ASTM D88/D88M-07(2024)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D88/D88M − 07 (Reapproved 2024) American Association State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No: T72
Method 304—Federal Test
Method Standard No. 791b
Replaces Method 4285 of Federal Test
Method Standard No. 141A
Standard Test Method for
Saybolt Viscosity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D88/D88M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the empirical procedures for
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
determining the Saybolt Universal or Saybolt Furol viscosities
Closed Cup Tester
of petroleum products at specified temperatures between 21
D117 Guide for Sampling, Test Methods, and Specifications
and 99 °C [70 and 210 °F]. A special procedure for waxy
for Electrical Insulating Liquids
products is indicated.
D140/D140M Practice for Sampling Asphalt Materials
NOTE 1—Test Methods D445 and D2170/D2170M are preferred for the
D244 Test Methods and Practices for Emulsified Asphalts
determination of kinematic viscosity. They require smaller samples and
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
less time, and provide greater accuracy. Kinematic viscosities may be
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
converted to Saybolt viscosities by use of the tables in Practice D2161. It
ity)
is recommended that viscosity indexes be calculated from kinematic rather
D2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to
than Saybolt viscosities.
Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D2170/D2170M Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Asphalts
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
Petroleum Products
used independently of the other, and values from the two
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
systems shall not be combined.
Petroleum Products
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Sieves
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E102/E102M Test Method for Saybolt Furol Viscosity of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Bituminous Materials at High Temperatures
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Terminology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Definitions:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.1 Furol—an acronym of “Fuel and Road Oils.”
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.2 Saybolt Furol viscosity—the corrected efflux time in
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. seconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibrated Furol
orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity value is
reported in Saybolt Furol seconds, abbreviated SFS, at a
specified temperature.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing
and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.05 on
Solvent-Bearing Bituminous Compounds for Roofing and Waterproofing.
Current edition approved May 1, 2024. Published May 2024. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1921. In 1923, combined with former Methods D47. Last previous contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
edition approved in 2019 as D88/D88M – 07 (2019) . DOI: 10.1520/D0088_ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D0088M-07R24. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D88/D88M − 07 (2024)
3.1.3 Saybolt Universal viscosity—the corrected efflux time characterization of petroleum products such as fuel oils and
in seconds of 60 mL of sample flowing through a calibrated other residual materials having Saybolt Universal viscosities
Universal orifice under specified conditions. The viscosity greater than 1000 s.
value is reported in Saybolt Universal seconds, abbreviated
5.4 Determination of the Saybolt Furol viscosity of bitumi-
SUS, at a specified temperature.
nous materials at higher temperatures is covered by Test
Method E102/E102M.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The efflux time in seconds of 60 mL of sample, flowing
6. Apparatus
through a calibrated orifice, is measured under carefully
6.1 Saybolt Viscometer and Bath, as shown in Fig. 1 and
controlled conditions. This time is corrected by an orifice
described in Annex A1.
factor and reported as the viscosity of the sample at that
temperature.
6.2 Withdrawal Tube, as shown in Fig. 2.
5. Significance and Use 6.3 Thermometer Support, as shown in Fig. 3.
5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing certain
6.4 Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers, as listed in Table 1, for
petroleum products, as one element in establishing uniformity
reading the temperature of the sample. Each thermometer shall
of shipments and sources of supply.
conform to the requirements listed in Specification E1 for that
ASTM Thermometer Number.
5.2 See Guide D117 for applicability to mineral oils used as
electrical insulating oils.
6.5 Bath Thermometers—Saybolt Viscosity thermometers,
5.3 The Saybolt Furol viscosity is approximately one tenth or any other temperature-indicating means of equivalent accu-
the Saybolt Universal viscosity, and is recommended for racy.
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 1 Saybolt Viscometer with Universal and Furol Orifice
D88/D88M − 07 (2024)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 3 Thermometer Support
TABLE 1 ASTM Saybolt Viscosity Thermometers
Standard Test ASTM
Thermometer
Temperature Thermometer
Range °C [°F] Subdivisions, °C [°F]
°C [°F] No.
