SIST EN ISO 4618:2023

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 4618:2015
Barve in laki - Slovar (ISO 4618:2023)
Paints and varnishes - Vocabulary (ISO 4618:2023)
Beschichtungsstoffe - Begriffe (ISO 4618:2023)
Peintures et vernis - Vocabulaire (ISO 4618:2023)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4618:2023
ICS:
01.040.87 Industrija barv (Slovarji) Paint and colour industries
(Vocabularies)
87.040 Barve in laki Paints and varnishes
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 4618
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 01.040.87; 87.040 Supersedes EN ISO 4618:2014
English Version
Paints and varnishes - Vocabulary (ISO 4618:2023)
Peintures et vernis - Vocabulaire (ISO 4618:2023) Beschichtungsstoffe - Begriffe (ISO 4618:2023)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 January 2023.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 4618:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 4618:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35 "Paints and
varnishes" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 139 “Paints and varnishes” the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2023, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 4618:2014.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 4618:2023 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 4618:2023 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4618
Third edition
2023-02
Paints and varnishes — Vocabulary
Peintures et vernis — Vocabulaire
Reference number
ISO 4618:2023(E)
ISO 4618:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 4618:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography .35
Index .36
iii
ISO 4618:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 35, Paints and varnishes, in collaboration
with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 139, Paints and
varnishes, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
Agreement).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4618:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the title has been changed from “Terms and definitions” to “Vocabulary”;
— the following terms have been added: brush marks, catalyst, clouding, cold checking, conventional
spraying, crater, creeping, dirt-resistant paint, distinctness of image, DOI, drawdown blade, dry
spray, film applicator, flocculate, nanocomposite coating, nanoparticle, particle, pigment-binder
ratio, primary particle, semi-volatile organic compound, semi-volatile organic compound content,
SVOC, SVOC content, SVOCC;
— the following terms have been deleted: after tack, brush-drag, bubbling, cratering, cutting-in,
dilatant flow behaviour, flash point, flocculation, flow properties, graining, marbling, pseudoplastic
flow behaviour, rheopexy, rheopectic behaviour, rust back, shear-thickening flow behaviour, shear-
thinning behaviour, sheen, tack-free, thixotropic behaviour, thixotropy, UV-curing, viscoelasticity,
viscosity, yield point, yield stress, yield value;
— many definitions have been amended;
— the text has been editorially revised and the bibliography and scope have been updated.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4618:2023(E)
Paints and varnishes — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines terms used in the field of coating materials (paints, varnishes and raw materials
for paints and varnishes).
Terms relating to specific applications and properties are dealt with in standards concerning those
applications and properties, including corrosion protection (see the ISO 12944 series), coating powders
(see ISO 8130-14), electro-deposition coatings (see ISO 22553-1) and rheology (see ISO 3219-1).
Terms on nanotechnologies are harmonized with the ISO 80004 series.
Terms on pigments and extenders are harmonized with ISO 18451-1.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
process of removing matter or deformation of a surface by friction as a result of
rubbing
3.2
abrasion
process of removing matter in the surface as a result of friction or impact
3.3
accelerator
additive (3.6) to increase the speed of chemical reactions
3.4
acid value
mass in milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize 1 g of a sample under specified
test conditions
3.5
acrylic resin
synthetic resin (3.249) resulting from the polymerization or copolymerization of acrylic and/or
methacrylic monomers, frequently together with other monomers
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.6
additive
substance, which, when added in small quantities to a coating material (3.48), improves or modifies one
or more properties
Note 1 to entry: A surfactant or surface-active agent is an additive that has the fundamental property of reducing
the interfacial tension between a solid and liquid or a liquid and air.
3.7
adhesion
phenomenon of attachment at the interface between a solid surface and another material caused by
molecular forces
Note 1 to entry: Adhesion should not be confused with cohesion (3.52).
3.8
adhesive strength
force required to detach a coating (3.46) from a substrate (3.245) or another coating
3.9
aerosol
solid or liquid particles in dispersion (3.83) in a gaseous medium
3.10
ageing
change of one or more initial properties of a coating (3.46) during the passage of time
3.11
alkyd resin
synthetic resin (3.249) resulting from the polycondensation of fatty acids (or oils) and carbonic acids
with polyols
3.12
amino resin
synthetic resin (3.249) resulting from the condensation of urea or melamine or derivatives such as
benzo-guanamine with formaldehyde
Note 1 to entry: These resins (3.211) are often etherified with alcohols.
