SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019
01-september-2019
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2017
Pigmenti, barvila in polnila - Terminologija - 1. del: Splošni izrazi (ISO 18451-
1:2019)
Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders - Terminology - Part 1: General terms (ISO 18451-
1:2019)
Pigmente, Farbstoffe und Füllstoffe - Begriffe - Teil 1: Allgemeine Begriffe (ISO 18451-
1:2019)
Pigments, colorants et matières de charge - Terminologie - Partie 1: Termes généraux
(ISO 18451-1:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 18451-1:2019
ICS:
01.040.87 Industrija barv (Slovarji) Paint and colour industries
(Vocabularies)
87.060.10 Pigmenti in polnila Pigments and extenders
SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019

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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019


EN ISO 18451-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

May 2019
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.87; 87.060.10 Supersedes EN ISO 18451-1:2017
English Version

Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders - Terminology - Part 1:
General terms (ISO 18451-1:2019)
Pigments, colorants et matières de charge - Pigmente, Farbstoffe und Füllstoffe - Begriffe - Teil 1:
Terminologie - Partie 1: Termes généraux (ISO 18451- Allgemeine Begriffe (ISO 18451-1:2019)
1:2019)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 May 2019.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 18451-1:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019
EN ISO 18451-1:2019 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019
EN ISO 18451-1:2019 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 18451-1:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 256
"Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 298 “Pigments
and extenders” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2019, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 18451-1:2017.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 18451-1:2019 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 18451-1:2019 without any
modification.


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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019

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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18451-1
Second edition
2019-05
Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders —
Terminology —
Part 1:
General terms
Pigments, colorants et matières de charge — Terminologie —
Partie 1: Termes généraux
Reference number
ISO 18451-1:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019

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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019
ISO 18451-1:2019(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019
ISO 18451-1:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .19
Alphabetical index .20
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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019
ISO 18451-1:2019(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 256, Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18451-1:2015), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the definition for colour difference (3.21) has been aligned with ISO 18314-4;
— the definition for extender (3.34) has been aligned with ISO 3262-1;
— the definitions for full shade (3.41) and mass tone (3.69) have been interchanged to align them with
the practical use and with definitions in other standards, e.g. ISO 787-25;
— a note has been added to definitions 3.34 (extender) and 3.81 (nanoextender) concerning the use of
the term “filler” as synonym for “extender” in some industries, e.g. rubber and paints;
— the terms nanomaterial (3.82), engineered nanomaterial (3.82.1), manufactured nanomaterial
(3.82.2) and incidental nanomaterial (3.82.3) have been added;
— “may” has been changed to “can” in several notes;
— the text has been editorially revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18451 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at https: //www .iso .org/members .html.
In addition to text written in the official ISO languages (English, French or Russian), this document
gives text in German. This text is published under the responsibility of the member body for Germany
(DIN) and is given for information only. Only the text given in the official languages can be considered
as ISO text.
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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18451-1:2019(E)
Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders — Terminology —
Part 1:
General terms
1 Scope
This document defines terms that are used in the field of pigments, dyestuffs and extenders.
For some terms, reference is made to ISO 4618 in which also terms and definitions for colourants are
given, relating to their use in coating materials.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasiveness
property of pigments (3.96) or extenders (3.34) and their preparations to cause wear at the used
apparatus by mechanical action
3.2
aluminium pigment
pigment (3.96) consisting essentially of finely divided pure aluminium Al 99,5
Note 1 to entry: The aluminium particles have lamellar form.
3.3
apparent density after tamping
ratio of mass to volume of a powder after compressing (e.g. by tamping or vibration) under specified
conditions
3.4
barite
naturally occurring barium sulphate, BaSO
4
3.5
binder demand
amount of a binder or binder solution that is required to obtain, under specified dispersion conditions,
a mass of defined rheology
3.6
bismuth vanadate pigment
yellow inorganic pigment (3.96) consisting of bismuth vanadate with or without isomorphous inclusion
of bismuth molybdate
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3.7
blanc fixe
synthetic barium sulphate, produced by a precipitation process
Note 1 to entry: Naturally occurring barium sulphate is called barite (3.4).
3.8
bleeding
migration (3.76) of a colourant (3.19) from a material into another material being in contact with it
3.9
blooming
migration (3.76) of a colourant (3.19) to the surface of the coloured material
3.10
cadmium pigment
inorganic coloured pigment consisting essentially of cadmium zinc sulphide (yellow pigments) or of
mixed crystals of cadmium sulphide and cadmium selenide (red pigments)
3.11
calcined clay
calcined aluminium silicate
aluminium silicate (Al O ⋅ 2SiO ), lamellar, mainly amorphous in structure as determined by X-ray
2 3 2
diffraction, produced from natural clay by thermal dehydration, consisting partly of cristalline
mullite 3(Al O ⋅ 2SiO )
2 3 2
3.12 Calcite terms
3.12.1
calcite
crystalline calcium carbonate
calcium carbonate of trigonal crystal structure
3.12.2
calcite
crystalline calcium carbonate
designation for extenders (3.34) produced from calcareous spar of marble or for precipitated
calcitic calcium carbonates
3.13
carbon black
pigment (3.96) synthetically produced by thermally oxidative cracking of aromatic oils and gases
Note 1 to entry: It is distinguished between carbon black and industrial carbon black.
3.14
ceramic decoration colour
preparation consisting of coloured or colourless glass powder and inorganic pigments (3.96) for coating
of ceramics or glass by melting at temperatures above 450 °C
3.15
chalking
appearance of a loosely adherent fine powder (3.98) on the surface of a film or pigmented plastic arising
from the degradation of the binder
3.16
chroma
difference of a colour (3.20) from an achromatic colour of the same lightness
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ISO 18451-1:2019(E)

