CEN/TC 264/WG 1 - Dioxins - emissions

This Technical Specification CEN/TS 1948-5 specifies the long-term sampling of PCDD/PCDF/PCB concentrations in emissions of stationary sources. It is intended to base the new method on EN 1948 Part 2, 3, 4 "Analyses of PCDD/PCDF/PCB".
The development of the new method is necessary due to the enhanced demand of several European countries and of the European Commission with regard to possible amendment of the Waste Incineration Directive 2000/76.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/stationary.htm#2
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pdf/technical_annex2.pdf
Preferably the development of the method has to be done by validation measurements.

This European Standard specifies sampling from stationary sources, extraction, clean-up, identification and quantification procedures of the dioxin-like PCBs. The procedure described lays down requirements to measure the PCB congeners given in Annex A (see Table A.1). It is applicable to the 12 non- and mono-ortho PCB designated by the WHO. It is optimised to measure PCB concentrations of about 0,01 ng WHO-TEQPCB/m3.
In addition to the 12 non- and mono-ortho-PCB the present document is also applicable to measure further PCB-congeners like the "marker PCB" 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180 (see Annex F).
This document specifies a framework of quality control requirements which should be fulfilled by any PCB sampling, extraction, clean-up, identification and quantification methods to be applied.
As a result of their similar chemical behaviour PCBs, as shown in the validation campaign, can be sampled from stationary sources together with the PCDDs/PCDFs. Therefore, it is possible to measure PCBs together with PCDDs/PCDFs by applying EN 1948-1, -2, -3 and -4. The complete sampling procedure is described in EN 1948-1. Each of the three sampling methods of EN 1948-1 can be combined with the methods described in this document to complete the measurement procedure. EN 1948-1 is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure and is necessary for the determination of PCBs.
The analyses of the following PCB congeners is described in this European Standard and is validated in the validation campaign:
a)   Non-ortho substituted PCBs
1)   3,3’,4,4’-TeCB(77)
2)   3,4,4’,5-TeCB (81)
3)   3,3’,4,4’,5-PeCB (126)
4)   3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-HxCB (169)
b)   Mono-ortho substituted PCBs
1)   2,3,3’,4,4’-PeCB (105)
2)   2,3,4,4’,5-PeCB (114)
3)   2,3’,4,4’,5-PeCB (118)
4)   2’,3,4,4’,5-PeCB (123)
5)   2,3,3’,4,4’,5-HxCB (156)
6)   2,3,3’,4,4’,5’-HxCB (157)
7)   2,3’,4,4’,5,5’-HxCB (167)
8)   2,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-HpCB (189)
c)   Marker PCBs
1)   2,4,4'- TriCB (28)
2)   2,2',5,5'-TeCB (52)
3)   2,2',4,5,5'- PeCB

This European Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-2:2005 and
prEN 1948-3:2005 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been developed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF sampling.
The user has the possibility to choose between three different methods:
-   "filter/condenser method"
-   "dilution method"
-   "cooled probe method"
Each sampling method is illustrated by some sampling systems described in detail in Annex B as examples of proven procedures.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses see CEN/TS 1948-4), although no validated performance characteristics are avail

This European Standard specifies the identification and quantification procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this standard, prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-2:2005, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF identification and quantification methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of  prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements in order to measure every 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted PCDD/PCDF congener required to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-

This European Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up procedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts prEN 1948-1:2005 and prEN 1948-3:2005 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs.
This European Standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about
0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 in stationary source emissions.
This European Standard specifies both method validation and a framework of quality control requirements which shall be fulfilled by any PCDD/PCDF extraction and clean-up methods to be applied. Some methods are described in detail in Annex A as examples of proven procedures.
Each of the three sampling methods (Part 1) can be combined with the extraction and clean-up (Part 2) and the identification and quantification (Part 3) to complete the measurement procedure.
During comparison measurements of the three sampling methods on municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 these methods have been deemed comparable within the expected range of uncertainty. Validation trials were performed on the flue gas of municipal waste incinerators at the level of about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m3 and a dust loading of from 1 mg/m3 to 15 mg/m3. Although this European Standard is primarily developed and validated for gaseous streams emitted by waste incinerators, the practical experience shows that it can be applied for wide concentration ranges and various emission sources.
The procedure described in the three parts of prEN 1948:2005 specifies requirements which shall be met in order to measure the 17 congeners necessary to calculate the total I-TEQ (see Table A.1 of
prEN 1948-1:2005).
Besides the determination of PCDDs/PCDFs the described measurement methods are suitable for determination of other low-volatile substances, e.g. of dioxin-like PCBs (details for sampling and analyses se

