D05.21 - Methods of Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures help predict whether the ash will perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.  
5.2 Ash fusibility temperature values are used in various equations to predict the slagging tendency of ashes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.  
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture, as determined by this instrumental test method, is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis using procedures in Practice D3180.  
5.2 Moisture can be used in conjunction with the air-dry moisture loss determined by Test Method D3302 to determine total moisture in coal. Total moisture is used for calculating other analytical results to an as-received basis using Practice D3180.  
5.3 Ash yield is the residue remaining after heating the coal and coke samples (see Note 1).
Note 1: The ash obtained differs in composition and amount from the mineral constituents present in the original coal. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron pyrite into iron oxides and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Ash yield, as determined by this test method, can differ from the amount of ash produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash.  
5.4 Ash yield is used, (1) as a parameter for evaluating sampling procedures and coal cleaning processes,  (2) in the ultimate analysis calculation of oxygen by difference using Practice D3176, (3) in calculations including material balance, reactivity and yields of products relevant to coal conversion processes such as gasification and liquefaction, (4)  in calculations to estimate the loading on electrostatic precipitators and on the fly ash and bottom ash disposal systems as well as erosion rates on boiler systems.  
5.5 Volatile matter yield, when determined as herein described, may be used to (1) indicate coke yield on carbonization, (2) provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or (3) establish combustion characteristics.  
5.6 Fixed carbon is a calculated value. It is the difference between 100 % and the sum of the mass fractions, in %, of moisture, ash, and volatile matter. All mass fractions shall be on the same moisture reference base.  
...
SCOPE
1.1 These instrumental test methods cover the determination of moisture, volatile matter, and ash, and the calculation of fixed carbon in the analysis of coal and coke samples prepared in accordance with Practice D2013 and Practice D346.  
1.2 These instrumental test methods are not applicable to thermogravimetric analyzers using microgram size samples.  
1.3 Test Methods D3173, D3174, and D3175 shall be considered the referee test methods.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Canister desorption is a widely used technique to measure the gas in coal. The gas level data when normalized to volume/mass and multiplied by coal mass is used to estimate the gas volume in place in an area around the cored well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes methods for the direct determination of the gas in coal by desorption using samples obtained by drill coring methods from the surface. It sets out guidelines for the equipment construction, sample preparation and testing procedure, and method of calculation.  
1.2 Indirect methods for the determination of the gas in coal (not covered in this practice) are based on either the gas absorption characteristics of coal under a given pressure and temperature condition or other empirical data that relate the gas in coal to such other parameters as coal rank, depth of cover, or gas emission rate.  
1.3 This practice covers the following two direct methods, which vary only in the time allowed for the gas to desorb from the core, or sidewall core, before final crushing:  
1.3.1 The slow desorption method in which volumetric readings of gas volume are taken frequently (for example, every 10 min to 15 min) during the first few hours, followed by hourly measurements for several hours, and then measurements on 24-h intervals until no or very little gas is being desorbed for an extended period of time.  
1.3.2 The fast desorption method in which after initial desorbed gas measurements to obtain data for lost gas calculations are taken, the canister is opened and the sample is transferred to the coal crusher. The remaining gas volume is measured on a crushed sample.  
1.4 This practice is confined to the direct method using core, or sidewall core obtained from drilling. The practice can be applied to drill cuttings samples; however, the use of cuttings is not recommended because the results may be misleading and are difficult to compare to the results obtained from core desorption. The interpretation of the results does not fall within the scope of the practice.  
1.5 Units-The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Summarizing the ash mass fraction and the mass fraction of the organic constituents in a specific format under the heading, Ultimate Analysis, provides a convenient and uniform system for comparing coals or cokes. This tabulation used with that of Proximate Analysis  (Practice D3172) permits cursory valuation of coals for use as fuel or in other carbonaceous processes and of cokes for metallurgical purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the term ultimate analysis as it is applied to the analysis of coal and coke. The information derived is intended for the general utilization by applicable industries, to provide the basis for evaluation, beneficiation, or for other purposes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The calculations of analytical data for the coal and coke test parameters listed in Section 6, assume the analysis sample has been prepared according to Practice D2013 and Test Method D3302.  
4.2 This practice provides formulas, to enable calculations of data from the as-determined analysis sample to various moisture bases, in common use by the coal and coke industry.  
4.3 This practice provides guidance to enable calculations of weight-average data from various lots or sublots, which, initially, are provided at different moisture bases.  
4.4 The principles given in this practice are applicable to the calculation of cumulative data (e.g., for trade purposes or for sieve analyses or washability analyses).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice lists formulas that allow analytical data to be expressed in various bases in common use. Such bases are: as received, dry, equilibrium moisture, dry ash free, and others.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The collection and treatment of the sample as specified for the referee method is intended for the express purpose of determining the total moisture in coal. The standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers as a method of determination when other techniques or modifications are not mutually agreed upon.  
