SIST ISO 16439:2015
Information and documentation -- Methods and procedures for assessing the impact of libraries
Information and documentation -- Methods and procedures for assessing the impact of libraries
ISO 16439:2014 defines terms for impact assessment of libraries and specifies methods for such assessment: for the purpose of strategic planning and internal quality management of libraries; to facilitate comparison of library impact over time and between libraries of similar type and mission; to promote the libraries' role and value for learning and research, education and culture, social and economic life; to support political decisions on levels of service and strategic goals for libraries.
ISO 16439:2014 considers the impact of libraries on individuals, institutions and society. It is applicable to all types of libraries in all countries. However, not all methods described apply to all libraries. Limitations on the applicability of individual methods are specified in the descriptions.
Information et documentation -- Méthodes et procédures pour évaluer l'impact des bibliothèques
Informatika in dokumentacija - Metode in postopki za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnic
Ta mednarodni standard določa izraze za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnic in specifične metode za tako ocenjevanje:
– za namene strateškega načrtovanja in notranjega vodenja kakovosti knjižnic;
– za primerjavo vpliva knjižnic v daljšem časovnem obdobju in za primerjavo med knjižnicami iste vrste in z istim poslanstvom;
– za spodbujanje vloge in vrednosti knjižnic pri učenju in raziskavah, pri izobraževanju in kulturi, v družbenem in
ekonomskem življenju:
– za podporo pri političnih odločitvah na ravni storitvenih in strateških ciljev za knjižnice.
Ta mednarodni standard obravnava vpliv knjižnic na posameznike, institucije in družbo.
Uporablja se za vse vrste knjižnic v vseh državah. Vendar se vse metode, ki so opisane v tem mednarodnem standardu, ne uporabljajo za vse knjižnice. Omejitve uporabnosti posameznih metod so
določene v opisih.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2015
Informatika in dokumentacija - Metode in postopki za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnic
Information and documentation -- Methods and procedures for assessing the impact of
libraries
Information et documentation -- Méthodes et procédures pour évaluer l'impact des
bibliothèques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 16439:2014
ICS:
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16439
First edition
2014-04-15
Information and documentation —
Methods and procedures for assessing
the impact of libraries
Information et documentation — Méthodes et procédures pour
évaluer l’impact des bibliothèques
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Definition and description of library impact .13
4.1 General .13
4.2 Definition of library impact .13
4.3 Aspects of library impact .13
4.4 Effects of library impact .14
4.5 Impact planning .17
4.6 Challenges in assessing impact .18
4.7 Implementation of impact assessment projects .19
4.8 Use of impact assessment results .20
5 Methods for assessing library impact .21
5.1 General .21
5.2 Inferred evidence .21
5.3 Solicited evidence .21
5.4 Observed evidence .22
5.5 Combined methods .22
5.6 Quantitative and qualitative data .23
6 Inferred evidence.24
6.1 General .24
6.2 Statistics .24
6.3 Library performance indicators .25
6.4 Data from user satisfaction surveys .27
7 Solicited evidence .28
7.1 General .28
7.2 Impact surveys .28
7.3 Interviews and focus groups .37
7.4 Self-assessment of users .42
7.5 Collecting anecdotal evidence .44
8 Observed evidence .46
8.1 General .46
8.2 Observation .47
8.3 Log analysis .48
8.4 Self-recording .48
8.5 Citation analysis .49
8.6 Testing the impact on knowledge and skills .49
9 Combining methods for assessing library impact .53
9.1 Combining qualitative and quantitative data .53
9.2 Examples of combining methods to show library impact .54
9.3 Advantages and disadvantages of combining methods for impact assessment .57
10 Assessing the economic value of libraries .57
10.1 General .57
10.2 Calculating the value of library benefits to users .58
10.3 Cost-benefit analysis .62
10.4 Economic impact analysis .63
Annex A (informative) Examples of impact surveys .65
Annex B (informative) Choosing a method .71
Annex C (informative) Library impact assessment within broader institutional and
organisational assessment .75
Bibliography .80
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee
SC 8, Quality — Statistics and performance evaluation.
Introduction
This International Standard provides guidance to the library community on methods for assessing the
impact and value of libraries. It was developed in response to worldwide demand for specifications of
library impact assessment.
The methods described in this International Standard do not reflect all possible methods or evaluation
techniques, but are those seen to be most heavily used and that have proved most effective for assessing
library impact. This International Standard is not intended to exclude the use of assessment methods
not specified in it.
There are many different types of libraries, with different tasks and populations, having a range of
unique characteristics (structure, funding, governance, etc.), and affected by a number of situational
factors. Since there is such a wide variation around the world, it is important to understand that not all
methods described in this International Standard are useful to all libraries.
