CEN/TR 16227:2011

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2011
7HNRþLQDIWQLSURL]YRGL%LRPD]LYD3ULSRURþLOD]DWHUPLQRORJLMRLQRSLV
]QDþLOQRVWLELRPD]LYLQELRORãNRUD]JUDGOMLYLKPD]LY
Liquid petroleum products - Bio-lubricants - Recommendation for terminology and
characterisation of bio-lubricants and bio-based lubricants
Flüssige Mineralöl-Erzeugnisse - Bio-Schmierstoffe - Empfehlungen für die Terminologie
und Charakterisierung von Bio-Schmierstoffen und bio-basierten Schmierstoffen
Produits pétroliers liquides - Bio-lubrifiants - Recommandations pour la terminologie et la
caractérisation des biolubrifiants et des lubrifiants provenant de la biomasse
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16227:2011
ICS:
75.100 Maziva Lubricants, industrial oils and
related products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 16227
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
August 2011
ICS 75.100; 75.120
English Version
Liquid petroleum products - Bio-lubricants - Recommendation for
terminology and characterisation of bio-lubricants and bio-based
lubricants
Produits pétroliers liquides - Bio-lubrifiants - Flüssige Mineralöl-Erzeugnisse - Bio-Schmierstoffe -
Recommandations pour la terminologie et la caractérisation Empfehlungen für die Terminologie und Charakterisierung
des biolubrifiants et des lubrifiants provenant de la von Bio-Schmierstoffen und bio-basierten Schmierstoffen
biomasse
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 14 May 2011. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 19.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16227:2011: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Terms and definitions .5
3 Public perception .6
4 Commonly used terms .7
4.1 General .7
4.2 Current situation .8
4.3 Recommendation for terminology . 10
4.3.1 General . 10
4.3.2 Standard designation of the term "bio-lubricant" and "bio-based lubricant" . 10
4.3.3 Minimum requirements for "bio-lubricants" and "bio-based lubricant" . 10
5 Bio-lubricants . 11
5.1 Bio-lubricants – base fluids . 11
5.1.1 General . 11
5.1.2 Natural base oils from biomass . 12
5.1.3 Synthetic base oils derived from biomass . 12
5.1.4 Biodegradable base oils from non-renewable resources . 13
5.2 Bio-lubricants – additives . 13
5.3 Bio-lubricants – functionalities . 14
5.4 Bio-lubricants – groups of application . 14
6 Standardisation needs . 16
6.1 Standard test methods . 16
6.2 Biodegradation . 16
6.3 Ecotoxicity . 17
6.4 Renewable Raw Material (RRM) . 18
6.5 Issues in progress: sustainability, LCA, certification . 18
Bibliography . 20

Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 16227:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and
liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of petroleum, synthetic and biological origin”, the secretariat of
which is held by NEN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a Mandate M/430 of the European Commission, addressed to CEN
for the development of European standards for bio-lubricants in relation to bio-based product aspects. It has
been prepared by CEN/TC 19/WG 33 “bio lubricants”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
Introduction
The main reason of the recent interest in bio-lubricants is due to the origin (i.e. use of bio-based raw
materials) or to the biodegradability of the final products, needed for instance in case of leakages or
technically intended losses. The use of bio-based raw materials could be beneficial with reference to two
current problems: fossil resources depletion and climate change. Today, regarding the latter issue, we have to
manage the carbon in order to avoid its accumulation in the atmosphere. Efficient use of all available
resources and responsible utilization of renewable carbon is a way to participate in this reduction.
Lubricants are important materials which contribute significantly to environmental protection: thanks to their
tailor-made properties they reduce energy losses and wear in machines and aggregates.
The global manufacture of lubricants in all applications only uses a small part of the entire consumed mineral
oil: in Europe, it only makes up around 1 %. The major fraction (> 80 %) of the residual fossil material is used
for energy production, predominantly for transportation and heating purposes. Besides crude oil, biomass is
an additional raw material source for lubricants.
The currently available biomass is consumed in different segments: food and feed production, power and heat
generation, biofuel production and industrial applications (e. g. production of paper, fine chemicals). Due to
the limited capacity of ecosystems, the utilization efficiency of renewable resources and availability issues
have to be addressed across the whole bio-economy landscape. The eco-efficiency in this competitive use
(e. g. energetic use vs. manufacture of goods) should always be in focus.