5.2 The commercial method, which determines total moisture content of the crushed and divided sample, is designated as the method for total moisture for routine commercial practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the total moisture in coal as it exists at the site, at the time, and under the conditions it is sampled. It is applicable to coals as mined, processed, shipped, or used in normal commercial pursuits. It is not applicable to coal-water slurries, sludges, or pulverized products under 0.5 mm-diameter sieve size. It is applicable to coals of all ranks within the recognized limitations imposed by oxidation and decomposition characteristics of lower rank coals. Because of its empirical nature, strict adherence to basic principles and permissive procedures are required for valid results (see Appendix X1). This complete standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers as a total moisture method when other procedures or modifications are not mutually agreed on.  
1.2 Since coal can vary from extremely wet (water-saturated) to completely dry, special emphasis must be placed on the sampling, sample preparation, and the moisture determination itself to ensure total reliability of measurement. Therefore, this standard entails collection of the gross sample, sample preparation, and the method of determination.  
1.3 While it is recognized that such a standard may be unwieldy for routine usage in commercial operations, it can provide a common base for agreement in cases of dispute or arbitration. The complete standard is referred to as the referee method. Embodied in the standard is the commercial method starting with the crushed and divided sample when the gross sample is not too wet to crush and divide. See Practice D2961/D2961M and Test Method D3173 for other moisture methods.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test methods, as herein described, can be used to establish the rank of coals, show the ratio of combustible to incombustible constituents, provide the basis for buying and selling, and evaluate for beneficiation or for other purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of moisture, volatile matter, and ash and the calculation of fixed carbon on coals and cokes sampled and prepared by prescribed methods and analyzed according to ASTM established procedures.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Carbon and hydrogen values can be used to determine the amount of oxygen (air) required in combustion processes and for calculation of the efficiency of combustion processes.  
5.2 Carbon and hydrogen determinations can be used in calculations including material balance, reactivity and yields of products relevant to coal conversion processes such as gasification and liquefaction.  
5.3 Carbon and nitrogen values can be used in material balance calculations employed for emission accounting purposes.
Note 2: The bulk composition of coal changes at a rate that varies from coal to coal during storage. As a result, using coal for calibration can yield incorrect estimates of carbon, and hydrogen content in particular.
SCOPE
1.1 Test Method A covers the determination of carbon in the range of 54.9 % to 84.7 %, hydrogen in the range of 3.26 % to 5.08 %, and nitrogen in the range of 0.57 % to 1.76 % in analysis samples (8.1) of coal and of carbon in analysis samples of coke in the range of 86.6 % to 97.9 %.  
1.1.1 Test Method B covers the determination of carbon in analysis samples of coal in the range of 57.7 % to 84.0 %, and carbon in analysis samples of coke in the range of 86.3 % to 95.4 %.
Note 1: The coals included in the interlaboratory studies employed to derive the precision statements for this standard cover ASTM rank lignite A to low volatile bituminous. Additional information concerning the composition of these coals appears in Annex A4 and Annex A5. The cokes used in the interlaboratory study employed to derive the precision statement for coke for Method A included five each metallurgical (met) cokes and seven each petroleum (pet) cokes, and Method B included an equal number (five each) of met cokes and pet cokes.  
1.2 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method affords a means of estimating the inherent moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture or coal that may have lost some moisture. It may be used for estimating the surface, or extraneous moisture of wet coal, such moisture being the difference between the total moisture as determined by Test Method D3302 and the equilibrium moisture.  
3.2 When samples are collected in conformity with Classification D388, the equilibrium moisture is considered to be equal to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield equilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.  
3.3 The results obtained by this test method are sensitive to many influences, and therefore, raw (uncorrected) equilibrium moisture data may be of limited value in and of themselves. When working with low rank coals, the results yielded by this test method require critical assessments. It is recommended that the procedure outlined in the Appendix X1 be applied, and the results corrected before use in situations where a more reliable estimation inherent or bed moisture for low rank coals is required. The Appendix also provides useful quality assurance information which is applicable to coals of all ranks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the equilibrium moisture of coal in an atmosphere over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate at 30 °C.
Note 1: For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is based, see (1-5).2  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or non-SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Volatile matter, when determined as herein described, can be used to establish the rank of coals, to indicate coke yield on carbonization process, to provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or to establish burning characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gaseous products, exclusive of moisture vapor, as volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal or coke from coal.  
1.2 The test method for the determination of volatile matter is empirical.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to measure the total chlorine content of coal. The chlorine content of coals may be useful in the evaluation of slagging problems, corrosion in engineering processes, and in the total analysis of coal and coke. When coal samples are combusted in accordance with this method, the chlorine is quantitatively retained and is representative of the total chlorine content of the whole coal.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis of total chlorine in coal.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gross calorific value can be used to compute the total calorific content of the quantity of coal or coke represented by the sample for payment purposes.  
5.2 The gross calorific value can be used for computing the calorific value versus sulfur content to determine whether the coal meets regulatory requirements for industrial fuels.  
