ISO/PRF 17296-1

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17296-1
First edition
Additive manufacturing — General
principles —
Part 1:
Terminology
Fabrication additive — Principes généraux —
Partie 1: Terminologie
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015
ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
2.1 General terms . 1
2.2 Process categories . 2
2.3 Processing: General . 3
2.4 Processing: Data. 6
2.5 Processing: Material . 8
2.6 Applications . 9
2.7 Properties .10
Annex A (informative) Basic principles .12
Bibliography .17
ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation
with ASTM F 42 on the basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the
aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
ISO 17296 consists of the following parts, under the general title Additive manufacturing — General
principles:
— Part 1: Terminology
— Part 2: Overview of process categories and feedstock
— Part 3: Main characteristics and corresponding test methods
— Part 4: Overview of data processing
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
Introduction
Additive manufacturing is the general term for those technologies that based on a geometrical
representation creates physical objects by successive addition of material. These technologies are
presently used for various applications in engineering industry as well as other areas of society, such as
medicine, education, architecture, cartography, toys and entertainment.
During the development of additive manufacturing technology there have been numerous different
terms and definitions in use, often with reference to specific application areas and trademarks. This is
often ambiguous and confusing which hampers communication and wider application of this technology.
It is the intention of this part of ISO 17296 to provide a basic understanding of the fundamental
principles for additive manufacturing processes, and based on this, to give clear definitions for
terms and nomenclature associated with additive manufacturing technology. The objective of this
standardization of terminology for additive manufacturing is to facilitate communication between
people involved in this field of technology on a world-wide basis.
This International Standard has been developed in close cooperation of ISO/TC 261 and ASTM F 42 on
basis of a partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common
set of ISO/ASTM standards on Additive manufacturing.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
Additive manufacturing — General principles —
Part 1:
Terminology
1 Scope
This part of ISO 17296 establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology,
which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical 3D geometries by successive
addition of material.
The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.
New terms emerging from the future work within ISO/TC 261 will be included in upcoming amendments
and overviews of this International Standard.
2 Terms and definitions
2.1 General terms
2.1.1
3D printer
machine used for 3D printing (2.3.1).
2.1.2
additive manufacturing
AM
process of joining materials to make parts (2.6.1) from 3D model data, usually layer (2.3.10) upon layer,
as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies
Note 1 to entry: Historical terms: additive fabrication, additive processes, additive techniques, additive layer
manufacturing, layer manufacturing, solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.
Note 2 to entry: The meaning of “additive-”, “subtractive-” and “formative-” manufacturing methodologies are
further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.3
additive system
additive manufacturing system
additive manufacturing equipment
machine and auxiliary equipment used for additive manufacturing (2.1.2)
2.1.4
AM machine
section of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) including hardware, machine control software,
required set-up software and peripheral accessories necessary to complete a build cycle (2.3.3) for
producing parts (2.6.1)
2.1.5
AM machine user
operator of or entity using an AM machine (2.1.4)
ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.1.6
AM system user
additive system user
operator of or entity using an entire additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) or any component of an
additive system
2.1.7
front
side of the machine that the
operator faces to access the user interface or primary viewing window, or both
2.1.8
material supplier
provider of material/ feedstock (2.5.2) to be processed in additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.1.9
multi-step process
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in two or more
operations where the first typically provides the basic geometric shape and the following consolidates
the part to the fundamental properties of the intended material (metallic, ceramic, polymer or composite)
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step (2.1.10) and multi-step processes are further discussed in Annex A.
2.1.10
single-step process
type of additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which parts (2.6.1) are fabricated in a single operation
where the basic geometric shape and basic material properties of the intended product are achieved
simultaneously
Note 1 to entry: Removal of the support structure and cleaning may be necessary, however in this context not
considered as a separate process step.
Note 2 to entry: The principle of single-step and multi-step processes (2.1.9) are further discussed in Annex A.
2.2 Process categories
2.2.1
binder jetting
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join
powder materials
2.2.2
directed energy deposition
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by
melting as they are being deposited
Note 1 to entry: “Focused thermal energy” means that an energy source (e.g. laser, electron beam, or plasma arc)
is focused to melt the materials being deposited.