21.1 [70] 17C [17F] 19 to 27 0.1 [0.2]
[66 to 80]
25.0 [77] 17C [17F] 19 to 27 0.1 [0.2]
[66 to 80]
37.8 [100] 18C [18F] 34 to 42 0.1 [0.2]
[94 to 108]
50.0 [122] 19C [19F] 49 to 57 0.1 [0.2]
[120 to 134]
54.4 [130] 19C [19F] 49 to 57 0.1 [0.2]
[120 to 134]
60.0 [140] 20C [20F] 57 to 65 0.1 [0.2]
[134 to 148]
82.2 [180] 21C [21F] 79 to 87 0.1 [0.2]
[174 to 188]
98.9 [210] 22C [22F] 95 to 103 0.1 [0.2]
[204 to 218]
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 2 Withdrawal Tube for Use with Saybolt Viscometer
accuracy. Liquids with efflux times greater than 1000 s are not
conveniently tested with this orifice.
6.6 Filter Funnel, as shown in Fig. 4, equipped with
8.2 Use a Furol orifice or tip for residual materials with
interchangeable 150 μm (No. 100) and 75 μm (No. 200)
efflux times greater than 25 s to give the desired accuracy. See
wire-cloth inserts meeting the requirements of Specification
E11 with respect to the wire cloth. also 5.3.
8.3 Clean the viscometer thoroughly with an appropriate
6.7 Receiving Flask, as shown in Fig. 5.
solvent of low toxicity, then remove all solvent from the
6.8 Timer, graduated in tenths of a second, and accurate to
viscometer and its gallery. Clean the receiving flask in the same
within 0.1 % when tested over a 60 min interval. Electric
manner.
timers are acceptable if operated on a controlled frequency
circuit. NOTE 2—The plunger commonly supplied with the viscometer should
never be used for cleaning; its use might damage the overflow rim and
walls of the viscometer.
7. Sampling
8.4 Set up the viscometer and bath in an area where they
7.1 Sample the material in accordance with Practice D140/
will not be exposed to drafts or rapid changes in air
D140M, D4057, or D4177, as appropriate.
temperature, and dust or vapors that might contaminate a
8. Preparation of Apparatus sample.
8.1 Use a Universal orifice or tip for lubricants and distil- 8.5 Place the receiving flask (Fig. 5) beneath the viscometer
lates with efflux times greater than 32 s to give the desired so that the graduation mark on the flask is from 100 to 130 mm
D88/D88M − 07 (2024)
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres (inches).
FIG. 4 Filter Funnel for Use with Saybolt Viscometer
[4 to 5 in.] below the bottom of the viscometer tube, and so that 9. Calibration and Standardization
the stream of oil will just strike the neck of the flask.
9.1 Calibrate the Saybolt Universal viscometer at periodic
8.6 Fill the bath to at least 6 mm [ ⁄4 in.] above the overflow
intervals by measuring the efflux time at 37.8 °C [100 °F] of an
rim of the viscometer with an appropriate bath medium
appropriate viscosity oil standard, following the procedure
selected from Table 2.
given in Section 10. See Annex A2 for viscosity oil standards
available.
8.7 Provide adequate stirring and thermal control for the
bath so that the temperature of a test sample in the viscometer
9.2 The efflux time of the viscosity oil standard shall equal
will not vary more than 60.03 °C [60.05 °F] after reaching
the certified Saybolt viscosity value. If the efflux time differs
the selected test temperature.
from the certified value by more than 0.2 %, calculate a
8.8 Do not make viscosity measurements at temperatures correction factor, F, for the viscometer as follows:
below the dew point of the room’s atmosphere.
F 5 V/t (1)
8.9 For calibration and referee tests, keep the room tem-
where:
perature between 20 and 30 °C [68 and 86 °F], and record the
V = certified Saybolt viscosity of the standard, and
actual temperature. However room temperatures up to 38 °C
t = measured efflux time at 37.8 °C [100 °F
...