5.3 The gross calorific value can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of beneficiation processes.  
5.4 The gross calorific value can be required to classify coals according to Classification D388.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method pertains to the determination of the gross calorific value of coal and coke by either an isoperibol or adiabatic combustion calorimeter.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of total moisture is required to determine whether coal meets commercial or environmental specifications, or both. Within the limitations prescribed in the scope, this practice describes a procedure for determination of total moisture that requires less time than the procedures described in Test Method D3302/D3302M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a single-stage procedure for the determination of total moisture less than 15 % in coal reduced to 2.36 mm [No. 8 sieve] topsize. This practice is for determination of total moisture only. Materials subjected to this test shall not be used in the determination of other test parameters. It is recognized that the conditions of the test can increase the potential for significant oxidation effects on some coals. If the oxidation potential is of concern, the use of this single-stage method shall involve prior agreement between the parties involved. This practice shall not be construed as the referee standard practice for total moisture. For referee purposes, users of this practice are referred to Test Method D3302/D3302M for moisture determination methods which are not as susceptible to oxidation effects.  
1.2 Statistical analysis of data from several sources indicates that at a 95 % confidence level, there is statistically no difference between the mean value of the results obtained by Practice D2961/D2961M and Test Method D3302/D3302M (that is, no bias is detected between the two methods at the 95 % confidence level) for moisture levels between 1.4 % and 15.8 %. These two standards were not compared in this study for some ranks of coal including lignite and anthracite.2  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for a separation of coal-associated sulfur into two commonly recognized forms: pyritic and sulfate. Organic sulfur is calculated by difference. Results obtained by the test method are used to serve a number of interests, including the evaluation of coal preparation and processing operations designed to reduce coal sulfur levels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method applies to the determination of sulfate sulfur and pyritic sulfur in coal and calculates organic sulfur by difference. This test method is not applicable to coke or other carbonaceous materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Non-SI units, if provided, are considered informational and are contained within parentheses  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Ash, as determined by this test method, is the residue remaining after burning the coal and coke. Ash obtained differs in composition from the inorganic constituents present in the original coal. Incineration causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron pyrites into ferric oxide, and other chemical reactions. Ash, as determined by this test method, will differ in amount from ash produced in furnace operations and other firing systems because incineration conditions influence the chemistry and amount of the ash. References for correcting ash results determined by this test method to a mineral-matter-free basis are listed in Classification D388, Section 9.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the inorganic residue as ash in the analysis sample of coal or coke as prepared in accordance with Practice D2013 or Practice D346. The results obtained can be applied as the ash in the proximate analysis, Practice D3172, and in the ultimate analysis, Practice D3176. For the determination of the constituents in ash, reference is made to Test Methods D3682, D4326, and D6349. Test Methods D6357 should be used to prepare ash to be used for trace element analysis. See Terminology D121 for definition of ash.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Sulfur is part of the ultimate analysis of coal and coke.  
4.2 Results of the sulfur analysis are used for evaluation of coal preparation and cleaning, evaluation of potential sulfur emissions from coal and coke combustion or conversion processes, and evaluation of coal and coke quality in relation to contract specifications, as well as for scientific purposes.  
4.3 The competency of laboratories with respect to use of this standard can be established through reference to Practice D7448.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of sulfur in samples of coal or coke by high-temperature tube furnace combustion.  
1.1.1 Two analysis methods are described.  
1.2 When automated equipment is used, either method can be classified as an instrumental method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Results obtained from the test method are used to serve a number of interests, including the indication of possible boiler tube fouling and possible furnace corrosion problems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the determination of water soluble sodium as sodium oxide (Na2O) and potassium as potassium oxide (K2O) in the analysis of coal samples prepared in accordance with Practice D2013.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This test method is derived in part from the ASME procedure water soluble alkalis.2  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture as determined by this test method is used for calculating other analytical results to a moisture free basis using procedures in Practice D3180. Moisture percent determined by this test method may be used in conjunction with the air-dry moisture loss determined in Method D2013 and Test Method D3302 to determine total moisture in coal. Total moisture is used for calculating other analytical results to “as received” basis using Practice D3180. Moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon percents constitute the proximate analysis of coal and coke.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture in the analysis sample of coal or coke. It is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis. When used in conjunction with the air drying loss as determined in accordance with Method D2013 or Practice D346, each analytical result can be calculated to an as-received basis:  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Summarizing the ash content and the content of the organic constituents in a specific format under the heading, Ultimate Analysis, provides a convenient and uniform system for comparing coals or cokes. This tabulation used with that of Proximate Analysis  (Practice D3172) permits cursory valuation of coals for use as fuel or in other carbonaceous processes and of cokes for metallurgical purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the term ultimate analysis as it is applied to the analysis of coal and coke. The information derived is intended for the general utilization by applicable industries, to provide the basis for evaluation, beneficiation, or for other purposes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Canister desorption is a widely used technique to measure the gas content of coal. The gas content data when normalized to volume/weight and multiplied by coal mass is used to estimate the gas in place in an area around the cored well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes methods for the direct determination of the gas content of coal by desorption using samples obtained by drill coring methods from the surface. It sets out guidelines for the equipment construction, sample preparation and testing procedure, and method of calculation.  
1.2 Indirect methods for the determination of the gas content of coal (not covered in this practice) are based on either the gas absorption characteristics of coal under a given pressure and temperature condition or other empirical data that relate the gas content of coal to such other parameters as coal rank, depth of cover, or gas emission rate.  