3.13
anti-blocking agent
additive (3.6) that usually rises to the surface during the drying (3.88) process and thus prevents
blocking (3.27)
3.14
anti-foaming agent
additive (3.6) that prevents foaming or reduces the foaming tendency of a coating material (3.48)
Note 1 to entry: See also defoaming agent (3.74).
3.15
anti-fouling paint
coating material (3.48) applied on a structure to prevent the accumulation of fouling or biological
growth
3.16
anti-settling agent
additive (3.6) that prevents or retards the settling (3.229) of pigments (3.193) and/or extenders (3.104)
during storage of a coating material (3.48)
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.17
anti-skinning agent
additive (3.6) that prevents or retards skinning (3.236) caused by oxidation during storage
3.18
apparent density
ratio between the mass and the volume of a non-tamped powder
Note 1 to entry: See also bulk density (3.35) and tamped density (3.251).
3.19
appearance
visual characteristics of a surface
Note 1 to entry: Appearance is not a single measure or a general property of a material. It is not characterized
by a single parameter but a combination of colour (3.55), gloss (3.132), distinctness of image (3.85), haze (3.136),
surface structure, texture (3.254), orange peel (3.178), etc.
Note 2 to entry: The word appearance has no special paint related meaning but is included here for clarification
for non-English speakers.
3.20
application rate
quantity of a coating material (3.48) that is required to produce, under defined working conditions, a
dry film (3.111) or coat (3.45) of given thickness on unit area
3.21
barrier coating material
coating material (3.48) used to isolate a coating system (3.51) from the substrate (3.245) to which it is
applied, in order to prevent chemical or physical interaction
Note 1 to entry: A barrier coating material e.g. prevents bleeding (3.25) or migration from an underlying coat
(3.45) or substrate.
Note 2 to entry: The German term “Isoliermittel” which is still currently used should be avoided, in order to
prevent confusion with heat- and sound-deadening materials as well as with electrical insulators.
3.22
binder
non-volatile part of a medium (3.153)
Note 1 to entry: The main purpose of the binder is to build-up a network around the coating components.
3.23
biocide
additive (3.6) added to a coating material (3.48) to prevent organisms responsible for microbiological
degradation from attacking a substrate (3.245), a coating material or a film (3.111) thereof
3.24
blast-cleaning
impingement of a kinetic-energy stream of an abrasive on the surface to be prepared
3.25
bleeding, verb
migration of a coloured substance from a material into another material in contact with it, which can
produce an undesirable staining or discoloration
Note 1 to entry: The substance can be a constituent of the coating (3.46) or of the substrate (3.245) to which the
coating is applied.
3.26
blister
convex deformation in a coating, arising from local detachment of one or more of the constituent coats
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.27
blocking
unwanted adhesion (3.7) between two surfaces, at least one of which has been coated, when they are
left in contact under load after a given drying (3.88) period
3.28
blooming
migration of a substance to form a deposit on the coating (3.46) surface
Note 1 to entry: Blooming can occur when the amount of condensate causes soluble compounds to migrate from
the body of the coating to the coating surface.
Note 2 to entry: The substance can be a constituent of the coating or of the substrate (3.245) to which the coating
is applied.
3.29
blushing, noun
optical property of a transparent or translucent film (3.111) that gives a milky appearance (3.19) or tint,
with iridescent reflections reminiscent of opal
Note 1 to entry: Blushing can be caused by the deposition of moisture from the air and/or precipitation of one or
more of the solid constituents of the lacquer.
3.30
brightness
combination of the lightness and colour (3.55) intensity of a material
Note 1 to entry: Lightness is most commonly expressed numerically by the tristimulus value Y.
3.31
brittleness
condition whereby a film (3.111) or coat (3.45) has such poor flexibility (3.122) that it disintegrates
easily into small fragments
3.32
bronzing
intentional change in the colour (3.55) of the surface of an object by coating, giving the appearance
(3.19) of aged bronze
Note 1 to entry: An unintentional colour change is left out in the definition, as it is no longer applicable for actual
pigments (3.193).
3.33
brush marks
ridges remaining in a dry coat (3.45) after brush application
3.34
bubble
closed or open spherical cavity in a coating, often caused by evaporating solvents (3.237)
3.35
bulk density
ratio of mass to volume of a powder when poured gently under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: The value of the bulk density depends to a large extent on the method of measurement used and
the manner in which it is carried out.
