ISO/TR 22411:2021

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 22411
Second edition
Ergonomics data and guidelines for
the application of ISO/IEC Guide 71 to
products and services to address the
needs of older persons and persons
with disabilities
Données d'ergonomie et lignes directrices pour l'application du Guide
ISO/IEC 71 aux produits et services afin de répondre aux besoins des
personnes âgées et de celles ayant des incapacités
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TR 22411:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

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ISO/TR 22411:2020(E)

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ISO/TR 22411:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Supporting ISO/IEC Guide 71 with human data . 2
5 Data selection and format . 3
5.1 Data selection . 3
5.2 Data format of this document . 4
5.3 How to use the data . 5
6 Sensory characteristics and capabilities . 5
6.1 Overview of sensory characteristics and capabilities . 5
6.2 Vision . 6
6.2.1 Visual sensitivity to colour (spectral sensitivity of the eye: ageing effect). 6
6.2.2 Colour category (spans of fundamental colour, young people, older
people, and people with low vision) . 9
6.2.3 Colour category (international comparison) .23
6.2.4 Contrast sensitivity (young people, older people and people with low vision) .26
6.2.5 Contrast for legibility (ageing effect) .29
6.2.6 Visual acuity (effects of age, viewing distance and luminance) .33
6.2.7 Minimum font size for legibility (effects of age, viewing distance and
luminance) .36
6.2.8 Minimum font size for legibility (international comparison) .38
6.2.9 Minimum font size for legibility (low vision) . .42
6.2.10 Disability glare (ageing effect) .45
6.2.11 Useful field of view (ageing effect) .48
6.2.12 Lighting level and visual performance (ageing effect) .53
6.2.13 Visibility of an indicator lamp: Context and task specific data (effects of
ageing and low vision) .56
6.3 Hearing .59
6.3.1 Hearing-sensitivity decrease as a function of age .59
6.3.2 Tone perception in quiet conditions (ageing effect) .61
6.3.3 Sensitivity to low-frequency tones (ageing effect) .63
6.3.4 Equal-loudness-level contours (ageing effect) .65
6.3.5 Tone perception in noisy conditions (ageing effect) .68
6.3.6 Sound pressure level of spoken announcements in public space (ageing effect) .71
6.3.7 Audible conditions for speech communication in a noisy environment
(ageing effect) .73
6.4 Touch .76
6.4.1 Tactile pressure sense and spatial resolution (ageing effect) .76
6.4.2 Tactile spatial resolution (people with visual disabilities) .78
6.4.3 Tactile spatial resolution (body location and ageing effect) .79
6.4.4 Tactile temporal resolution (sensitivity to vibration, ageing effect) .82
6.4.5 Legibility of tactile symbols and characters (effects of ageing and
experience in the use of tactile symbols and characters for people with
visual disabilities) .84
6.4.6 Legibility of tactile symbols and characters (international comparison) .86
6.5 Thermal sense .89
6.5.1 Surface temperature (ageing effect) .89
6.5.2 Air temperature (ageing effect) .90
6.5.3 Thermal comfort (physical disabilities) .93
7 Physical characteristics and capabilities .100
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7.1 Overview of physical characteristics and capabilities .100
7.2 Physical characteristics related to body size . .102
7.2.1 Basic body size (design range from small to large size) .102
7.2.2 Grip diameter (ageing effect) .105
7.3 Movement – fine hand use abilities .107
7.3.1 Hand steadiness (ageing effect) .107
7.3.2 Eye-hand coordination (dexterity, ageing effect) .108
7.4 Movement – functions of upper body structure .111
7.4.1 Reach range (effects of ageing and stature) .111
th
7.4.2 Reach range (graspability, female 5 percentile of body size) .116
7.4.3 Reach range in three dimensions of height, forward distance (depth), and
left-right width for older people and people with disabilities (rheumatism
and Parkinson’s disease) .118
7.4.4 Rotation: pronation and supination (ageing effect) .121
7.5 Movement – Functions of lower body structure .124
7.5.1 Step height (ageing effect) .124
7.5.2 Step height: Subjective evaluation of physical load (ageing effect,
international comparison) .127
7.5.3 Tread depth of stairs (ageing effect) .129
7.5.4 Walking speed (ageing effect) .131
7.5.5 Slope of ramps and wheelchair operation (physical disabilities) .134
7.6 Muscle strength and muscle endurance .135
7.6.1 Grip force of the hand (ageing effect) .135
7.6.2 Pressing force of the thumb .137
7.6.3 Compressive force of the index finger .139
7.6.4 Operating torque in four different conditions .141
7.6.5 Grip strength (ageing effect).145
7.6.6 Lifting strength (gender effect) .148
7.6.7 Lifting strength (effects of age and gender) .151
7.6.8 Pushing force with two hands (ageing effect) .153
7.6.9 Pulling force with one hand (ageing effect) .155
7.6.10 Pushing force with a finger (ageing effect) .157
7.6.11 Static torque with two hands (ageing effect) .159