1.3 This practice covers the following two direct methods, which vary only in the time allowed for the gas to desorb from the core, or sidewall core, before final crushing:  
1.3.1 The slow desorption method in which volumetric readings of gas content are taken frequently (for example, every 10 min to 15 min) during the first few hours, followed by hourly measurements for several hours, and then measurements on 24-h intervals until no or very little gas is being desorbed for an extended period of time.  
1.3.2 The fast desorption method in which after initial desorbed gas measurements to obtain data for lost gas calculations are taken, the canister is opened and the sample is transferred to the coal crusher. The remaining gas volume is measured on a crushed sample.  
1.4 This practice is confined to the direct method using core, or sidewall core obtained from drilling. The practice can be applied to drill cuttings samples; however, the use of cuttings is not recommended because the results may be misleading and are difficult to compare to the results obtained from core desorption. The interpretation of the results does not fall within the scope of the practice.  
1.5 Units-The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture, as determined by this instrumental test method, is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis using procedures in Practice D3180.  
5.2 Moisture can be used in conjunction with the air-dry moisture loss determined by Test Method D3302 to determine total moisture in coal. Total moisture is used for calculating other analytical results to an as-received basis using Practice D3180.  
5.3 Ash yield is the residue remaining after heating the coal and coke samples (see Note 1).
Note 1: The ash obtained differs in composition and amount from the mineral constituents present in the original coal. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron pyrite into iron oxides and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Ash yield, as determined by this test method, can differ from the amount of ash produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash.  
5.4 Ash yield is used, (1) as a parameter for evaluating sampling procedures and coal cleaning processes,  (2) in the ultimate analysis calculation of oxygen by difference using Practice D3176, (3) in calculations including material balance, reactivity and yields of products relevant to coal conversion processes such as gasification and liquefaction, (4)  in calculations to estimate the loading on electrostatic precipitators and on the fly ash and bottom ash disposal systems as well as erosion rates on boiler systems.  
5.5 Volatile matter yield, when determined as herein described, may be used to (1) indicate coke yield on carbonization, (2) provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or (3) establish combustion characteristics.  
5.6 Fixed carbon is a calculated value. It is the difference between 100 and the sum of the percent moisture, ash, and volatile matter. All percents shall be on the same moisture reference base.  
5.7 Moisture, ash, and v...
SCOPE
1.1 These instrumental test methods cover the determination of moisture, volatile matter, and ash, and the calculation of fixed carbon in the analysis of coal and coke samples prepared in accordance with Practice D2013 and Practice D346.  
1.2 These instrumental test methods are not applicable to thermogravimetric analyzers using microgram size samples.  
1.3 Test Methods D3173, D3174, and D3175 shall be considered the referee test methods.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The collection and treatment of the sample as specified for the referee method is intended for the express purpose of determining the total moisture in coal. The standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers as a method of determination when other techniques or modifications are not mutually agreed upon.  
5.2 The commercial method, which determines total moisture content of the crushed and divided sample, is designated as the method for total moisture for routine commercial practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the total moisture in coal as it exists at the site, at the time, and under the conditions it is sampled. It is applicable to coals as mined, processed, shipped, or used in normal commercial pursuits. It is not applicable to coal-water slurries, sludges, or pulverized products under 0.5 mm-diameter sieve size. It is applicable to coals of all ranks within the recognized limitations imposed by oxidation and decomposition characteristics of lower rank coals. Because of its empirical nature, strict adherence to basic principles and permissive procedures are required for valid results (see Appendix X1). This complete standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers as a total moisture method when other procedures or modifications are not mutually agreed on.  
1.2 Since coal can vary from extremely wet (water-saturated) to completely dry, special emphasis must be placed on the sampling, sample preparation, and the moisture determination itself to ensure total reliability of measurement. Therefore, this standard entails collection of the gross sample, sample preparation, and the method of determination.  
1.3 While it is recognized that such a standard may be unwieldy for routine usage in commercial operations, it can provide a common base for agreement in cases of dispute or arbitration. The complete standard is referred to as the referee method. Embodied in the standard is the commercial method starting with the crushed and divided sample when the gross sample is not too wet to crush and divide. See Practice D2961/D2961M and Test Method D3173 for other moisture methods.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method affords a means of estimating the inherent moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture or coal that may have lost some moisture. It may be used for estimating the surface, or extraneous moisture of wet coal, such moisture being the difference between the total moisture as determined by Test Method D3302 and the equilibrium moisture.  
3.2 When samples are collected in conformity with Classification D388, the equilibrium moisture is considered to be equal to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield equilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.  
3.3 The results obtained by this test method are sensitive to many influences, and therefore, raw (uncorrected) equilibrium moisture data may be of limited value in and of themselves. When working with low rank coals, the results yielded by this test method require critical assessments. It is recommended that the procedure outlined in the Appendix X1 be applied, and the results corrected before use in situations where a more reliable estimation inherent or bed moisture for low rank coals is required. The Appendix also provides useful quality assurance information which is applicable to coals of all ranks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the equilibrium moisture of coal in an atmosphere over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate at 30 °C.