Note 2 to entry: See also tamped density (3.251).
3.36
burning off
process in which the coating (3.46) is changed by heat and then removed
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.37
catalyst
substance that promotes the chemical curing (3.71) of a coating (3.46)
3.38
chalking
surface change in the form of a loosely adherent powder which appears with degradation of a coating
(3.46)
3.39
checking
form of fine cracks which do not penetrate to the substrate (3.245) distributed over the surface of a dry
film (3.111) or coat (3.45) in a more or less regular pattern
Note 1 to entry: An example of checking is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Checking
3.40
chemical pretreatment
chemical process applied to a surface prior to the application of a coating material (3.48)
Note 1 to entry: See phosphating (3.191).
3.41
chipping
removal, in flakes, of a coating (3.46) or rust or mill scale (3.156) by use of hand or power tools
3.42
chlorinated rubber
polymeric material resulting from the action of chlorine on natural and/or synthetic rubber
3.43
cissing
appearance (3.19) in a coating (3.46) of areas of non-uniform thickness which vary in extent and
distribution
3.44
coalescing agent
additive (3.6) added to a coating material (3.48) based on a polymer dispersion (3.200) to facilitate film
formation (3.112)
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.45
coat
continuous layer of a coating material (3.48) resulting from a single application
Note 1 to entry: In some industries the word coat is used interchangeably with film (3.111).
3.46
coating
layer formed from a single or multiple coats (3.45) of one specific coating material (3.48) to a substrate
(3.245)
3.47
coating
process of applying a coat
3.48
coating material
DEPRECATED: coating
product, in liquid, paste or powder form, that, when applied to a substrate (3.245), forms a layer
possessing protective, decorative and/or other specific properties
3.49
coating powder
coating material (3.48) in powder form which, after fusing and possibly curing (3.71), gives a continuous
coat (3.45)
3.50
coating process
application of a coating material (3.48) to a substrate (3.245)
3.51
coating system
layer combined of all coats of the same or multiple coating materials (3.48)
Note 1 to entry: Examples of multiple coating systems are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
ISO 4618:2023(E)
Key
1 substrate
2 coating A
3 coating B
4 coating C
5 coating system
NOTE The coating system in this example consists of coating A + coating B + coating C.
Figure 2 — Example of a coating system consisting of different coating materials
Key
1 substrate
2 coat A
3 coat A
4 coat A
5 coating system A
NOTE The coating system in this example consists of three coats of coating material A.
Figure 3 — Example of a coating system with coats of the same coating material
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.52
cohesion
internal forces that hold molecules together in a film (3.111) or coat (3.45)
Note 1 to entry: Cohesion should not be confused with adhesion (3.7).
3.53
coil coating
coating process (3.50) whereby the coating material (3.48) is applied continuously to a coil of metal
which may be rewound after the film (3.111) has been dried
3.54
cold cracking
cold checking
formation of cracks or checks in a film (3.111) resulting from exposure to low temperatures
3.55
colour
sensation resulting from the visual perception of light of a given spectral composition by the human eye
Note 1 to entry: The use of the German word “Farbe” alone, i.e. not in combinations of words, for coating materials
(3.48) is deprecated.
Note 2 to entry: A colour is characterized by hue, saturation or chroma, and lightness.
3.56
colour retention
degree of permanence of a colour (3.55)
Note 1 to entry: Colour retention can be influenced by weathering.
3.57
colouring material
colourant
substance that confers colour (3.55) to other materials
Note 1 to entry: Colouring materials comprise pigments (3.193) that are insoluble in the application medium as
well as dyestuffs (3.92) that are soluble in the application medium.
3.58
compatibility
ability of two or more materials to be mixed together without causing undesirable
effects
3.59
compatibility
ability of a coating material to be applied to a
substrate without causing undesirable effects
3.60
consistency
body
subjectively assessed flow behaviour of a coating material (3.48) when applying a shear force
3.61
contrast ratio
ratio of the reflectance of a coating material (3.48) applied under specified conditions over a black
surface to the reflectance of the same thickness of this coating material (3.48) applied over a white
surface
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.62
corrosion
physicochemical interaction between a metallic material and its environment that results in changes in
the properties of the metal, and that may lead to significant impairment of the function of the metal, the
environment or the technical system, of which these form a part
Note 1 to entry: This interaction is often of an electrochemical nature.