Annex A of this International Standard gives examples of impact surveys. Annex B recommends a choice
of methods for different purposes. Annex C describes the case that library impact is assessed within
broader institutional and organisational assessment.
vi © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16439:2014(E)
Information and documentation — Methods and
procedures for assessing the impact of libraries
1 Scope
This International Standard defines terms for impact assessment of libraries and specifies methods for
such assessment
— for the purpose of strategic planning and internal quality management of libraries;
— to facilitate comparison of library impact over time and between libraries of similar type and
mission;
— to promote the libraries’ role and value for learning and research, education and culture, social and
economic life;
— to support political decisions on levels of service and strategic goals for libraries.
This International Standard considers the impact of libraries on individuals, institutions and society.
It is applicable to all types of libraries in all countries. However, not all methods described in this
International Standard apply to all libraries. Limitations on the applicability of individual methods are
specified in the descriptions.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2789:2013, Information and documentation — International library statistics
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
academic library
library whose primary function is to cover the information needs of learning and research
Note 1 to entry: This includes libraries of institutions of higher education and general research libraries.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.1]
3.2
access
ability of reaching and using a service or facility
3.3
accessibility
ease of reaching and using a service or facility
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.2]
3.4
active user
registered user who has visited or made use of library facilities or services during the reporting period
Note 1 to entry: This may include the use of electronic library services, if it is possible to identify electronic use
and virtual visits of the individual user, or if data can be assessed with the help of surveys.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.3]
3.5
anecdotal evidence
evidence based on anecdotes or stories, obtained informally from personal observations and experiences,
not collected systematically nor empirically tested
3.6
availability
degree to which content, documents, facilities or services are actually provided by the library at the
time required by users
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.6]
3.7
benefit
helpful or good effect, or something intended to help
3.8
consumer surplus
amount of money by which consumers value a product or service above its purchase price
3.9
contingent valuation
method for assessing the economic value of non-profit institutions and projects of public utility
depending on potential users’ responses to survey questions, such as what they are willing to pay for a
benefit or feature (willingness-to-pay), or what they would accept as financial compensation if a certain
benefit or feature was missing (willingness-to-accept)
Note 1 to entry: The method is used in environmental protection and health care, for example.
3.10
cost-benefit analysis
process that assesses the relation between the cost of an undertaking and the monetary value of the
resulting benefits
3.11
critical incident technique
CIT
research approach designed to draw out the most memorable aspects of an event or experience
Note 1 to entry: Critical incident technique can be used in individual interviews, focus group interviews or surveys.
3.12
cultural economics
branch of economics that studies the relation of culture to economic outcomes and explores cultural
phenomena as economic factors
3.13
data mining
computational process that identifies patterns by analysing quantitative data from different perspectives
and dimensions, categorizing it, and summarizing potential relationships and impacts
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.14
digitization
process of converting analogue materials into digital form
Note 1 to entry: Digitization for document supply from the library collection to a user or institution is excluded
Note 2 to entry: Digitization for preservation purposes is included.
Note 3 to entry: Mass digitization is included.
Note 4 to entry: Purchase of electronic copies for replacing print copies is excluded.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.3.15]
3.15
document
recorded information or material object, which can be treated as a unit in a documentation process
Note 1 to entry: Documents can differ in form and characteristics.
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2001, definition 1.2.02]
3.16
economic impact
effect of a policy, institution, programme, or event on the economy of a given area
Note 1 to entry: Economic impact is usually measured in terms of changes in economic growth (output or value
added) and associated changes in jobs (employment) and income (wages).
3.17
effectiveness
measure of the degree to which given objectives are achieved
Note 1 to entry: An activity is effective if it maximizes the results it was established to produce.
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.15]
3.18
efficiency
measure of the utilization of resources to realize a given objective
Note 1 to entry: An activity is efficient if it minimizes the use of resources, or produces better performance with
the same resources.
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.16]
3.19
electronic collection
all resources in electronic form in the library collection, whether born digital or digitized
Note 1 to entry: The electronic collection includes databases, electronic serials, and digital documents. Free
Internet resources which have been catalogued by the library in its online catalogue or a database should be
counted separately.
Note 2 to entry: The resources can be networked, installed on stand-alone workstations or stored on physical
carriers.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.3.21]
3.20
electronic service
library service delivered via electronic means, whether from local servers or provided via networks
Note 1 to entry: Electronic library services include the online catalogue, the library website, the electronic
collection, electronic document delivery (mediated), electronic reference service, user training by electronic
means, services for mobile devices, services for interactive use (including services on social networks), and
Internet access offered via the library.