Note 1: For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is based, see (1-5).2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or non-SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method affords a means of estimating the inherent moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture or coal that may have lost some moisture. It may be used for estimating the surface, or extraneous moisture of wet coal, such moisture being the difference between the total moisture as determined by Test Method D3302 and the equilibrium moisture.  
3.2 When samples are collected in conformity with Classification D388, the equilibrium moisture is considered to be equal to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield equilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.  
3.3 The results obtained by this test method are sensitive to many influences, and therefore, raw (uncorrected) equilibrium moisture data may be of limited value in and of themselves. When working with low rank coals, the results yielded by this test method require critical assessments. It is recommended that the procedure outlined in the Appendix X1 be applied, and the results corrected before use in situations where a more reliable estimation inherent or bed moisture for low rank coals is required. The Appendix also provides useful quality assurance information which is applicable to coals of all ranks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the equilibrium moisture of coal in an atmosphere over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate at 30 °C.
Note 1: For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is based, see (1-5).2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or non-SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The collection and treatment of the sample as specified for the referee method is intended for the express purpose of determining the total moisture in coal. The standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers as a method of determination when other techniques or modifications are not mutually agreed upon.  
5.2 The commercial method, which determines total moisture content of the crushed and divided sample, is designated as the method for total moisture for routine commercial practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the total moisture in coal as it exists at the site, at the time, and under the conditions it is sampled. It is applicable to coals as mined, processed, shipped, or used in normal commercial pursuits. It is not applicable to coal-water slurries, sludges, or pulverized products under 0.5 mm-diameter sieve size. It is applicable to coals of all ranks within the recognized limitations imposed by oxidation and decomposition characteristics of lower rank coals. Because of its empirical nature, strict adherence to basic principles and permissive procedures are required for valid results (see Appendix X1). This complete standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers as a total moisture method when other procedures or modifications are not mutually agreed on.  
1.2 Since coal can vary from extremely wet (water-saturated) to completely dry, special emphasis must be placed on the sampling, sample preparation, and the moisture determination itself to ensure total reliability of measurement. Therefore, this standard entails collection of the gross sample, sample preparation, and the method of determination.  
1.3 While it is recognized that such a standard may be unwieldy for routine usage in commercial operations, it can provide a common base for agreement in cases of dispute or arbitration. The complete standard is referred to as the referee method. Embodied in the standard is the commercial method starting with the crushed and divided sample when the gross sample is not too wet to crush and divide. See Practice D2961/D2961M and Test Method D3173 for other moisture methods.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method affords a means of estimating the inherent moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture or coal that may have lost some moisture. It may be used for estimating the surface, or extraneous moisture of wet coal, such moisture being the difference between the total moisture as determined by Test Method D3302 and the equilibrium moisture.  
3.2 When samples are collected in conformity with Classification D388, the equilibrium moisture is considered to be equal to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield equilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.  
3.3 The results obtained by this test method are sensitive to many influences, and therefore, raw (uncorrected) equilibrium moisture data may be of limited value in and of themselves. When working with low rank coals, the results yielded by this test method require critical assessments. It is recommended that the procedure outlined in the Appendix X1 be applied, and the results corrected before use in situations where a more reliable estimation inherent or bed moisture for low rank coals is required. The Appendix also provides useful quality assurance information which is applicable to coals of all ranks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the equilibrium moisture of coal in an atmosphere over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate at 30 °C.
Note 1: For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is based, see (1-5).2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this test method is to measure the total chlorine content of coal. The chlorine content of coals may be useful in the evaluation of slagging problems, corrosion in engineering processes, and in the total analysis of coal and coke. When coal samples are combusted in accordance with this method, the chlorine is quantitatively retained and is representative of the total chlorine content of the whole coal.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis of total chlorine in coal.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Volatile matter, when determined as herein described, can be used to establish the rank of coals, to indicate coke yield on carbonization process, to provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or to establish burning characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gaseous products, exclusive of moisture vapor, as volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal or coke from coal.  
1.2 The test method for the determination of volatile matter is empirical.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of total moisture is required to determine whether coal meets commercial or environmental specifications, or both. Within the limitations prescribed in the scope, this practice describes a procedure for determination of total moisture that requires less time than the procedures described in Test Method D3302/D3302M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a single-stage procedure for the determination of total moisture less than 15 % in coal reduced to 2.36 mm [No. 8 sieve] topsize. This practice is for determination of total moisture only. Materials subjected to this test shall not be used in the determination of other test parameters. It is recognized that the conditions of the test can increase the potential for significant oxidation effects on some coals. If the oxidation potential is of concern, the use of this single-stage method shall involve prior agreement between the parties involved. This practice shall not be construed as the referee standard practice for total moisture. For referee purposes, users of this practice are referred to Test Method D3302/D3302M for moisture determination methods which are not as susceptible to oxidation effects.  
1.2 Statistical analysis of data from several sources indicates that at a 95 % confidence level, there is statistically no difference between the mean value of the results obtained by D2961/D2961M and D3302/D3302M (that is, no bias is detected between the two methods at the 95 % confidence level) for moisture levels between 1.4 % and 15.8 %. These two standards were not compared in this study for some ranks of coal including lignite and anthracite.2  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method affords a means of estimating the inherent moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture or coal that may have lost some moisture. It may be used for estimating the surface, or extraneous moisture of wet coal, such moisture being the difference between the total moisture as determined by Test Method D3302 and the equilibrium moisture.  