7.6.12 Torque and force for opening packages (effects of ageing and disabilities) .161
7.6.13 Jar opening (perceived effort, older women) .166
7.6.14 Upper extremity muscle strength (ageing effect) .168
8 Cognitive characteristics and capabilities .172
8.1 Overview of cognitive characteristics and capabilities .172
8.2 Attention .173
8.2.1 Selective attention (selective listening, effect of age) .173
8.2.2 Dual task performance (task complexity, ageing effect).177
8.2.3 Memory under dual task conditions (effects of dual tasks and ageing) .179
8.3 Information processing .182
8.3.1 Processing speed and capacity .182
8.4 Memory .184
8.4.1 Effects of ageing and cognitive disabilities on memory .184
8.5 Language and literacy .186
8.5.1 Language use (ageing effects) .186
Annex A (informative) Additional textual descriptions of figures .188
Bibliography .236
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ISO/TR 22411:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, in collaboration with
the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 122, Ergonomics, in
accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TR 22411:2008), which has been
technically revised.
The main change compared to the previous edition is the replacement of ergonomics data on
human abilities and capabilities with new or more elaborated data for use in the application of
ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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Introduction
This document is intended to help standards developers by providing ergonomic data related to human
characteristics and capabilities to support ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014. This document is supposed to be
used mainly by standards developers, but also by those responsible for design. The underlying idea is
that products, services and environments encountered in all aspects of daily life and intended for the
consumer market and the workplace should be designed to be accessible for people with a widest range
of capabilities. This idea, called accessibility, has been spreading all over the world.
ISO/IEC Guide 71 was first published in 2001 to successfully address the importance of being aware
of the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities and to direct the attention of standards
developers to these needs when they draft or revise standards. In response to the publication of
ISO/IEC Guide 71, ISO/TR 22411:2008 was developed to fulfil the gap between the concept and practice
with offering ergonomic knowledge and data on human abilities.
After more than 10 years from the publication of ISO/IEC Guide 71 and ISO/TR 22411, together with
new knowledge and experience in implementing these documents, ISO/IEC Guide 71 was revised into a
more elaborated one and consequently the revision of ISO/TR 22411 was required.
This document provides updated ergonomic data as well as newly available data which are all publicly
available and can be used to support standards developers in applying ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014 in their
individual standards. This ergonomic data helps standards developers to understand characteristics
and capabilities of diverse users to be served by requirements and recommendations in a standard.
The data provided in this document apply mainly to persons with disabilities and older persons.
The intention in using this data is to formulate requirements and recommendations in standards
that include the widest possible range of users. It can also be used by designers in order to increase
accessibility as part of accessible design or universal design.
While the data covers a wide area of human abilities related to accessibility, data for some part of the
area, for example cognitive abilities, is still missing. Furthermore, new data emerged or were updated
during the development of this document, which is not included in this document either. This document,
due to scientific reasons, does not necessarily adopt the ICF terminology but established terms in
ergonomics.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22411:2020(E)
Ergonomics data and guidelines for the application of ISO/
IEC Guide 71 to products and services to address the needs
of older persons and persons with disabilities
1 Scope
This document provides ergonomics data for standard developers to use in applying
ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014 to address accessibility in standards. These data can also be used by ergonomists
and designers to support the development of more accessible products, systems, services, environments,
and facilities.
The ergonomics data include quantitative data and knowledge about basic human characteristics and
capabilities as well as context-specific and task-specific data, all being based on ergonomics research.
The data focused on the effects of ageing and/or consequences of various types of human sensory,
physical, and cognitive disabilities. It does not contain general ergonomic data that have no direct
relation to ageing or disabilities.