Note 2 to entry: This does not include booking physical services (e.g. rooms or library tours) by electronic means.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.8]
3.21
evaluation
process of estimating the effectiveness, efficiency, utility and relevance of a service or facility
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.19]
3.22
event
pre-arranged activity with cultural, educational, social, political, scholarly, or other intent, e.g.
exhibitions, author visits, literary discussions, workshops, etc.
Note 1 to entry: Only events arranged by the library on its own or in partnership with other institutions are
included, whether inside or outside the library premises. Events inside the library premises organized by
institutions outside the library without the library’s cooperation are excluded.
Note 2 to entry: User training lessons and library tours are excluded.
Note 3 to entry: Ongoing programmes are included. Each session of a programme is counted as one event.
Note 4 to entry: Virtual events are included.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.9]
3.23
focus group interview
focus group discussion
group interview in the form of a moderated discussion among a small number of selected individuals on
topics introduced by the moderator
3.24
goal
desired state of affairs to be achieved by the implementation of agreed policies
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.24]
3.25
impact
difference or change in an individual or group resulting from the contact with library services
Note 1 to entry: The change can be tangible or intangible.
3.26
information literacy
the ability to recognize a need for information and to identify, retrieve, evaluate, and use information
effectively
Note 1 to entry: Literacy in the sense of being able to read and write with a minimal level of proficiency is
fundamental for information literacy.
Note 2 to entry: This includes the skills for using information technology to access and retrieve information.
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.27
informational question
directional and/or administrative inquiry delivered to library staff
Note 1 to entry: This includes e.g. questions for locating staff or facilities, questions regarding opening times and
registering procedures and questions about handling equipment such as printers or computer terminals.
Note 2 to entry: The question can be delivered personally or by means of telephone, regular mail, fax or electronic
media (via email, the library website or other networked communication mechanisms).
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.13]
3.28
input
contribution of resources in support of a library (e.g. funding, staff, collections, space, equipment)
3.29
Internet access
Internet connection by a user from a workstation owned by the library or from a user’s private computer
in the library via the library’s network
Note 1 to entry: Internet accesses can only be counted if users have registered or authenticated themselves when
accessing the Internet.
Note 2 to entry: Internet access via a user’s private computer (e.g. laptop or hand-held) via the library’s wireless
network inside the library should be counted and reported separately.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.17]
3.30
interview
oral questioning technique which results in a transfer of information from the interviewee to an
interviewer or researcher
Note 1 to entry: This technique obtains direct reactions to questions, in contrast to written questionnaires or
self-assessment (self-recording).
Note 2 to entry: Interviews can be subdivided according to the number of interviewees into one-to-one interviews
and group interviews.
Note 3 to entry: Interviews can be structured, semi-structured or unstructured.
Note 4 to entry: Where semi-structured or unstructured interviews are used with a group of respondents, these
are usually described as focus groups or group discussions.
3.31
library
organization, or part of an organization, the main aim of which is to facilitate the use of such information
resources, services and facilities as are required to meet the informational, research, educational,
cultural or recreational needs of its users
Note 1 to entry: The supply of the required information resources can be accomplished by building and maintaining
a collection and/or by organizing access to information resources.
Note 2 to entry: These are the basic requirements for a library and do not exclude any additional resources and
services incidental to its main purpose.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.6]
3.32
library collection
all documents provided by a library for its users
Note 1 to entry: Comprises information resources held locally and remote resources for which access rights have
been acquired.
Note 2 to entry: Access rights can be acquired by the library itself, by a consortium and/or through external
funding.
Note 3 to entry: Acquisition is to be understood as deliberately selecting a document, securing access rights and
including it in the online catalogue or other databases of the library. Interlibrary lending and document delivery
are excluded.
Note 4 to entry: Does not include links to Internet resources for which the library has not secured access rights
by legal agreements (e.g. legal deposit right), license or other contractual and/or cooperative agreement. Free
Internet resources which have been catalogued by the library in its online catalogue or a database should be
counted separately.
Note 5 to entry: Documents in institutional repositories are not included, but should be counted separately, if the
library is involved in collecting the items and/or operating the repository.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.3.28]
3.33
library of an institution of higher education
library whose primary function is to serve students, academic and professional staff in universities and
other institutions of education at the third (tertiary) level and above
Note 1 to entry: It may also serve the general public.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.7]
3.34
library website
unique domain on the Internet consisting of a collection of web pages that is published by a library to
provide access to the library’s services and resources
Note 1 to entry: The pages of a website are usually interconnected by the use of hypertext links.