3.2 When samples are collected in conformity with Classification D388, the equilibrium moisture is considered to be equal to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield equilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.  
3.3 The results obtained by this test method are sensitive to many influences, and therefore, raw (uncorrected) equilibrium moisture data may be of limited value in and of themselves. When working with low rank coals, the results yielded by this test method require critical assessments. It is recommended that the procedure outlined in the Appendix X1 be applied, and the results corrected before use in situations where a more reliable estimation inherent or bed moisture for low rank coals is required. The Appendix also provides useful quality assurance information which is applicable to coals of all ranks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the equilibrium moisture of coal in an atmosphere over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate at 30 °C.
Note 1: For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is based, see (1-5).2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Ash, as determined by this test method, is the residue remaining after burning the coal and coke. Ash obtained differs in composition from the inorganic constituents present in the original coal. Incineration causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron pyrites into ferric oxide, and other chemical reactions. Ash, as determined by this test method, will differ in amount from ash produced in furnace operations and other firing systems because incineration conditions influence the chemistry and amount of the ash. References for correcting ash results determined by this test method to a mineral-matter-free basis are listed in Classification D388, Section 9.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the inorganic residue as ash in the analysis sample of coal or coke as prepared in accordance with Practice D2013 or Practice D346. The results obtained can be applied as the ash in the proximate analysis, Practice D3172, and in the ultimate analysis, Practice D3176. For the determination of the constituents in ash, reference is made to Test Methods D3682, D4326, and D6349. Test Methods D6357 should be used to prepare ash to be used for trace element analysis. See Terminology D121 for definition of ash.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of total moisture is required to determine whether coal meets commercial or environmental specifications, or both. Within the limitations prescribed in the scope, this test method describes a procedure for determination of total moisture that requires less time than the procedures described in Test Method D3302/D3302M.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a single-stage procedure for the determination of total moisture less than 15 % in coal reduced to 2.36 mm [No. 8 sieve] topsize. This test method is for determination of total moisture only. Materials subjected to this test shall not be used in the determination of other test parameters. It is recognized that the conditions of the test can increase the potential for significant oxidation effects on some coals. If the oxidation potential is of concern, the use of this single-stage method shall involve prior agreement between the parties involved. This test method shall not be construed as the referee standard test method for total moisture. For referee purposes, users of this test method are referred to Test Method D3302/D3302M for moisture determination methods which are not as susceptible to oxidation effects.  
1.2 Statistical analysis of data from several sources indicates that at a 95 % confidence level, there is statistically no significant difference between the mean value of the results obtained by D2961/D2961M and D3302/D3302M (that is, no bias is detected between the two methods at the 95 % confidence level) for moisture levels between 1.4 % and 15.8 %. These two test methods were not compared in this study for some ranks of coal including lignite and anthracite. (See 11.2.)  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Sulfur is part of the ultimate analysis of coal and coke.  
4.2 Results of the sulfur analysis are used for evaluation of coal preparation and cleaning, evaluation of potential sulfur emissions from coal and coke combustion or conversion processes, and evaluation of coal and coke quality in relation to contract specifications, as well as for scientific purposes.  
4.3 The competency of laboratories with respect to use of this standard can be established through reference to Practice D7448.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of sulfur in samples of coal or coke by high-temperature tube furnace combustion.  
1.1.1 Two analysis methods are described.  
1.2 When automated equipment is used, either method can be classified as an instrumental method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures help predict whether the ash will perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.  
5.2 Ash fusibility temperature values are used in various equations to predict the slagging tendency of ashes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.  
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method affords a means of estimating the inherent moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture or coal that may have lost some moisture. It may be used for estimating the surface, or extraneous moisture of wet coal, such moisture being the difference between the total moisture as determined by Test Method D3302 and the equilibrium moisture.  
3.2 When samples are collected in conformity with Classification D388, the equilibrium moisture is considered to be equal to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield equilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.  
3.3 The results obtained by this test method are sensitive to many influences, and therefore, raw (uncorrected) equilibrium moisture data may be of limited value in and of themselves. When working with low rank coals, the results yielded by this test method require critical assessments. It is recommended that the procedure outlined in the Appendix X1 be applied, and the results corrected before use in situations where a more reliable estimation inherent or bed moisture for low rank coals is required. The Appendix also provides useful quality assurance information which is applicable to coals of all ranks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the equilibrium moisture of coal in an atmosphere over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate at 30 °C.
Note 1: For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is based, see (1-5).2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures help predict whether the ash will perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.  
5.2 Ash fusibility temperature values are used in various equations to predict the slagging tendency of ashes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.  
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method affords a means of estimating the inherent moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture or coal that may have lost some moisture. It may be used for estimating the surface, or extraneous moisture of wet coal, such moisture being the difference between the total moisture as determined by Test Method D3302 and the equilibrium moisture.  
3.2 When samples are collected in conformity with Classification D388, the equilibrium moisture is considered to be equal to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield equilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.  