3.17
chromium oxide pigment
inorganic coloured pigment consisting essentially of chromium (III) oxide (Cr O ) in the form of a
2 3
dry powder
3.18
CIC-pigment
coloured inorganic complex pigment
coloured pigment, rutile or spinell based, produced by replacement of titanium in the rutile lattice or
aluminium or magnesium in the spinel lattice through other atoms
Note 1 to entry: Such pigments are incorrectly named mixed phase pigments.
3.19
colourant
generic term for all colouring substances
Note 1 to entry: Colourants comprise pigments (3.96) which are insoluble in the medium as well as dyestuffs
(3.30) which are soluble in the medium.
Note 2 to entry: A colourant can contain the pure chemical substance and/or a surface treatment and/or additives.
Note 3 to entry: A colourant can also contain traces of impurities, which can originate from raw materials and/or
the production processes.
Note 4 to entry: In order to improve application properties, a colourant can contain additives.
3.20
colour
sensation resulting from the visual perception of light of a given spectral composition by the human eye
Note 1 to entry: The use of the German word “Farbe” alone, i.e. not in combinations of words, for coating materials
is depricated.
Note 2 to entry: A colour is characterized by hue (3.49), saturation (3.106) or chroma (3.16), and lightness (3.65).
Note 3 to entry: It is distinguished between chromatic and achromatic colours.
[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2014, 2.58, modified — Note 3 to entry has been added.]
3.21
colour difference
ΔE*
parameter of the perceived difference between two colours (3.20)
* *
Note 1 to entry: The colour difference is defined by ΔE in the CIELAB colour space (see ISO 11664-4) or ΔE
ab uv
*
in the CIELUV colour space (see ISO/CIE 11664-5). For small colour differences between 05<<ΔE it is
ab
recommended to use the DIN 99o formula (see DIN 6176) for industrial applications, because the CIELAB colour
difference ΔE* is not visually uniform.
Note 2 to entry: Since differences in trichromatic colour measuring systems do not or only approximately
correspond to the perception of colour difference, currently different equations are being used in order to
calculate colour differences from tristimulus values (colour difference formulas). ISO 11664-4 and DIN 6176
recommend specific colour difference equations.
3.22
colour strength equivalent
reciprocal of the relative tinting strength (3.105) of a pigment (3.96)
Note 1 to entry: It indicates how many parts of a sample are colouristically equivalent to 100 parts of a reference
sample. In other words, the colour strength equivalent of a weaker pigment (3.96) is greater than 100.
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3.23 Compound terms
3.23.1
compound
mixture of pigments (3.96) and/or extenders (3.34), ready for use
3.23.2
compound
moulding material, ready for use, containing all the colourants (3.19), extenders (3.34) and
additives
3.24
core pigment
pigment (3.96), the mostly inorganic core of which is enveloped with one or more (mostly inorganic)
substances so that its optical properties are hardly effected by the material of the shell but its
application properties are improved
3.25
corrosion-inhibiting pigment
anticorrosive pigment
pigment (3.95) that inhibits or avoids, in priming coats on metals, the corrosion of the metal surface,
normally by chemical or physicochemical action
3.26
depth of shade
measure for the intensity of a colour perception that increases with increasing chroma (3.16) and
decreases with increasing lightness (3.65)
Note 1 to entry: Colourations having the same depth of shade appear to be prepared using the same concentrations
of colourants having the same tinting strength (3.122).
3.27
dispersibility
property of a pigment (3.96) or extender (3.34) characterized by its ability to be wetted, separated and
distributed in a medium
Note 1 to entry: The dispersibility depends on its wettability and on the number and strength of the adhering
areas between the components of the agglomerates (3.94.3).
Note 2 to entry: As a measure of the dispersibility under specified dispersion conditions, e.g. the speed of the
tinting strength (3.122) development and/or the decrease of the fineness of grind (3.37) can be taken.
3.28
dispersing
separation of the agglomerates (3.94.3) of the pigment (3.96) or extender (3.34) powder into smaller
particles [agglomerates (3.94.3), aggregates (3.94.2) and primary particles (3.94.1)] and their wetting by
the medium at the same time
Note 1 to entry: Occasionally, separation of aggregates (3.94.2) and breaking, for example, of needle-shaped
primary particles (3.94.1) also takes place. Furthermore, a statistically uniform distribution of the particles (3.94)
formed in this way to all volume elements of the medium is a part of the dispersing process.
3.29
dolomite
natural calcium magnesium carbonate containing between 1,18 and 1,23 parts by mass of CaCO to
3
1 part by mass of MgCO
3
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SIST EN ISO 18451-1:2019
ISO 18451-1:2019(E)

