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ASTM D1857/D1857M-24

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash

Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures help predict whether the ash will perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.  
5.2 Ash fusibility temperature values are used in various equations to predict the slagging tendency of ashes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.  
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2024
ICS
73.040 - Coals
Technical Committee
D05 - Coal and Coke
Drafting Committee
D05.21 - Methods of Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1857/D1857M-18 - Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
Effective Date
01-Apr-2024

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1857/D1857M − 24
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D346/D346M Practice for Collection and Preparation of
Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-
D2013/D2013M Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for
tures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal
Analysis
and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal
fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled,
and Coke from Coal
mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes by
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
Atomic Spectrometry
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
concordant results.
Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Com-
bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
D7448 Practice for Establishing the Competence of Labora-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard. tories Using ASTM Procedures in the Sampling and
3
Analysis of Coal and Coke (Withdrawn 2024)
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless
otherwise noted. D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and
Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
follows:
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1
maximum height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown by the fifth
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
2. Referenced Documents
which point the height is one-half the width of the base as
2
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature
at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
1
Shrinkage or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remains
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
Current edition approved April 1, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally
second cone, IT, is a typical cone at the initial deformation
approved 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D1857/D1857M – 18.
stage.
DOI: 10.1520/D1857_D1857M-24.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1857/D1857M − 18 D1857/D1857M − 24
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke
ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing,
and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible
temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D346/D346M Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis
D2013/D2013M Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses from As-Determined to Different Bases
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes by Atomic
Spectrometry
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018April 1, 2024. Published September 2018April 2024. Originally approved 1961. Last previous edition approved in 20172018 as
D1857/D1857M – 17a.D1857/D1857M – 18. DOI: 10.1520/D1857_D1857M-18.10.1520/D1857_D1857M-24.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1857/D1857M − 24
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Combustion of
Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
D7448 Practice for Establishing the Competence of Laboratories Using ASTM Procedures in the Sampling and Analysis of Coal
3
and Coke (Withdrawn 2024)
D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as follows:
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum height
1
of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown by the fifth cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which point
the height is one-half the width of the base as shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
...

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1.1 This terminology defines the technical terms used in standards that are the responsibility of Committee D05 on Coal and Coke. The terms are used in:  
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5.1 Moisture, as determined by this instrumental test method, is used for calculating other analytical results to a dry basis using procedures in Practice D3180.  
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1.1 These instrumental test methods cover the determination of moisture, volatile matter, and ash, and the calculation of fixed carbon in the analysis of coal and coke samples prepared in accordance with Practice D2013 and Practice D346.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Practice for Collection of Channel Samples of Coal in a Mine

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4.1 A properly collected face channel sample that includes the total coal bed interval provides a sample that is a representative cross section of the coal bed at the point of sampling. Channel samples are taken for subsequent testing needed for evaluation of coal quality and characterization for commercial evaluations, for planning of mining operations to maintain coal quality, for the determination of coal rank in accordance with Classification D388, and for geologic coal resource studies.  
Note 1: Because of the potential for lateral variability, a sample may not represent the quality of the coal bed at another sample point. The reliability of the data generated from channel samples is dependent on the number and spacing of the sample points and the variability of the coal characteristics in a given area.
Note 2: Sampling of the mine product for these purposes is unsatisfactory because of contamination of the product with out-of-seam material, selective mining of parts of a seam, inability to obtain samples from one or more specific locations in the mine, or other incompatibility of the purpose of sampling with the mining practice. Conversely, channel samples should not be used for evaluation of the quality of commercial shipments of the mine product, which should be sampled in accordance with Methods D2234/D2234M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for collecting a coal sample from a channel extending from top to bottom in the face of a coal seam in a mine.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary information, see Note 2.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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