3.3 The results obtained by this test method are sensitive to many influences, and therefore, raw (uncorrected) equilibrium moisture data may be of limited value in and of themselves. When working with low rank coals, the results yielded by this test method require critical assessments. It is recommended that the procedure outlined in the Appendix X1 be applied, and the results corrected before use in situations where a more reliable estimation inherent or bed moisture for low rank coals is required. The Appendix also provides useful quality assurance information which is applicable to coals of all ranks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the equilibrium moisture of coal in an atmosphere over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate at 30 °C.
Note 1: For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is based, see (1-5).2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Sulfur is part of the ultimate analysis of coal and coke.  
4.2 Results of the sulfur analysis are used for evaluation of coal preparation and cleaning, evaluation of potential sulfur emissions from coal and coke combustion or conversion processes, and evaluation of coal and coke quality in relation to contract specifications, as well as for scientific purposes.  
4.3 The competency of laboratories with respect to use of this standard can be established through reference to Practice D7448.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of sulfur in samples of coal or coke by high-temperature tube furnace combustion.  
1.1.1 Two analysis methods are described.  
1.2 When automated equipment is used, either method can be classified as an instrumental method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures help predict whether the ash will perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.  
5.2 Ash fusibility temperature values are used in various equations to predict the slagging tendency of ashes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.  
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The collection and treatment of the sample as specified for the referee method is intended for the express purpose of determining the total moisture in coal. The standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers as a method of determination when other techniques or modifications are not mutually agreed upon.  
5.2 The commercial method, which determines total moisture content of the crushed and divided sample, is designated as the method for total moisture for routine commercial practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the total moisture in coal as it exists at the site, at the time, and under the conditions it is sampled. It is applicable to coals as mined, processed, shipped, or used in normal commercial pursuits. It is not applicable to coal-water slurries, sludges, or pulverized products under 0.5-mm-diameter sieve size. It is applicable to coals of all ranks within the recognized limitations imposed by oxidation and decomposition characteristics of lower rank coals. Because of its empirical nature, strict adherence to basic principles and permissive procedures are required for valid results (see Appendix X1). This complete standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers as a total moisture method when other procedures or modifications are not mutually agreed on.  
1.2 Since coal can vary from extremely wet (water-saturated) to completely dry, special emphasis must be placed on the sampling, sample preparation, and the moisture determination itself to ensure total reliability of measurement. Therefore, this standard entails collection of the gross sample, sample preparation, and the method of determination.  
1.3 While it is recognized that such a standard may be unwieldy for routine usage in commercial operations, it can provide a common base for agreement in cases of dispute or arbitration. The complete standard is referred to as the referee method. Embodied in the standard is the commercial method starting with the crushed and divided sample when the gross sample is not too wet to crush and divide. See Test Methods D2961 and D3173 for other moisture methods.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Volatile matter, when determined as herein described, can be used to establish the rank of coals, to indicate coke yield on carbonization process, to provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or to establish burning characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gaseous products, exclusive of moisture vapor, as volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal or coke from coal.  
1.2 The test method for the determination of volatile matter is empirical.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture as determined by this test method is used for calculating other analytical results to a moisture free basis using procedures in Practice D3180. Moisture percent determined by this test method may be used in conjunction with the air-dry moisture loss determined in Method D2013 and Test Method D3302 to determine total moisture in coal. Total moisture is used for calculating other analytical results to “as received” basis using Practice D3180. Moisture, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon percents constitute the proximate analysis of coal and coke.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture in the analysis sample of coal or coke. It is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis. When used in conjunction with the air drying loss as determined in accordance with Method D2013 or Practice D346, each analytical result can be calculated to an as-received basis:  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of total moisture is required to determine whether coal meets commercial or environmental specifications, or both. Within the limitations prescribed in the scope, this test method describes a procedure for determination of total moisture that requires less time than the procedures described in Test Method D3302.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a single-stage procedure for the determination of total moisture less than 15 % in coal reduced to 2.36-mm (No. 8 sieve) topsize. This test method is for determination of total moisture only. Materials subjected to this test shall not be used in the determination of other test parameters. It is recognized that the conditions of the test can increase the potential for significant oxidation effects on some coals. If the oxidation potential is of concern, the use of this single-stage method shall involve prior agreement between the parties involved. This test method shall not be construed as the referee standard test method for total moisture. For referee purposes, users of this test method are referred to Test Method D3302 for moisture determination methods which are not as susceptible to oxidation effects.  
1.2 Statistical analysis of data from several sources indicates that at a 95% confidence level, there is statistically no significant difference between the mean value of the results obtained by D2961 and D3302 (that is, no bias is detected between the two methods at the 95% confidence level) for moisture levels between 1.4% and 15.8%. These two test methods were not compared in this study for some ranks of coal including lignite and anthracite. (See 11.2.)  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Results obtained from the practice are used to serve a number of interests, including the indication of possible boiler tube fouling and possible furnace corrosion problems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the determination of water soluble sodium as sodium oxide (Na2O) and potassium as potassium oxide (K2O) in the analysis of coal samples prepared in accordance with Practice D2013.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This practice is derived in part from the ASME procedure water soluble alkalis.2  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures help predict whether the ash will perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.  