Note 2 to entry: Excludes documents that fit the definitions of electronic collection and free Internet resources
that may be linked from the library website.
Note 3 to entry: Excludes web services in the library’s domain that are operated on behalf of other organizations.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.18]
3.35
longitudinal study
two or more surveys, in which the same or a similar survey instrument is administered more than once
to the same population, after a suitable time period has elapsed, to measure changes in patterns of
usage, perceptions, attitudes, etc.
3.36
mission
statement approved by the authorities formulating the organization’s goals and its choices in services
and products development
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.33]
6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.37
national library
library that is responsible for acquiring and conserving copies of all relevant documents in the country
in which the library is located; it may function as a legal deposit library
Note 1 to entry: A national library will also normally perform some or all of the following functions: produce
the national bibliography, hold and keep up to date a large and representative collection of foreign literature
including documents about the country; act as a national bibliographic information centre; compile union
catalogues; supervise the administration of other libraries and/or promote collaboration; coordinate a research
and development service, etc.
Note 2 to entry: The definition of “national library” allows for more than one national library in a country.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.9]
3.38
nominal group interview
group interview without group interaction where each group member writes down answers to the
moderator’s questions which are then discussed and prioritized one by one by the group
3.39
non-user
person belonging to a specific library’s population to be served but not using that library’s physical
and/or electronic services
Note 1 to entry: The definition includes former users of the library.
3.40
objective
specific target for an activity to be attained as a contribution to achieving the goal of an organization
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.34]
3.41
observation
method of data collection in which the situation of interest is watched and the relevant facts, actions and
behaviours are recorded
Note 1 to entry: There can be rating scales that the researcher would use when observing the behaviour.
3.42
open access
unrestricted access to information, documents or information services
Note 1 to entry: In a narrower sense, this means that informationcontent is made freely available via the Internet.
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2001, definition 5.2.11, modified – Note 1 has been added.]
3.43
opening hours
hours in a normal week when the main physical services of the library (e.g. reference and loan services,
reading rooms) are available to users
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.4.7]
3.44
outcome
direct, pre-defined effect of the output related to goals and objectives of the library’s planning (e.g.
number of users, user satisfaction levels)
Note 1 to entry: This includes outcomes that concern the library’s institution or community.
3.45
output
products of library processes (e.g. number of titles catalogued, number of loans, number of reference
questions answered)
3.46
performance
effectiveness of the provision of services by the library and the efficiency of the allocation and use of
resources in providing services
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.36]
3.47
performance indicator
numerical, symbolic or verbal expression, derived from library statistics and data used to characterize
the performance of a library
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.37]
3.48
population to be served
number of individuals for whom the library is set up to provide its services and materials
Note 1 to entry: For public libraries, this will normally be the population of the legal service area (authority); for
libraries of an institution of higher education, this will normally be the total of academic and professional staff
plus students.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.25]
3.49
potential user
person belonging to a library’s population to be served
Note 1 to entry: This definition includes both users and non-users of the library’s services.
3.50
process
set of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into outputs (e.g. cataloguing,
lending, reference service)
3.51
public library
general library that is open to the public and that serves the whole population of a local or regional
community and is usually financed, in whole or in part, from public funds
Note 1 to entry: A public library is defined as open to the public, even if its services are primarily intended for
a special part of the population to be served, such as children, visually impaired persons, or hospital patients.
Its basic services are free of charge or available for a subsidized fee. This definition includes services provided
to schools by a public library organization and services provided to public libraries in a region by a regional
organization.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.10]
3.52
qualitative data
data describing, but not measuring the attributes or properties of an object, in particular the reasons
for human actions
Note 1 to entry: The attributes can be categorized into classes that may be assigned numeric values.
8 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.53
quality
degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements
Note 1 to entry: The term “quality” can be used with adjectives such as poor, good or excellent.
Note 2 to entry: “Inherent”, as opposed to “assigned”, means existing in something, especially as a permanent
characteristic.
[SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005, definition 3.1.1]
3.54
quantitative data
data in numerical form expressing a certain quantity, amount or range, amenable to statistical
manipulation
Note 1 to entry: Quantitative data are usually expressed in measurement units, e.g. number of loans, percentage
of interviewees visiting the library.
3.55
questionnaire
a set of questions for a survey or a structured or semi-structured interview
Note 1 to entry: The questions may be closed (answerable by checking one of several predetermined answers) or
open (requiring participants to answer in their own words).