3.30
dyestuff
colourant (3.19), soluble in the application medium
Note 1 to entry: Colourants (3.19) for glass, ceramics and vitreous enamel that are dissolved in the glass phase
are also called “Lösungsfarben” in German language. In these cases, oxides of transition elements are used.
Note 2 to entry: In German usage, in the pharmaceutical and foodstuffs fields, the term “Farbstoff” is used as a
synonym for “colourant”.
3.31
earth pigment
pigment (3.96) produced from earths, e.g. by classification, if necessary with additional thermal
treatment
3.32
effect pigment
platelet-like pigment (3.96) that confers not only colour (3.20) but additional properties such as
iridescence (interference at thin layers), angle dependency of colour (colour travel, colour flop, light-
dark flop), or texture
Note 1 to entry: See also metal effect pigment (3.72), nacreous pigment (3.78), and interference pigment (3.51).
3.33
electro chromic pigment
pigment (3.96) which changes its colour (3.20) depending on the electric current or the voltage
3.34
extender
material in granular or powder form, practically insoluble to somewhat soluble in the application
medium and used to modify or influence certain physical properties
Note 1 to entry: The German terms “Extender”, “Extenderpigment”, “Pigmentextender” or “Verschnittmittel”
should be avoided.
Note 2 to entry: Whether a given substance is to be considered as pigment (3.96) or extender depends on its
application.
Note 3 to entry: In some industries, such as rubber industries, “extender” is also called “filler” (see ISO 1382). In
coatings industries, the term “extender” is preferred, because in ISO 4618, “filler” is defined as “coating material
with a high proportion of extender, intended primarily to even out irregularities in substrates to be painted and
to improve surface appearance”.
3.35
fastness
stability of the colour (3.20)
Note 1 to entry: For characterization of the respective stress, the term fastness, e.g. of a coating, is used in word
combinations such as light fastness, acid fastness, solvent fastness. The acid fastness, for example, of a coating is
the stability of the colour (3.20) of the coating under the influence of acids.
3.36
final level of dispersion
level of dispersion (3.62) when it has become constant under the defined conditions
Note 1 to entry: The final level of dispersion of a pigment (3.96) depends on the binder system in which it is
dispersed, on the dispersion process and on the composition of the milling base.
3.37
fineness of grind
measure for the largest solid particles in a liquid matrix
Note 1 to entry: The term fineness of grind is not to be confused with the term grain hardness.
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3.38
floating
separation of one or more pigments (3.96) from a coloured coating material, causing streaks or areas of
uneven colour (3.20) on the surface of the coat
[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2014, 2.121]
3.39
flooding
movement of pigment (3.96) particles in a liquid coating producing a colour (3.20) which, although
uniform over the whole surface, is markedly different from that of the freshly applied wet film
Note 1 to entry: See leafing (3.61).
[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2014, 2.123]
3.40
food dyestuff
substance that gives colour (3.20) to a foodstuff or restores the colour of a foodstuff
3.41
full shade
colour (3.20) of a mass tone system (3.70) in optically infinite (hiding) layer
3.42
functional extender
extender (3.34), when applied in the application medium, processes or enhances specific functions due
to its physical or chemical properties
Note 1 to entry: Examples for physical properties are: elasticity, durability, hardness, anti-fatigue.
3.43
functional pigment
pigment (3.96), when applied in the application medium, possesses specific functions due to its unique
physical or chemical properties rather than only colouring
Note 1 to entry: Examples for specific functions are: UV absorption, electric properties such as conductivity, anti-
corrosion properties, photocatalytical properties, function as barrier pigment, infrared absorption or infrared
reflection.
3.44
goniochromatic pigment
effect pigment (3.32) showing an angle-depending colour change between different interference colours
3.45
heat stability
resistance to a heat treatment of the colour (3.20) of the test specimens under specified conditions of test
3.46
heavy-metal containing pigment
pigment (3.96) containing heavy metal(s) as constituent
3
Note 1 to entry: Heavy metals are all metals having a density greater than 4,5 g/cm .
3.47
hiding power
ability of coating to obliterate the colour (3.20) or colour differences (3.21) of the substrate (3.115)