[SOURCE: ISO 8044:2020, 3.1]
3.63
cracking
rupturing of a dry film (3.111), coat (3.45) or coating system (3.51)
Note 1 to entry: The English term “cracking” is also used for a specific form of cracking illustrated in Figure 4.
Note 2 to entry: Crocodiling (3.69) and crow's foot cracking (3.70) are examples of forms of cracking.
Figure 4 — Cracking
3.64
crater
small depression in a film (3.111) or coat (3.45) that persist after drying (3.88)
Note 1 to entry: Examples of craters are shown in Figure 5. Some pinholes are also shown in Figure 5.
ISO 4618:2023(E)
Figure 5 — Craters
Note 2 to entry: Craters can extend into preceding layers of coating (3.46) or to the substrate (3.245).
Note 3 to entry: Craters are caused by local inhomogeneities in the surface tension of the coating, most frequently
due to incompatible contamination substances on the substrate, in the applied coating material (3.48) or in the
form of foreign particles or small oil drops.
Note 4 to entry: A small crater without a raised edge is called a dimple.
3.65
crawling
extreme form of cissing (3.43)
Note 1 to entry: There is no German term for “crawling”.
3.66
crazing
form of cracking (3.63) characterized by wide, deep cracks distributed over the surface of a dry coating
(3.46) in a more or less regular pattern
Note 1 to entry: An example of crazing is shown in Figure 6.
Note 2 to entry: There is no German term for “crazing”.
ISO 4618:2023(E)
Figure 6 — Crazing
3.67
creeping
spreading of the wet coating material (3.48) beyond the area to which it was applied
3.68
critical pigment volume concentration
CPVC
value of the pigment volume concentration (3.195) at which the voids between the solid particles which
are nominally touching are just filled with binder (3.22) and above which certain properties of the film
(3.111) are markedly changed
3.69
crocodiling
form of cracking (3.63) characterized by a pattern of cracks resembling a crocodile skin
Note 1 to entry: An example of crocodiling is shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 — Crocodiling
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.70
crow's foot cracking
form of cracking (3.63) characterized by a pattern of cracks resembling a crow's foot
Note 1 to entry: An example of crow's foot cracking is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8 — Crow's foot cracking
3.71
curing
hardening
process by which a material changes from its original state into a stable solid coating (3.46)
Note 1 to entry: Curing can be achieved by heat, UV or electron beam radiation or a catalyst (3.37).
3.72
curing agent
substance that takes part in the crosslinking [curing (3.71)] of a coating (3.46), and will be a part of the
final coating matrix
Note 1 to entry: See also hardener (3.134).
3.73
curtain coating
application of a coating material (3.48) by passing the article to be coated horizontally through a
descending sheet of a continuously recirculated coating material
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.74
defoaming agent
additive (3.6) that reduces foam which can form during manufacture and/or application of the coating
material (3.48)
Note 1 to entry: See also anti-foaming agent (3.14).
3.75
degreasing
removal of oil, grease and similar substances from a surface by either an organic solvent (3.237) or a
water-based cleaning agent
3.76
de-nibbing
removal of small particles protruding from the dry surface of a coating (3.46) or of a substrate (3.245)
3.77
de-scaling
removal of mill scale (3.156) or laminated rust from steel or other ferrous substrates (3.245)
3.78
diluent
volatile liquid, single or blended, which, whilst not a solvent (3.237), may be used in conjunction with
the solvent without causing any deleterious effects
Note 1 to entry: See also solvent (3.237) and thinner (3.259).
3.79
dipping
application of a coating material (3.48) by immersing the object to be coated in a bath containing the
coating material (3.48) and then, after withdrawal, allowing it to drain
3.80
dirt pick-up
tendency of a dry film (3.111) or coat (3.45) to attract to the surface appreciable amounts of soiling
material
3.81
dirt-resistant paint
coating material (3.48) that protects against soiling by foreign material deposited on, or embedded in,
the dried coating (3.46)
3.82
dirt retention
tendency of a dry film (3.111) or coat (3.45) to retain on the surface soiling material which cannot be
removed by simple cleaning
3.83
dispersion
heterogeneous mixture of at least two materials, which are insoluble or only sparingly soluble in each
other and not chemically bonded
Note 1 to entry: Dispersion is the generic term for suspension (3.247) and emulsion (3.99).