The data presented in this document are not exhaustive due to no available data for some aspects of
human characteristics and capabilities with regard to ageing and disabilities.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
accessibility
extent to which products, systems, services, environments and facilities can be used by people from a
population with the widest range of user needs, characteristics and capabilities to achieve identified
goals in identified contexts of use
Note 1 to entry: Context of use includes direct use or use supported by assistive technologies.
[SOURCE: ISO 9241-112:2017, 3.15]
3.2
accessible design
design focused on diverse users to maximize the number of potential users who can readily use a
system in diverse contexts
Note 1 to entry: This aim can be achieved by (1) designing systems that are readily usable by most users without
any modification, (2) making systems adaptable to different users (by providing adaptable user interfaces) and
(3) having standardized interfaces to be compatible with assistive products and assistive technology.
Note 2 to entry: Terms such as universal design, accessible design, design for all, barrier-free design, inclusive
design and transgenerational design are often used interchangeably with the same meaning.
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[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014, 2.19]
3.3
impairment
problem in body function or structure related to a significant deviation or loss
Note 1 to entry: Impairments can be temporary or permanent; progressive, regressive or static; intermittent or
continuous.
[SOURCE: ICF 2001, WHO]
3.4
system
product, service, or built environment or any combination of them with which the user interacts
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014, 2.1]
3.5
universal design
design of products, environments, programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest
extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design
Note 1 to entry: Universal design shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups or persons with
disabilities where this is needed.
Note 2 to entry: Terms such as universal design, accessible design, design for all, barrier-free design, inclusive
design and transgenerational design are often used interchangeably with the same meaning.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014, 2.18]
3.6
user
individual who accesses or interacts with a system
[SOURCE: ISO 9241-11:2018, 3.1.5, modified — In the definition, "person" has been changed to
"individual", "accesses or" has been added, and "product or service" has been removed.]
4 Supporting ISO/IEC Guide 71 with human data
ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014 provides standards developers with guidance on addressing accessibility in
standards through two approaches, as shown in Figure 1:
1) the first approach defines accessibility goals for the product or system under development and the
user accessibility needs associated with fulfilling those goals (denoted by Clause 6 in Figure 1);
2) the second approach provides accessibility-related design considerations, based on an
understanding of human abilities and characteristics (denoted by Clause 7 in Figure 1).
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Figure 1 — Two approaches to address accessibility in standards described in
ISO/IEC Guide 71:2014
The user accessibility needs (first approach) or design considerations (second approach) can serve
as the basis for accessibility requirements and recommendations in standards. Regardless of which
approach is used, the accessibility requirements and recommendations in the standards are derived
through the appropriate selection of strategies (denoted by Clause 8 in Figure 1) that can meet the
accessibility needs or address the design considerations.
Ergonomics data are relevant throughout both approaches and especially important in determining
which strategies are the most effective in a situation. In some cases, the data can provide a source
of nominal values or numerical specifications which can be included in the requirements and
recommendations of standards. In other cases (especially with respect to cognitive variables), the
available data are qualitative in nature and/or reflect small sample sizes, but can still be used to
evaluate the feasibility of applying particular strategies to meet accessibility needs or to address design
considerations.
In addition to the role that ergonomics data play in standards development, these data are directly
relevant to the product and system designers, who are attempting to fulfil accessibility requirements and
recommendations by developing and implementing technical solutions that make use of the existing data.
One of the challenges for standards developers and designers is that ergonomics data relevant to
specific populations is distributed across multiple standards and other guidance documents, as well as
in published research reports, papers and books from a variety of academic disciplines. The purpose
of this document is to bring the most valid and applicable data together in one document. This will
assist standards developers to address accessibility and consider the widest range of user needs when
formulating requirements and recommendations. Having a single source of information will also be of
value to designers.
5 Data selection and format
5.1 Data selection
The data in this document were selected from various sources existing in scientific books and journals,
standards, as well as databases of universities, research institutes or projects. They are all relevant for
demonstrating effects of ageing and disabilities and the committee regards valid and worth citing in
this document. Most of the data are well-supported in academia and related technical fields or based
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on a sufficient number of samples to provide statistical meaningful results. Some of the data, especially
in cognitive field, have a limited number of samples but committee regards qualitatively relevant for
application.
5.2 Data format of this document
Data in this document
...