5.2 Ash fusibility temperature values are used in various equations to predict the slagging tendency of ashes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.  
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Results obtained from the practice are used to serve a number of interests, including the indication of possible boiler tube fouling and possible furnace corrosion problems.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the determination of water soluble sodium oxide (Na2O) and potassium oxide (K2O) in the analysis of coal samples prepared in accordance with Practice D2013.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This practice is derived in part from the ASME procedure water soluble alkalis.2  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method affords a means of estimating the bed moisture of either coal that is wet and shows visible surface moisture or coal that may have lost some moisture. It may be used for estimating the surface, or extraneous moisture of wet coal, such moisture being the difference between the total moisture as determined by Test Method D3302 and the equilibrium moisture.  
3.2 When samples are collected in conformity with Classification D388, the equilibrium moisture is considered to be equal to bed moisture with the exception of some low rank coals that yield equilibrium moisture values below bed moisture.  
3.3 The results obtained by this test method are sensitive to many influences, and therefore, raw (uncorrected) equilibrium moisture data may be of limited value in and of themselves. When working with low rank coals, the results yielded by this test method require critical assessments. It is recommended that the procedure outlined in the Appendix X1 be applied, and the results corrected before use in situations where a more reliable estimation inherent or bed moisture for low rank coals is required. The Appendix also provides useful quality assurance information which is applicable to coals of all ranks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the equilibrium moisture of coal in an atmosphere over a saturated solution of potassium sulfate at 30°C.
Note 1: For information concerning the experimental work on which this test method is based, see (1-5).2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture, as determined by this instrumental test method, is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis using procedures in Practice D3180.  
5.2 Moisture can be used in conjunction with the air-dry moisture loss determined by Test Method D3302 to determine total moisture in coal. Total moisture is used for calculating other analytical results to an as-received basis using Practice D3180.  
5.3 Ash yield is the residue remaining after heating the coal and coke samples (see Note 1).
Note 1: The ash obtained differs in composition and amount from the mineral constituents present in the original coal. Combustion causes an expulsion of all water, the loss of carbon dioxide from carbonates, the conversion of iron pyrite into iron oxides and sulfur oxides, and other chemical reactions. Ash yield, as determined by this test method, can differ from the amount of ash produced in furnace operations or other combustion systems because combustion conditions influence the chemistry and amount of ash.  
5.4 Ash yield is used, (1) as a parameter for evaluating sampling procedures and coal cleaning processes,  (2) in the ultimate analysis calculation of oxygen by difference using Practice D3176, (3) in calculations including material balance, reactivity and yields of products relevant to coal conversion processes such as gasification and liquefaction, (4)  in calculations to estimate the loading on electrostatic precipitators and on the fly ash and bottom ash disposal systems as well as erosion rates on boiler systems.  
5.5 Volatile matter yield, when determined as herein described, may be used to (1) indicate coke yield on carbonization, (2) provide the basis for purchasing and selling, or (3) establish combustion characteristics.  
5.6 Fixed carbon is a calculated value. It is the difference between 100 and the sum of the percent moisture, ash, and volatile matter. All percents shall be on the same moisture reference base.  
5.7 Moisture, ash, and v...
SCOPE
1.1 These instrumental test methods cover the determination of moisture, volatile matter, and ash, and the calculation of fixed carbon in the analysis of coal and coke samples prepared in accordance with Practice D2013 and Practice D346.  
1.2 These instrumental test methods are not applicable to thermogravimetric analyzers using microgram size samples.
1.3 Test Methods D3173, D3174, and D3175 shall be considered the referee test methods.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Canister desorption is a widely used technique to measure the gas content of coal. The gas content data when normalized to volume/weight and multiplied by coal mass is used to estimate the gas in place in an area around the cored well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes methods for the direct determination of the gas content of coal by desorption using samples obtained by drill coring methods from the surface. It sets out guidelines for the equipment construction, sample preparation and testing procedure, and method of calculation.  
1.2 Indirect methods for the determination of the gas content of coal (not covered in this practice) are based on either the gas absorption characteristics of coal under a given pressure and temperature condition or other empirical data that relate the gas content of coal to such other parameters as coal rank, depth of cover, or gas emission rate.  
1.3 This practice covers the following two direct methods, which vary only in the time allowed for the gas to desorb from the core, or sidewall core, before final crushing:  
1.3.1 The slow desorption method in which volumetric readings of gas content are taken frequently (for example, every 10 to 15 min) during the first few hours, followed by hourly measurements for several hours, and then measurements on 24-h intervals until no or very little gas is being desorbed for an extended period of time.  
1.3.2 The fast desorption method in which after initial desorbed gas measurements to obtain data for lost gas calculations are taken, the canister is opened and the sample is transferred to the coal crusher. The remaining gas volume is measured on a crushed sample.  
1.4 This practice is confined to the direct method using core, or sidewall core obtained from drilling. The practice can be applied to drill cuttings samples; however, the use of cuttings is not recommended because the results may be misleading and are difficult to compare to the results obtained from core desorption. The interpretation of the results does not fall within the scope of the practice.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.