3.84
dispersing agent
dispersant
additive (3.6) that facilitates the dispersion (3.83) of solids in the medium (3.153) during manufacture
and that increases the stability of the mixture thereafter
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.85
distinctness of image
DOI
image quality of a reflection without distortion as observed with normal corrected vision
3.86
drawdown blade
film applicator
device used for applying a coat (3.45) of uniform thickness on a substrate (3.245)
EXAMPLE Doctor blade, wire bar and spiral coater.
3.87
drier
compound, usually a metal soap, that is added to products drying (3.88) by oxidation in order to
accelerate this process
3.88
drying
process through which an applied coating material (3.48) passes in going from the liquid to the solid
state
Note 1 to entry: “Oxidative drying” is used frequently, instead of the more correct term “oxidative hardening”.
Note 2 to entry: See also curing (3.71).
3.89
drying oil
oil based on unsaturated fatty acids, yielding a film (3.111) by oxidation
3.90
dry spray
irregular, non-continuous layer, formed during spray application
Note 1 to entry: The non-continuity can be caused by properties such as viscosity and spray position.
3.91
durability
ability of a coating (3.46) to resist the damaging effects of the environment to which it is exposed
3.92
dyestuff
colourant, soluble in the application medium
[SOURCE: ISO 18451-1:2019, 3.30, modified — Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been deleted.]
3.93
effect pigment
platelet-like pigment (3.193) that, confers not only colour (3.55) but additional properties such as
iridescence (interference at thin layers), angle dependency of colour (colour travel, colour flop, light-
dark flop), or texture (3.254)
[SOURCE: ISO 18451-1:2019, 3.32 modified — Note 1 to entry has been deleted.]
3.94
efflorescence
phenomenon that occurs when water-soluble salts in a dry coating (3.46) or from the substrate (3.245)
migrate to the surface and form a crystalline deposit
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.95
elasticity
ability of a dry film (3.111) to return to its original form after the removal of stress applied in
any lateral direction
Note 1 to entry: See also flexibility (3.122).
3.96
elasticity
property of a material to show a reversible recovery after deformation
3.97
electrodeposition
process whereby a film (3.111) of a water-based coating material (3.272) is deposited, under the
influence of electric current, on an object that forms either the anode or cathode, depending on the
nature of the coating material (3.48)
3.98
electron beam curing
process for the rapid curing (3.71) of specially formulated coating materials (3.48) by means of a
concentrated stream of electrons
3.99
emulsion
finely dispersed mixture of at least two liquids which are insoluble, or only sparingly soluble, in each
other
3.100
epoxy ester
synthetic resin (3.249) resulting from the reaction between an epoxy resin (3.101) and fatty acids and/
or oils
3.101
epoxy resin
synthetic resin (3.249) containing epoxy groups, generally prepared from epichlorohydrin and a
bisphenol
3.102
etch primer
primer (3.207), often supplied as two reactive components mixed immediately prior to application,
designed to react with a metal surface to improve the adhesion (3.7) of subsequent coats
3.103
etching
cleaning, roughening or removal of a natural oxide layer from a surface using a chemical agent prior to
painting in order to increase adhesion (3.7)
3.104
extender
material in granular or powder form, practically insoluble to somewhat soluble in the application
medium and used to modify or influence certain physical properties
Note 1 to entry: Whether a given substance is to be considered as pigment (3.193) or extender depends on its
application.
Note 2 to entry: In some industries, such as rubber industries, extender is also called “filler” (see ISO 1382:2020,
3.196). In coatings industries, the term extender is preferred.
[SOURCE: ISO 18451-1:2019, 3.34, modified — The original Note 1 to entry has been deleted. Note 2 to
entry has been shortened.]
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.105
exudation
sweating
migration of liquid components of a coating material (3.48) to the surface of a film (3.111)
3.106
fading
loss of colour (3.55) of a film (3.111) of a coating material (3.48)
3.107
feather edging
reducing the thickness of the edge of an area of coating (3.46) prior to recoating in order to avoid a
ridge appearing in the merged layers
3.108
feeding
change in the consistency (3.60) of a coating material (3.48) during storage, to such an extent as to make
it unusable, for example increase in the viscosity
3.109
filler
coating material (3.48) with a high proportion of extender (3.104), intended primarily to even out
irregularities in substrates (3.245) to be painted and/or to improve surface appearance (3.19)
Note 1 to entry: In some industries, e.g. rubber industries, “extender” is also called “filler” (see ISO 1382:2020,
3.196).
