področja meroslovja (VIM) vocabulary of basic and general terms in
je izšla leta 1993. Do te tretje izdaje je privedla metrology (VIM) was published in 1993. The
potreba, da bi se prvič zajele tudi meritve na need to cover measurements in chemistry and
področju kemije in laboratorijske medicine, laboratory medicine for the first time, as well as
vključeni pa naj bi bili tudi koncepti, povezani z to incorporate concepts such as those that relate
meroslovno sledljivostjo, merilno negotovostjo to metrological traceability, measurement
in nazivnimi lastnostmi. Njen naslov je sedaj uncertainty, and nominal properties, led to this
Mednarodni slovar meroslovja – Osnovni in third edition. Its title is now International
splošni koncepti ter z njimi povezani izrazi vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general
(VIM), s čimer je poudarjena prvenstvena vloga concepts and associated terms (VIM), in order to
konceptov pri pripravi slovarja. emphasize the primary role of concepts in
developing a vocabulary.
Ta slovar temelji na prepričanju, da ni bistvene In this Vocabulary, it is taken for granted that

razlike med osnovnimi načeli merjenja v fiziki, there is no fundamental difference in the basic
kemiji, laboratorijski medicini, biologiji ali principles of measurement in physics, chemistry,
inženirstvu. Prav tako naj bi se z njim izpolnila laboratory medicine, biology, or engineering.
potreba po vključitvi konceptov iz merjenja na Furthermore, an attempt has been made to meet
področjih, kot so biokemija, veda o živilih, conceptual needs of measurement in fields such
forenzika in molekularna biologija. as biochemistry, food science, forensic science,
and molecular biology.
Nekaterih konceptov, ki so se pojavili v drugi Several concepts that appeared in the second

izdaji slovarja VIM, v tej tretji izdaji ni, ker se nič edition of the VIM do not appear in this third
več ne štejejo za osnovne oziroma splošne. edition because they are no longer considered to
Tako na primer ni več vključen koncept "odzivni be basic or general. For example, the concept
čas", ki se uporablja za opisovanje časovnega 'response time', used in describing the temporal
obnašanja merilnega sistema. Koncepte, behaviour of a measuring system, is not included.
povezane z merilnimi napravami, ki niso zajeti v For concepts related to measurement devices that
tej tretji izdaji VIM, naj bralec poišče v drugih are not covered by this third edition of the VIM,
slovarjih, na primer v IEC 60050, Mednarodni the reader should consult other vocabularies such
elektrotehniški slovar (IEV). Za koncepte, ki se as IEC 60050, International Electrotechnical
nanašajo na vodenje kakovosti, vzajemno Vocabulary, IEV. For concepts concerned with
priznavanje dogovorov v zvezi z meroslovjem quality management, mutual recognition
ali zakonskim meroslovjem, naj si bralec ogleda arrangements pertaining to metrology, or legal
dokumente, navedene v literaturi. metrology, the reader is referred to documents
given in the bibliography.
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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012
Introduction

0.1 Général

En général, un vocabulaire est un «dictionnaire

terminologique contenant des désignations et des
définitions tirées d'un ou plusieurs domaines
particuliers» (ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.7.2). Le présent
Vocabulaire concerne la métrologie, «science des
mesurages et ses applications». Il couvre aussi les
principes de base régissant les grandeurs et uni-
tés. Le domaine des grandeurs et unités peut être
traité de différentes manières. Celle retenue pour
l'Article 1 de ce Vocabulaire est fondée sur les prin-
cipes exposés dans les différentes parties de l'ISO
31, Grandeurs et unités, en cours de remplacement
par les séries ISO 80000 et CEI 80000 Grandeurs
et unités, et dans la Brochure sur le SI, Le Système
international d'unités (publiée par le BIPM).
La deuxième édition du Vocabulaire international

des termes fondamentaux et généraux de
métrologie (VIM) a été publiée en 1993. Le besoin
de couvrir pour la première fois les mesures en
chimie et en biologie médicale, ainsi que celui
d'inclure des concepts relatifs, par exemple, à la
traçabilité métrologique, à l'incertitude de mesure et
aux propriétés qualitatives, ont conduit à cette
troisième édition. Son titre est devenu Vocabulaire
international de métrologie – Concepts
fondamentaux et généraux et termes associés
(VIM), afin de mettre en évidence le rôle primordial
des concepts dans l'élaboration d'un vocabulaire.
Dans ce Vocabulaire, on considère qu'il n'y a pas

