ASTM E1168-95e1

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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e1
Designation: E 1168 – 95
Standard Guide for
Radiological Protection Training for Nuclear Facility
Workers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1168; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in February 1996.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide covers general recommendations with re- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
spect to standard work practices, procedures, and measurement C 986 Guide for Developing Training Programs in the
methods for the radiological protection portion of health and Nuclear Fuel Cycle
safety training for radiation workers at nuclear facilities. This 2.2 ANSI Standard:
guide defines the elements of a training program for radiation ANSI/ANS 3.1 American National Standard for Selection,
workers consistent with the philosophy that occupational Qualification, and Training of Personnel for Nuclear
radiation exposure be kept as low as is reasonably achievable Power Plants
(ALARA). Regulatory agencies have statutory responsibilities 2.3 ANI/MAELU Documents:
to promulgate regulations applying to the training of workers Information Bulletin 80-1A, Nuclear Liability Insurance
exposed to radiation hazards. This guide shall not take prece- Records Retention
dence over any such regulations. Training and Qualification Criteria for Nuclear Liability
1.2 This guide is intended to help ensure that the employer Insurance (Section 2.2.1 of “General Employee Train-
provides the radiation worker with radiological protection ing”)
training that the worker needs to work safely in a radiologically
3. Terminology
controlled area and to maintain radiation exposure ALARA.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 The scope of radiological protection training shall be
related to the duties and responsibilities of each radiation 3.1.1 nuclear facility, n—facility whose operations involve
or involved radiation or radioactive materials in such form and
worker and shall be commensurate with potential radiological
protection problems in the radiologically controlled area. quantity that a radiological hazard potentially exists to the
employees or the general public. Included are facilities used to
1.4 This guide is also intended to provide guidance that will
enable an evaluation of the effectiveness of the radiological produce, process, or store radioactive materials. Some ex-
amples are as follows (also see Note 1):
protection training program toward achieving the purpose
stated in Section 4. 3.1.1.1 Fuel reprocessing plant,
3.1.1.2 Fusion research facility,
1.5 This guide does not cover the more detailed training
requirements for radiation protection professionals or techni- 3.1.1.3 Nuclear reactor (power, test, or research),
cians. 3.1.1.4 Particle accelerator,
3.1.1.5 Radioactive waste disposal site,
1.6 This guide provides reference to the type of radiological
protecting training records that should be created, and recom- 3.1.1.6 Radiochemical laboratory,
3.1.1.7 UF production plant, and
mends retention periods for radiological protection training
records. 3.1.1.8 Uranium or thorium mill.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NOTE 1—This guide is intended to apply to nuclear facilities licensed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, to nuclear facilities operated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
by the U.S. Department of Energy, and to those nuclear facilities that are
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- under the control of the U.S. Department of Defense and the individual
agreement states.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-10 on Nuclear Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.01.
Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
E10.03 on Radiological Protection for Decontamination and Decommissioning of Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Nuclear Facilities and Components. Available from American Nuclear Insurers, 29 South Main, (Suite 300S), West
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Hartford, CT 06107-2445.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1168
3.1.2 radiation worker, n—any person who enters a radio- is sufficiently understood to permit its practical application.
logically controlled area to perform work. Radiation workers
5.1.7 Ensure that radiation workers receive adequate radio-
are sometimes referred to as occupationally exposed workers.
logical protection training for each job to which they are
3.1.3 radiologically controlled area, n—area where access
assigned.
is controlled for purposes of radiological protection.
5.1.8 Ensure that training is not repeated needlessly on site
or at other facilities where the trained radiation worker may be
4. Significance and Use
employed.
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to define the elements of a
5.1.9 Conduct training in such a way that the radiation
radiological protection training program that will enable a
worker knows the specific objectives of the training and can
radiation worker, upon completion of training, to achieve the
determine whether or not the training has been completed
following:
satisfactorily.
4.1.1 Understand the relative health and safety risks associ-
5.2 Training Program Content:
ated with the types and levels of radiation that may be
5.2.1 The content of the radiological protection training
encountered during the work assignment in radiologically
program shall be commensurate with potential radiological
controlled areas,
protection problems in the radiologically controlled area. The
4.1.2 Complete the forms and records necessary to be
content of the program also shall reflect the type of nuclear
permitted to function as a radiation worker,
facility (see 3.1) for which the training is being provided. The
4.1.3 Practice the necessary monitoring and contamination
inclusion of topics in Section 6 and the emphasis of each topic
control techniques to minimize exposure to radiation or radio-
within the training program shall be based on the needs of each
active materials, or both, and
individual or group requiring training. Hands-on or practical
4.1.4 Practice work habits that will minimize the impact of
training shall be included in addition to classroom training
radiation or radioactive materials, or both, upon the workplace
where appropriate.
and surrounding environments.
5.2.2 Credit may be given for prior applicable training
4.2 The standardization of radiation worker radiological
received off site. Documentation of that training shall be in
protection training provides the individual radiation worker
accordance with 5.6. It is appropriate to determine the appli-
with a greater assurance that the training received is adequate
cability of an individual’s prior training and experience, with
to minimize radiation exposure, to enable the worker to work
respect to the present job requirements, by means of a test. If
safely in a radiologically controlled area, and to meet appli-
the prior applicable training was received before the period
cable regulations.
specified for requalification (see 5.5), then refresher training as
4.3 The standardization of radiation worker radiological
described in 5.5 shall be given prior to the administration of the
protection training prevents unnecessary retraining of radiation
test. This refresher training may be combined with site-specific
workers.
training.