3.110
filling
application of a filler (3.109) to give a level surface
3.111
film
continuous layer of a coating material (3.48) resulting from a single or multiple application
3.112
film formation
transition of an applied coating material (3.48) from the liquid to the solid state or, in the case of a
powder coating material, through a liquid phase to the solid phase
Note 1 to entry: Film formation is brought about by drying (3.88) and/or curing (3.71). Both changes can proceed
simultaneously.
3.113
fineness of grind
term related to the size of the largest particles (3.185) in a mill base (3.155) or in a coating material
(3.48)
3.114
finishing coat
top coat
final coat (3.45) of a coating system (3.51)
3.115
fish eyes
presence of craters (3.64) in a coat (3.45) each having a small particle of impurity in the centre
3.116
flaking
detachment of small parts of a coating (3.46) due to a loss of adhesion (3.7)
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.117
flame cleaning
process by which a reducing flame is applied to a surface, followed by manual or mechanical cleaning
operations
3.118
flame treatment
pretreatment, by a flame, where the surface of a plastics material (e.g. polyethylene) is oxidized to
improve the wetting properties of the coating material (3.48) and the adhesion (3.7) of the coating
(3.46), or even to render these possible
3.119
flash-off time
time necessary between the application of successive coats wet-on-wet (3.275) or the time for the
evaporation of most of the volatile matter before stoving (3.243) or curing (3.71) by radiation
3.120
flash rust
rapid formation of rust on ferrous substrates (3.245) after surface preparation
Note 1 to entry: Flash rust can be formed after surface preparation related to cleaning in the presence of water
or high humidity.
3.121
flash rust
rapid formation of rust after the application of a water-based coating material
(3.272) on a ferrous substrate (3.245)
Note 1 to entry: Flash rust is an oxidation product that forms as a wetted carbon steel substrate dries.
3.122
flexibility
ability of a dry film (3.111) or coat (3.45) to follow without damage the deformations of the substrate
(3.245) to which it is applied
Note 1 to entry: The use of the term elasticity (3.95) to describe the flexibility is incorrect.
3.123
floating
separation of one or more pigments (3.193) from a coloured coating material (3.48), causing streaks or
areas of uneven colour (3.55) on the surface of the coating (3.46)
3.124
flooding
movement of pigment (3.193) particles (3.185) in a liquid coating (3.46) producing a colour (3.55) which,
although uniform over the whole surface, is markedly different from that of the freshly applied wet film
(3.111)
Note 1 to entry: See “leafing” (3.147).
3.125
flow
property of a coating material (3.48) that enables levelling (3.148)
Note 1 to entry: Flow in this context is not a term for rheology.
3.126
flow agent
additive (3.6) that improves the levelling (3.148) of a coating material (3.48) on a substrate (3.245)
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.127
flow coating
application of a coating material (3.48) either by pouring or by allowing it to flow over the object to be
coated, and allowing the excess to drain off
3.128
force drying
process by which the drying (3.88) of an applied coating material (3.48) is accelerated by exposing it to
a temperature higher than ambient, but below that normally used for stoving (3.243)
3.129
frosting
formation of a large number of very fine wrinkles in the form of frost-like patterns
3.130
functional pigment
pigment (3.193), which based on its chemical or physical properties fulfils additional functions in
addition to its colour (3.55)
Note 1 to entry: Additional functions may be corrosion protection, function as barrier pigment, photocatalytical
properties, infrared absorption or infrared reflection.
3.131
gassing
formation of gas during storage of a coating material (3.48)
3.132
gloss
optical property of a surface, characterized by its ability to reflect light specularly
Note 1 to entry: Examples of degrees of gloss are high gloss, gloss, silkgloss, semigloss, satin, matt, deep matt and
dead matt.
3.133
grit blasting
process of abrasive blast-cleaning (3.24) using particulate material, such as steel, slag or aluminium
oxide (corundum)
Note 1 to entry: For a fuller description of the term “grit”, see ISO 11124-1 or ISO 11126-1.
3.134
hardener
component of a multi-pack product (3.159) that, mixed together, forms by chemical reaction a film
(3.111) having the desired properties
Note 1 to entry: See also curing agent (3.72).