de différence fondamentale dans les principes de
base des mesurages en physique, chimie, biologie
médicale, biologie ou sciences de l'ingénieur. De
plus, on a essayé de couvrir les besoins
conceptuels des mesurages dans des domaines
tels que la biochimie, la science des aliments,
l'expertise médicolégale et la biologie moléculaire.
Plusieurs concepts qui apparaissaient dans la

deuxième édition du VIM n'apparaissent pas dans
la troisième édition car il ne sont plus considérés
comme étant fondamentaux ou généraux. Par
exemple, le concept de temps de réponse, utilisé
pour décrire le comportement temporel d'un
système de mesure, n'est pas inclus. Pour des
concepts relatifs aux dispositifs de mesure qui ne
figurent pas dans cette troisième édition du VIM, le
lecteur pourra se reporter à d'autres vocabulaires
comme la CEI 60050, Vocabulaire électrotechnique
international, VEI. Pour ceux se rapportant à la
gestion de la qualité, aux arrangements de
reconnaissance mutuelle ou à la métrologie légale,
le lecteur se reportera à la bibliographie.
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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012


Pri nastajanju te tretje izdaje VIM se je zastavilo Development of this third edition of the VIM has

nekaj temeljnih vprašanj o trenutnih različnih raised some fundamental questions about
filozofijah in opisih merjenja, kot je povzeto v different current philosophies and descriptions
nadaljevanju. Te razlike včasih privedejo do of measurement, as will be summarized below.
težav pri razvoju definicij, ki bi jih bilo mogoče These differences sometimes lead to difficulties
uporabljati z vsemi različnimi opisi. V tretji izdaji in developing definitions that could be used
ni dana prednost nobenemu posebnemu across the different descriptions. No preference
pristopu. is given in this third edition to any of the
particular approaches.
Zaradi spremembe pristopa pri obravnavanju The change in the treatment of measurement

merilne negotovosti iz "pristopa pogreška - uncertainty from an Error Approach (sometimes
napake" (včasih imenovanega tudi "tradicionalni called Traditional Approach or True Value
pristop" oziroma "pristop prave vrednosti") v Approach) to an Uncertainty Approach
"pristop negotovosti" je bilo treba ponovno necessitated reconsideration of some of the
razmisliti o nekaterih sorodnih konceptih, ki so related concepts appearing in the second
bili vključeni v drugo izdajo VIM. Pri "pristopu edition of the VIM. The objective of
pogreška" je cilj merjenja podati oceno prave measurement in the Error Approach is to
vrednosti, ki je čim bližja eni sami pravi determine an estimate of the true value that is
vrednosti. Odklon od prave vrednosti je as close as possible to that single true value.
sestavljen iz naključnih in sistematičnih The deviation from the true value is composed
pogreškov. Ti dve vrsti pogreškov, ki sta of random and systematic errors. The two kinds
domnevno vedno razločljivi, je treba of errors, assumed to be always
obravnavati različno. Razviti ni mogoče distinguishable, have to be treated differently.
nobenega pravila, kako se oba pogreška No rule can be derived on how they combine to
združujeta, da tvorita celotni pogrešek katerega form the total error of any given measurement
koli danega merilnega rezultata, ki se ponavadi result, usually taken as the estimate. Usually,
vzame kot ocena. Ponavadi je ocenjena samo only an upper limit of the absolute value of the
zgornja meja absolutne vrednosti celotnega total error is estimated, sometimes loosely
pogreška, ki je včasih ohlapno imenovana named “uncertainty”.
"negotovost".
Priporočilo CIPM INC-1 (1980) o navajanju In the CIPM Recommendation INC-1 (1980) on

negotovosti predlaga, da naj bi se komponente the Statement of Uncertainties, it is suggested
merilne negotovosti razvrstile v dve kategoriji, in that the components of measurement uncertainty
sicer v tip A in tip B, glede na to, ali so bile should be grouped into two categories, Type A
ovrednotene s statističnimi metodami ali kako and Type B, according to whether they were
drugače, ter da naj bi se združile v varianco evaluated by statistical methods or otherwise, and
skladno s pravili matematične teorije verjetnosti, that they be combined to yield a variance
s tem da se tudi komponente tipa B according to the rules of mathematical probability
obravnavajo kot variance. Tako nastali theory by also treating the Type B components in
standardni odklon izraža merilno negotovost. terms of variances. The resulting standard
Pogled na "pristop negotovosti" je bil podrobno deviation is an expression of a measurement
opisan v Vodilu za izražanje merilne uncertainty. A view of the Uncertainty Approach
negotovosti (GUM) (1993, popravljeno in was detailed in the Guide to the expression of
ponatisnjeno 1995), ki se je osredotočilo na uncertainty in measurement (GUM) (1993,
matematično obravnavanje merilne negotovosti corrected and reprinted in 1995) that focused on
z eksplicitnim merilnim modelom ob domnevi, the mathematical treatment of measurement
da je mogoče merjenec označiti z njemu lastno uncertainty through an explicit measurement
vrednostjo. Razen tega so v vodilu GUM in v model under the assumption that the measurand
dokumentih IEC podani napotki za "pristop can be characterized by an essentially unique
negotovosti" v primeru enega samega odčitka value. Moreover, in the GUM as well as in IEC
umerjenega instrumenta, v situaciji, ki je documents, guidance is provided on the
pogosta v industrijskem meroslovju. Uncertainty Approach in the case of a single
reading of a calibrated instrument, a situation
normally met in industrial metrology.
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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012