2.2.3
material extrusion
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or
orifice
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.2.4
material jetting
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which droplets of build material are selectively deposited
Note 1 to entry: Example materials include photopolymer and wax.
2.2.5
powder bed fusion
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder
bed (2.5.8)
2.2.6
sheet lamination
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which sheets of material are bonded to form an object
2.2.7
vat photopolymerization
additive manufacturing (2.1.2) process in which liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by
light-activated polymerization
2.3 Processing: General
2.3.1
3D printing
fabrication of objects through the deposition of a material using a print head, nozzle, or another
printer technology
Note 1 to entry: Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing (2.1.2);
until present times this term has in particular been associated with machines that are low end in price and/or
overall capability.
2.3.2
build chamber
enclosed location within the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) where the parts (2.6.1) are fabricated
2.3.3
build cycle
single process cycle in which one or more components are built up in layers (2.3.10) in the process
chamber of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3)
2.3.4
build envelope
largest external dimensions of the x-, y-, and z-axes within the build space (2.3.6) where parts (2.6.1)
can be fabricated
Note 1 to entry: The dimensions of the build space will be larger than the build envelope.
2.3.5
build platform
base which provides a surface upon which the building of the part/s (2.6.1), is started
and supported throughout the build process
Note 1 to entry: In some systems, the parts are built attached to the build platform, either directly or through a
support structure. In other systems, such as powder bed (2.5.8) systems, no direct mechanical fixture between
the build and the platform may be required.
2.3.6
build space
location where it is possible for parts (2.6.1) to be fabricated, typically within the build chamber (2.3.2)
or on a build platform (2.3.5)
ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.3.7
build surface
area where material is added, normally on the last deposited layer (2.3.10) which becomes the
foundation upon which the next layer is formed
Note 1 to entry: For the first layer, the build surface is often the build platform (2.3.5).
Note 2 to entry: In the case of direct energy deposition processes, the build surface can be an existing part onto
which material is added.
Note 3 to entry: If the orientation of the material deposition or consolidation means, or both, is variable, it may be
defined relative to the build surface.
2.3.8
build volume
total usable volume available in the machine for building parts (2.6.1)
2.3.9
feed region
location/s in the machine where feedstock (2.5.2) is stored and from
which a portion of the feedstock is repeatedly conveyed to the powder bed during the build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.10
layer
material laid out, or spread, to create a surface
2.3.11
machine coordinate system
three-dimensional coordinate system as defined by a fixed point on the build platform (2.3.5) with
the three principal axes labelled x-, y-, and z-, with rotary axis about each of these axis labelled A,
B, and C, respectively, where the angles between x-, y- and z- can be Cartesian or defined by the
machine manufacturer
Note 1 to entry: Machine coordinate system is fixed relative to the machine, as opposed to coordinate systems
associated with the build surface (2.3.7) which can be translated or rotated. Machine coordinate system is
[6]
illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.12
manufacturing lot
set of manufactured parts (2.6.1) having commonality between feedstock (2.5.2), production run (2.3.19),
additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) and post-processing (2.5.6) steps (if required) as recorded on a
single manufacturing work order
Note 1 to entry: Additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) could include one or several AM machines (2.1.4) and/or
post-processing machine units as agreed by AM (2.1.2) provider and customer.
2.3.13
origin
zero point
(0, 0, 0)
designated universal reference point at which the three primary axes in a coordinate system intersect
Note 1 to entry: Coordinate system can be Cartesian or as defined by the machine manufacturer. The concept of
[6]
origin is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.14
build origin
origin (2.3.13) most commonly located at the centre of the build platform (2.3.5) and fixed on the build
facing surface, but could be defined otherwise by the build set-up
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.3.15
machine origin
machine home
machine zero point
origin (2.3.13) as defined by the machine manufacturer
2.3.16
overflow region
location/s in the machine where excess powder is stored during
a build cycle (2.3.3)
Note 1 to entry: For certain machine types the overflow region may consist of one or more dedicated chambers
or a powder recycling system.