Note 1 to entry: The use of the German expressions “Deckkraft” und “Deckfähigkeit” should be avoided.
Note 2 to entry: The term “coverage” is ambiguous because it is used in some instances to refer to hiding power and
in others to mean spreading rate. The more precise terms hiding power and spreading rate should always be used.
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[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2014, 2.138]
3.48
hiding power value
numerical value of the hiding power (3.47), as determined using a defined method
3.49
hue
type of chroma (3.16) of a colour (3.20)
Note 1 to entry: The hue is designated in daily life by words such as red, yellow, green, blue, violet, etc.
3.50
inclusion pigment
pigment (3.96), the colouring component of which is included in a coat of high thermal and chemical
resistance
Note 1 to entry: The coat renders it possible that the colouring component can be used at much higher
temperatures. Furthermore, the resistance, e.g. to acids and alkalies, will be improved essentially.
3.51
interference pigment
pearlescent pigment
effect pigment (3.32), the effect of which is based completely or predominantly on the phenomenon of
interference, e.g. pearlescent pigment, fire-coloured metal bronze
Note 1 to entry: Interference pigments can be coated with one or more layers.
3.52
intrinsic hardness
hardness of the primary particle of a pigment (3.96) or extender (3.34) as a property of the material
Note 1 to entry: Only indirect conclusions to the practically effective intrinsic hardness can be made, for example,
from abrasion tests.
Note 2 to entry: In the case of inorganic pigments, the Mohs hardness is often given as a reference value for the
intrinsic hardness.
3.53
iron blue pigment
pigment (3.96) formed by the reaction of iron salts with cyanoferrate(II) or cyanoferrate(III) ions and
followed, if necessary, by treatment with oxidizing agents
3.54
iron oxide pigment
pigment (3.96) consisting of natural or synthetic iron oxides, if necessary with additions of extenders
3.55
kaolinite
main constituent of natural clay (3.89)
3.56
lake
pigment (3.96) produced by precipitation of a dissolved organic dyestuff (3.30) with a precipitating agent
Note 1 to entry: Lake is not “Lack” as commonly used in German language but a colourant (3.19). In Austrian and
Swiss usage, the German expression “Farblack” is not usual.
3.57 Lake pigment terms
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3.57.1
lake pigment
pigment (3.96) produced by precipitation of a sulphone or carbonic acid-containing azo
dyestuff with one or more suitable metal salts
Note 1 to entry: Lake pigments predominantly contain metal cation magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium,
aluminium or manganese.
3.57.2
lake pigment
pigment (3.96) produced by precipitation of a basic dyestuff (3.30) with heteropoly acids
3.58
lead chromate pigment
yellow, orange or red pigment (3.96) consisting of lead chromate with or without lead sulphate and/or
lead molybdate
Note 1 to entry: Designations in common use for lead chromate pigments are, for example, chrome yellow,
molybdate orange and molybdate red.
3.59
lead chrome green pigment
inorganic pigment (3.96) produced from lead chromate pigments (3.58) and iron blue pigments (3.53)
without additions of extenders (3.34) and other colourants (3.19)
3.60
lead chrome/phthalocyanine pigment
pigment (3.96) produced from lead chromate pigments (3.58) and phthalocyanine blue pigments without
additions of other colourants (3.19)
3.61
leafing
flooding (3.39) of effect pigments (3.32) to the surface of a coating material shortly after application
[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2014, 2.149]
3.62
level of dispersion
extent to which pigment (3.96) particles have been separated, distributed and stabilized by milling in a
binder system under defined conditions
3.63
light fastness
resistance to colour changes due to exposure to light, without direct atmospheric effects (therefore, not
“weather resistance”)
Note 1 to entry: Light fastness commonly is evaluated by visual assessment using standard reference colour
standards (or by instrumental assessment).
3.64
lightening power
ability of a pigment (3.96) to increase the lightness (3.65) of a coloured, grey or black medium
3.65
lightness
intensity of a light perception as it is inseparable connected with each colour perception
Note 1 to entry: Definition aligned to CIELAB.
3.66
TM
lithopone
white pigment obtained by combined precipitation of zinc sulphide (ZnS) and barium sulphate (BaSO )
4
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3.67
luminance factor
measure of the lightness (3.65) of surface colours (3.116)
Note 1 to entry: Generally, this luminance factor is 100 times the reflectance factor, R . Depending on the
...