Le développement de cette troisième édition du

VIM a soulevé quelques questions fonda-
mentales, résumées ci-dessous, concernant
différentes approches utilisées pour la description
des mesurages. Ces différences ont parfois rendu
difficile le développement de définitions
compatibles avec les différentes descriptions.
Dans cette troisième édition, les différentes
approches sont traitées sur un pied d'égalité.

Le changement dans le traitement de l'incertitude

de mesure, d'une approche «erreur» (quelquefois
appelée approche traditionnelle ou approche de la
valeur vraie) à une approche «incertitude», a
conduit à reconsidérer certains des concepts
correspondants qui figuraient dans la deuxième
édition du VIM. L'objectif des mesurages dans
l'approche «erreur» est de déterminer une
estimation de la valeur vraie qui soit aussi proche
que possible de cette valeur vraie unique. L'écart
par rapport à la valeur vraie est constitué d'erreurs
aléatoires et systématiques. Les deux types
d'erreurs, que l'on admet pouvoir toujours
distinguer, doivent être traitées différemment. On
ne peut pas établir de règle indiquant comment
les combiner pour obtenir l'erreur totale
caractérisant un résultat de mesure donné, celui-
ci étant en général l'estimation. En général il est
seulement possible d'estimer une limite
supérieure de la valeur absolue de l'erreur totale,
appelée parfois abusivement «incertitude».

La Recommandation INC-1 (1980) du CIPM sur

l'expression des incertitudes suggère que les
composantes de l'incertitude de mesure soient
groupées en deux catégories, Type A et Type B,
selon qu'elles sont évaluées par des méthodes
statistiques ou par d'autres méthodes, et qu'elles
soient combinées pour obtenir une variance
conformément aux règles de la théorie
mathématique des probabilités, en traitant aussi
les composantes de Type B en termes de
variances. L'écart-type qui en résulte est une
expression de l'incertitude de mesure. Une
description de l'approche «incertitude» a été
détaillée dans le Guide pour l'expression de
l'incertitude de mesure (GUM) (1993, corrigé en
1995), qui met l'accent sur le traitement
mathématique de l'incertitude à l'aide d'un modèle
de mesure explicite supposant que le mesurande
puisse être caractérisé par une valeur par
essence unique. De plus, dans le GUM aussi bien
que dans les documents de la CEI, des
indications sont données sur l'approche
«incertitude» dans le cas d'une lecture unique
d'un instrument étalonné, une situation qui se
rencontre couramment en métrologie industrielle.


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SIST-V ISO/IEC Vodilo 99 : 2012

Pri "pristopu negotovosti" cilj merjenja ni čim The objective of measurement in the

natančnejše določanje prave vrednosti, temveč Uncertainty Approach is not to determine a true
se domneva, da z meritvijo dobljena informacija value as closely as possible. Rather, it is
omogoča samo pripisati merjencu območje assumed that the information from
sprejemljivih vrednosti, ob predpostavki, da je measurement only permits assignment of an
bila meritev izvedena brez napak. Z dodatnimi interval of reasonable values to the measurand,
koristnimi informacijami je mogoče zmanjšati based on the assumption that no mistakes have
obseg območja vrednosti, ki jih je upravičeno been made in performing the measurement.
mogoče pripisati merjencu. Vendar pa tudi Additional relevant information may reduce the
najbolj prefinjena meritev ne more zmanjšati range of the interval of values that can
tega območja na eno samo vrednost zaradi reasonably be attributed to the measurand.
končnega števila podrobnosti v opredelitvi However, even the most refined measurement
merjenca. Z negotovostjo definicije je zato cannot reduce the interval to a single value
postavljena najmanjša meja vsake merilne because of the finite amount of detail in the
negotovosti. Območje vrednosti lahko zastopa definition of a measurand. The definitional
ena od njeg
...