1) EN 1948-4 was elaborated with special carefulness and was validated by extensive validation measurements covering a wide concentration range. Nevertheless the described selection of the sampling standards (see EN 1948-4, Table 1) causes co-elution problems of PCB 127 and PCB 105 on the most common columns. The use of the columns HT-8 or Agilent XLB can avoid these co-elution problems, but they are not so common for routine analyses. The sampling standard PCB 127 was chosen in order to monitor the similar and most toxic congener PCB 126 and is of special importance for plants which mainly emit PCBs. In order to avoid the co-elution problems during routine analyses a more flexible specification is given and the following footnote to EN 1948-4, Table 1, is added:  Footnote b) Sampling standards: Attention should be paid to possible co-elution problems of PCB 127 and PCB 105 on certain commercially available columns. If the co-elution problems cannot be avoided, it is allowed to omit the sampling standard PCB 127.  2) In order to avoid any misunderstanding with regard to the sampling compartments to be spiked with labelled standards a reference to EN 1948-1 should be added to the first sentence of EN 1948-4, Clause 6.2:  "The sampling standards (see Table 1) shall be added to the different sampling media before sampling and the extraction standards shall be added to the samples before extraction according to EN 1948 Part 1."

This European Standard specifies sampling from stationary sources, extraction, clean-up, identification and quantification procedures of the dioxin-like PCBs. The procedure described lays down requirements to measure the PCB congeners given in Annex A (see Table A.1). It is applicable to the 12 non- and mono-ortho PCB designated by the WHO. It is optimised to measure PCB concentrations of about 0,01 ng WHO-TEQPCB/m3.
In addition to the 12 non- and mono-ortho-PCB the present document is also applicable to measure further PCB-congeners like the "marker PCB" 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180 (see Annex F).
This document specifies a framework of quality control requirements which should be fulfilled by any PCB sampling, extraction, clean-up, identification and quantification methods to be applied.
As a result of their similar chemical behaviour PCBs, as shown in the validation campaign, can be sampled from stationary sources together with the PCDDs/PCDFs. Therefore, it is possible to measure PCBs together with PCDDs/PCDFs by applying EN 1948-1, -2, -3 and -4. The complete sampling procedure is described in EN 1948-1. Each of the three sampling methods of EN 1948-1 can be combined with the methods described in this document to complete the measurement procedure. EN 1948-1 is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure and is necessary for the determination of PCBs.
The analyses of the following PCB congeners is described in this European Standard and is validated in the validation campaign:
a)   Non-ortho substituted PCBs
1)   3,3’,4,4’-TeCB(77)
2)   3,4,4’,5-TeCB (81)
3)   3,3’,4,4’,5-PeCB (126)
4)   3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-HxCB (169)
b)   Mono-ortho substituted PCBs
1)   2,3,3’,4,4’-PeCB (105)
2)   2,3,4,4’,5-PeCB (114)
3)   2,3’,4,4’,5-PeCB (118)
4)   2’,3,4,4’,5-PeCB (123)
5)   2,3,3’,4,4’,5-HxCB (156)
6)   2,3,3’,4,4’,5’-HxCB (157)
7)   2,3’,4,4’,5,5’-HxCB (167)
8)   2,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-HpCB (189)
c)   Marker PCBs
1)   2,4,4'- TriCB (28)
2)   2,2',5,5'-TeCB (52)
3)   2,2',4,5,5'- PeCB

This document specifies sampling from stationary sources, extraction, clean-up, identification and quantification procedures of the dioxin-like PCBs. The procedure described lays down requirements to measure the PCB congeners given in Annex A (see Table A.1). It is applicable to the twelve non- and mono-ortho PCB designated by the WHO. It is optimised to measure PCB concentrations in the range of 0,01 ng WHO-TEQPCB/m3.
In addition to the 12 non- and mono-ortho-PCB the present document is also applicable to measure further PCB-congeners like the so-called “marker PCB” 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180 (see Annex D).
This document specifies a framework of quality control requirements which have to be fulfilled by any PCB sampling, extraction, clean-up, identification and quantification methods to be applied.
It is assumed that due to their similar chemical behaviour PCBs may be sampled from stationary sources together with the PCDDs/PCDFs by the same methods. The complete sampling procedure is described in the EN 1948-1. Each of the three sampling methods of EN 1948-1 can be combined with the methods described in this document to complete the measurement procedure. EN 1948-1 is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure and is necessary for the determination of PCBs.
In addition it is possible to measure PCBs together with PCDDs/PCDFs by applying EN 1948 Part 1, Part 2, Part 3 and CEN/TS 1948 Part 4.

The present Part of the Standard specifies the identification and quantificationprocedures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure. The use of the other two parts of this Standard, EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-2:1996, describing sampling and extraction and clean-up, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This Stan- dard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.

Thie present part of this Standard specifies the extraction and clean-up proce- dures of the sampled PCDDs/PCDFs. It is integral part of the complet measurementprocedure. The use of the other two parts EN 1948-1:1996 and EN 1948-3:1996 describing sampling or identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs/PCDFs. This standard has been designed to measure PCDD/PCDF concentrations at about 0,1 ng I-TEQ/m cube in stationary source emissions.

This part of the Standard specifies the sampling of PCDDs/PCDFs. It is an integral part of the complete measurement procedure.  The use of the other two parts EN 1948-2:1996 and EN 1948-3:1996 describing extraction and clean-up and identification and quantification, respectively, is necessary for the determination of the PCDDs and PCDFs.