4.4 This guide should be used as the basis for establishing a
5.2.3 Site-specific training shall be provided. Site-specific
radiological protection training program for radiation workers
training shall include those topics in Section 6, the details of
at nuclear facilities.
which may vary from one nuclear facility to another. Some
examples are identification of and response to various alarms,
5. Training Administration
evacuation routes, administrative limits and procedures, and
5.1 Training Program Objectives—The objectives of the
radiological hazards unique to the facility.
radiological protection training program shall be to accomplish
5.3 Scheduling:
the following:
5.3.1 The radiological protection training program shall be
5.1.1 Provide guidance and training to enable each radiation
scheduled so that each individual is trained in radiological
worker to keep radiation exposure as low as is reasonably
protection to the degree necessary to perform his tasks safely
achievable.
before entering a radiologically controlled area.
5.1.2 Ensure that radiation workers are instructed in and
5.3.2 For special cases in which an individual must enter a
physically can demonstrate the proper use of commonly used
radiologically controlled area before completion of his train-
radiation protection instrumentation, personal protective equip-
ing, the individual shall be escorted by a fully trained and
ment, respirators, and personal exposure monitoring devices
qualified person. Such entries may be necessary for on-the-job
necessary to that individual’s work assignment.
training, for example. A brief radiological protection orienta-
5.1.3 Train every radiation worker to enable compliance
tion should be provided to escorted individuals prior to entry
with appropriate safety and health procedures and the proper
into a radiologically controlled area.
reaction to warnings, alarms, and emergency situations.
5.4 Testing:
5.1.4 Inform every radiation worker about the immediate
and the long-term health risks associated with the acceptance 5.4.1 A radiation worker’s knowledge of, competency in,
of radiation exposure, and about the basis for health risk and understanding of the basic principles and methods of
estimates. radiological protection shall be evaluated through a written
5.1.5 Provide the information needed to enable each radia- objective test. Oral tests shall not be substituted for written
tion worker to comply with applicable regulations. tests unless the impracticality of administering a written test is
5.1.6 Ensure that the program can be reviewed and revised established and documented on an individual basis. The worker
as needed to meet changing conditions, and that the instruction shall be reinstructed and retested on any subject of which he
E 1168
has insufficient knowledge. The testing shall be designed to 5.6.1.4 A specific description of all training completed
establish whether or not the worker has the knowledge, satisfactorily, such as references to pertinent lesson plans,
understanding, and skill to work safely. course outlines, syllabuses, and other subject-specific descrip-
5.4.2 All radiation workers whose radiological protection tive information. Specific reference usually is made to such
materials by date, edition, or issue,
depends on their effective use of equipment, facilities, or
specialized procedures shall be observed by a qualified trainer 5.6.1.5 A performance rating for each segment of training or
while using such equipment or facilities or performing such each different training program satisfactorily completed by the
procedures, and shall be individually graded on a pass-fail radiation worker. This rating normally consists of a numerical
basis, that is, the worker performs the task satisfactorily or is
or letter grade or a written evaluation,
given additional training until satisfactory performance is 5.6.1.6 Checklists that document the radiation worker’s
achieved or until the worker is found unsuitable for the job.
performance on an on-the-job training segment, where appli-
5.4.3 All written, oral, and practical tests shall have care- cable, and
fully developed bases in order to ensure that appropriate areas 5.6.1.7 The name and location of the training facility.
of knowledge and skill are covered. Tests should cover
5.6.2 On completion of training, each radiation worker shall
information presented to the radiation worker and shall em- receive a certificate of satisfactory completion, signed by the
phasize knowledge and practices directly related to day-to-day
training department manager (or equivalent), that shall include
radiological protection.
the training dates and locations, the type of nuclear facility for
5.5 Requalification:
which the training program content was developed, the name
5.5.1 The training program shall include periodic refresher and location of the facility at which the training records are
training as required by the appropriate regulatory authority, or
maintained, and a statement that the training is in accordance
at least every two years, for any work description. High-risk with this guide. This certificate allows the worker’s previous
work, for example, glove box operation, highradiation entry, or
training to be taken into account when determining training
radiography sources shall require at least annual requalification needs at another site.
(see Note 2).
5.6.3 In order for there to be an adequate basis for periodic
5.5.2 Requalification testing shall be carried out in conjunc- evaluation of the training program, the following training
tion with refresher training.
program records shall be required:
5.5.3 Those radiation workers requiring new or refreshed
5.6.3.1 Training materials such as outlines, syllabuses, bro-
knowledge because of reassignment shall be given appropriate
chures, videotapes, texts, tests (including test questions and
training and testing.
oral and on-the-job checklists), or specific descriptions of these
5.5.4 Supervisors and radiological protection personnel items to serve as a basis for determining the depth and scope of
should be alert to radiation worker performance that indicates training given in each subject area. Specific reference usually is
the need for further instruction, and shall design or revise made to such materials by date, edition, or issue, and
training programs to meet those needs.
5.6.3.2 The name and qualifications of each instructor and
examiner involved in each training segment or each training
NOTE 2—Refresher training is generally less detailed than initial
program.
training, because refresher training usually highlights and reviews the
5.7 Program Evaluations—The training program shall be
material that was covered in initial training.
evaluated periodically by an assessor independent of the
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