According to various scientists [1], it would appear appropriate to use agricultural raw materials predominantly
in a cascade of uses, instead of burning them directly in furnaces or engines. That would mean, for example,
first producing a bio-lubricant from biomass: around 1 t to 2 t of bio-lubricants can be produced per hectare of
agriculture land. The bio-lubricant thereby stores CO in the form of vegetable carbon and removes it from the
atmosphere. It would be desirable to trap this CO in the lubricant for as long as possible. Finally, after
maximum utilization including recycling when achievable and appropriate, the lubricant can then be used
either as energy source or – after re-refining – as downshifted base oil – to return the bound carbon to the
natural cycle in the form of CO .
In order to ensure responsible and environmentally conscious use of natural (fossil and renewable) resources,
a clear and unambiguous terminology is of particular importance.
The approach which is published in this report is focused on the view of the customer: Are the referred criteria
for “bio-lubricants” potentially provable for the formulated product? The statement of this report is: Every
announcement with regard to biodegradability, toxicity and bio-based content should be measurable through
the final product in hands of the customer.
Finally, this approach intends to enhance the reputation of “bio-lubricants” and the confidence of the customer
in this product group, even if no official eco-label stands for the correctness of declarations.
The criteria for "bio-lubricants" published in this Technical Report are not contrary to the European Ecolabel
for Lubricants, but complementary.
1 Scope
This Technical Report gives information about bio-lubricants and recommendations for bio-lubricant (and bio-
based lubricant) related terminology. These recommendations are based on a discussion of commonly used
terms in this field.
This Technical Report also briefly describes the current test methods in relation to the characterization of bio-
lubricants. It presents recommendations for related standards in the field of biodegradability, product
functionality, impact on greenhouse gas emissions and the amount of different renewable raw materials
and/or different bio-based contents used during manufacturing of such bio-lubricants forming one product
group.
The criteria of the European Ecolabel for Lubricants (“EEL”) [2] include the terms discussed in this paper.
NOTE 1 The European Lead Market Initiative (“LMI”) [3] defines the term “bio-based” as described in Table 1. It is
important to mention that “bio-based” does not imply “biodegradable”. In addition, “biodegradable” does not imply the use
of “bio-based” material.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this European Technical Report, the term “% (m/m)” is used to represent the mass
fraction.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
renewable resource
resource replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable to its exploitation rate
2.2
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and/or fossilized
NOTE This definition refers to the well-known short-cycle of carbon, i. e. the life cycle of biological materials (e. g.
plants, algae, marine organisms, forestry, micro-organisms, animals and biological waste from households, agriculture,
animals and food/feed production).
2.3
bio-based
derived from biomass
NOTE “Biomass based”, “bio-sourced”, “biogenic” and “from renewable resource” are equivalent terms to bio-based.
2.4
bio-based product
product wholly or partly bio-based
NOTE The bio-based product is normally characterised by the biomass content. For the time being 25 % (m/m) is
recommended as a minimum content of biomass in the final product formulation.
2.5
bio-based carbon content
amount of carbon in a sample that is of recent origin, as evidenced by its C isotope content
NOTE 1 Materials contained in a sample are carbon-based compounds in which the element carbon is attached to
other carbon atoms, hydrogen, oxygen, or other elements in a chain, ring, or three-dimensional structure.
NOTE 2 The amount of bio-based carbon in the material or product is often expressed as a percentage of the mass of
the total organic carbon of the product.
NOTE 3 For developing the market for bio-based products, there is an obvious need for ways to distinguish bio-based
products from non-bio-based products. As bio-based products can be made with a mix of bio-based and non-bio-based
(e. g. from fossil oil) components, the bio-based content criteria is of high importance. Test methods used at present for
that matter are almost always based on C measurement as specified in the US standard test method ASTM
D 6866 [12]. In Europe, such methods are currently being developed further for applications such as solid recovered fuels
(EN 15440 [24]). However, these methods have not yet been applied to the whole range of bio-based products, such as
liquids, and assembled products. A horizontal standard that can be adequately applied to
...