3.135
hardness
ability of a dry coating (3.46) to resist indentation or penetration by a solid object
3.136
haze
milky opalescence in high-gloss or clear coatings (3.46)
3.137
hiding power
ability of a coating (3.46) to obliterate the colour (3.55) or colour differences of the substrate (3.245)
Note 1 to entry: The use of the German expressions “Deckkraft” und “Deckfähigkeit” should be avoided.
ISO 4618:2023(E)
Note 2 to entry: The term “coverage” is ambiguous because it is used in some instances to refer to hiding power
and in others to mean spreading rate (3.239). The more precise terms hiding power and spreading rate should
always be used.
3.138
holiday
defect of a paint film (3.111)
EXAMPLE Pinholes and craters.
3.139
hydrocarbon resin
resin (3.211) resulting from copolymerization of aliphatic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons
3.140
impregnating material
low viscosity coating material (3.48) for the treatment of absorptive substrates (3.245) to reduce their
absorptivity or to make mineral and wooden surfaces hydrophobic
Note 1 to entry: See also sealer (3.226).
3.141
in-can preservative
biocide (3.23) used to prevent growth of microorganisms during storage of a stock solution of a coating
material (3.48) or water-based coating material (3.272)
3.142
induction period
minimum time interval needed between mixing and application of coating materials (3.48) supplied as
a multi-pack product (3.159)
Note 1 to entry: Not to be confused with pot life (3.202).
3.143
intermediate coat
coat (3.45) applied between the priming coat (3.208) and the finishing coat (3.114)
3.144
isocyanate resin
synthetic resin (3.249), containing free or blocked isocyanate groups, based on aromatic, aliphatic or
cycloaliphatic isocyanates
3.145
lap
visible zone where a coat (3.45) extends over an adjacent freshly applied coat
Note 1 to entry: A lap can occur where an attempt to merge two recently applied adjacent applications of a coating
material (3.48) gives a visual discontinuity due to the partial drying (3.88) of the first applied coat.
3.146
lasure
coating material (3.48) containing small amounts of a suitable pigment (3.193) used to form a
transparent or semi-transparent film (3.111) for decoration and/or protection of the substrate (3.245)
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the term “lasure” is similar to “exterior wood stain”.
Note 2 to entry: In some countries the terms wood stain (3.277) or “exterior wood stain” are also used to designate
any transparent or semi-transparent coating material. Some kinds of (interior) wood stains are not in the scope
of EN 927-1.
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.147
leafing
flooding (3.124) of effect pigments (3.193) to the surface of a coating material (3.48) shortly after
application
3.148
levelling
ability of a coating material (3.48) to flow out after application so as to minimize any surface
irregularities caused by the application process
3.149
lifting
softening, swelling (3.248), or separation from the substrate (3.245) of a dry film (3.111), resulting from
the application of a subsequent coat (3.45) or the influence of a solvent (3.237)
3.150
mar
blemish on the surface of a coating (3.46), extending over a particular area of the coating and visible
due to the difference in the light-reflection properties of the area affected compared with the light-
reflection properties of adjacent areas
3.151
masking
temporary covering of that part of a surface which is to remain uncoated
3.152
matting agent
flatting agent
product incorporated in a coating material (3.48) to reduce the gloss (3.132) of the dry film (3.111)
3.153
medium
vehicle
constituents of the liquid phase of a coating material (3.48)
Note 1 to entry: This definition does not apply to coating powders (3.49).
Note 2 to entry: There is no German term for “medium” or “vehicle”.
3.154
metamerism
phenomenon perceived when two specimens have the same colour (3.55) under the lighting of an
illuminant, but different spectral reflection and transmission curves
3.155
mill base
proportion of those constituents of a coating material (3.48) necessary to obtain the optimum degree of
dispersion (3.83)
3.156
mill scale
layer of iron oxides formed during the hot rolling of steel
3.157
mottling
sheariness
clouding
non-uniform appearance (3.19) of a film (3.111) caused by presence of irregularly shaped, randomly
distributed areas on the surface that vary in colour (3.55) and/or gloss (3.132)
ISO 4618:2023(E)
3.158
mud cracking
formation of an irregular broken network of cracks in a coating system (3.51), which occurs due to
volume reduction during non-uniform drying (3.88) or curing (3.71), especially on rough surfaces
3.159
multi-pack product
coating material (3.48) that is supplied in two or more separate components
...