2.3.17
part location
location of the part (2.6.1) within the build volume (2.3.8)
Note 1 to entry: The part location is normally specified by the x-, y- and z-coordinates for the position of the
geometric centre (2.4.9) of the part’s bounding box (2.4.3) with respect to the build volume origin (2.3.13). Part
[6]
location is illustrated in ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.3.18
process parameters
set of operating parameters and system settings used during a build cycle (2.3.3)
2.3.19
production run
all parts (2.6.1) produced in one build cycle (2.3.3) or sequential series of build cycles using the same
feedstock (2.5.2) batch and process conditions
2.3.20
system set-up
configuration of the additive manufacturing system (2.1.3) for a build
2.3.21
x-axis
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs parallel to the front (2.1.7) of the machine and perpendicular to the y-axis
(2.3.22) and z-axis (2.3.23)
Note 1 to entry: The positive x-direction runs from left to
right as viewed from the front of the machine while facing toward the build volume (2.3.8) origin (2.3.13).
Note 2 to entry: It is common that the x-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).
2.3.22
y-axis
axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that runs perpendicular to the z-axis (2.3.23) and x-axis (2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]
ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. In the most common case of an upwards z-positive direction, the
positive y-direction will then run from the front to the back of the machine as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of building in the downwards z-positive direction, the positive y-direction will then
run from the back of the machine to the front as viewed from the front of the machine.
Note 3 to entry: It is common that the y-axis is horizontal and parallel with one of the edges of the build
platform (2.3.5).
ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.3.23
z-axis
, axis in the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11) that run perpendicular to the x-axis (2.3.21) and y-axis (2.3.22)
Note 1 to entry: The positive direction is defined in
[1]
ISO 841 to make a right hand set of coordinates. For processes employing planar, layerwise addition of material,
the positive z-direction will then run normal to the layers (2.3.10).
Note 2 to entry: For processes employing planar layerwise addition of material, the positive z-direction, is the
direction from the first layer to the subsequent layers.
Note 3 to entry: Where addition of material is possible from multiple directions (such as with certain directed
[1]
energy deposition (2.2.2) systems), the z- axis may be identified according to the principles in ISO 841, (4.3.3)
which addresses “swivelling or gimballing.”
2.4 Processing: Data
2.4.1
3D scanning
3D digitizing
method of acquiring the shape and size of an object as a 3-dimensional representation by recording
x, y, z coordinates on the object’s surface and through software the collection of points is converted
into digital data
Note 1 to entry: Typical methods use some amount of automation, coupled with a touch probe, optical sensor, or
other device.
2.4.2
Additive Manufacturing File Format
AMF
file format for communicating additive manufacturing (2.1.2) model data including a description of the 3D
surface geometry with native support for colour, materials, lattices, textures, constellations and metadata.
Note 1 to entry: Additive Manufacturing File Format (AMF) can represent one of multiple objects arranged in a
constellation. Similar to STL (2.4.16), the surface geometry is represented by a triangular mesh, but in AMF the
triangles may also be curved. AMF can also specify the material and colour of each volume and the colour of each
[5]
triangle in the mesh. ISO/ASTM 52915 gives the standard specification of AMF.
2.4.3
bounding box
orthogonally oriented minimum perimeter cuboid that can span the maximum extents of
the points on the surface of a 3D part (2.6.1)
Note 1 to entry: Where the manufactured part includes the test geometry plus additional external features (for
example, labels, tabs or raised lettering), the bounding box may be specified according to the test part geometry
excluding the additional external features if noted. Different varieties of bounding boxes are illustrated in
[6]
ISO/ASTM 52921.
2.4.4
arbitrarily oriented bounding box
bounding box (2.4.3) calculated without any constraints on the resulting
orientation of the box
2.4.5
machine bounding box
bounding box (2.4.3) for which the surfaces are parallel to the machine coordinate
system (2.3.11)
2.4.6
master bounding box
bounding box (2.4.6) which encloses all of the parts (2.6.1) in a single build
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ISO 17296-1:2015(E)
2.4.7
extensible markup language
XML
standard from the WorldWideWeb Consortium (W3C) that provides for tagging of information content
within documents offering a means for representation of content in a format that is both human and
machine readable
Note 1 to entry: Through the use of customizable style sheets and schemas, information can be represented in a
uniform way, allowing for interchange of both content (data) and format (metadata).
2.4.8
facet
typically a three- or four-sided polygon that represents an element of a 3D polygonal
...