3.56
reference question
information contact that involves the knowledge or use of one or more information sources (such as
printed and non-printed materials, machine-readable databases, the library’s own and other institutions’
catalogues) by library staff
Note 1 to entry: May also involve recommendations, interpretation, or instruction in the use of such sources.
Note 2 to entry: One reference question may address several issues.
Note 3 to entry: The question can be delivered personally or by means of telephone, regular mail, fax or electronic
media (via email, the library website or other networked communications mechanisms).
Note 4 to entry: It is essential that libraries do not include informational (directional and administrative)
questions, e.g. for locating staff or facilities, regarding opening times or about handling equipment such as
printers or computer terminals.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.26]
3.57
reference service
provision of information and assistance, in response to requests, by an information and documentation
organization
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2001, definition 5.5.06]
3.58
registered user
person or organization registered with a library in order to use its collection and/or services within or
away from the library
Note 1 to entry: Users may be registered upon their request or automatically when enrolling in the institution.
Note 2 to entry: The registration should be monitored at regular intervals, minimum every 3 years, so that inactive
users can be removed from the register.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.28]
3.59
reliability
degree to which a measure repeatedly and consistently produces the same result
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.44]
3.60
return on investment
ROI
relationship between the total economic benefit of the library and the total resources invested in the
library
Note 1 to entry: Return on investment is usually calculated for the fiscal year, dividing the estimated economic
benefit by the total expenditure on the library.
Note 2 to entry: ROI can be calculated for the whole library, or for a specific library service.
3.61
school library
library attached to all types of schools below the third (tertiary) level of education whose primary
function is to serve the pupils and teachers of such a school
Note 1 to entry: A school library may also serve the general public.
Note 2 to entry: This includes libraries and resource collections in all educational institutions below the third
level, which may be described as “Colleges”, “Colleges of Further Education”, “Vocational Institutes”, etc.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.11]
3.62
self-assessment
process of critically reviewing the quality of one’s own skills, knowledge, or confidence
Note 1 to entry: The reviewing is normally done through a paper-based or online questionnaire where some or all
of the questions require respondents to rate themselves on a scale.
3.63
self-recording
users’ record of their behaviour and/or attitudes in information seeking and information use over a
period of time, usually in the form of a diary
Note 1 to entry: The record can be used for identifying library impact.
Note 2 to entry: The diary can be structured, giving a guideline to what should be observed, or unstructured,
leaving the choice of subjects to the writer.
3.64
social impact
influence of a library’s existence and services on the population in the surrounding community or on
society in general
3.65
social return on investment
SROI
method for measuring extra-financial value (i.e. environmental and social value not currently reflected
in conventional financial accounts)
10 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.66
special library
independent library covering one discipline or particular field of knowledge or a special regional interest
Note 1 to entry: The term special library includes libraries primarily serving a specific category of users, or
primarily devoted to a specific form of document, or libraries sponsored by an organization to serve its own
work-related objectives.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.12 modified; note 2 to entry has been deleted]
3.67
survey
method of data collection using written questionnaires for gathering information from the whole or a
sample of a defined population
Note 1 to entry: The survey can be conducted face to face, via handouts, telephone, email, or Internet.
3.68
target population
groups of actual and potential users appropriate to an individual library as the object of a specific service
or as the primary users of specific materials
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.47]
3.69
target population with special needs
part of a library’s population to be served with needs that require special library services
Note 1 to entry: The special needs can be caused by physical and health impairment, economic disadvantages (e.g.
long-term unemployment), cultural differences (e.g. non-native speakers, new arrivals), educational background,
or other needs that require special library services.
Note 2 to entry: Children, young people and seniors without additional needs are not included.
Note 3 to entry: A library may have more than one target population with special needs.
Note 4 to entry: An individual may belong to more than one such target population.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.35]
3.70
user
recipient of library services
Note 1 to entry: The recipient may be a person or an institution, including libraries.
Note 2 to entry: Library services include electronic services, physical services and visiting the library premises.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.36]
3.71
user place
place provided for users for reading or studying, whether with or without seating or equipment
Note 1 to entry: Includes places in carrels, in seminar and study rooms, and in the audiovisual and children’s
departments of the library, and informal seating in lounges, group areas, etc.
Note 2 to entry: Excludes places in halls, lecture and auditory theatres intended for audiences of special events.
Also excludes floor space and cushions on which users may sit.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.4.11]
3.72
user satisfaction survey
survey administered to a sample of a library’s users to find out how they rate the quality of their library
experiences, and any suggestions for improvement
Note 1 to entry: The survey may be conducted face to face, via handouts, telephone, email, or Internet.
Note 2 to entry: The survey can contain questions about user status, how often and how they normally use the
resources and services the library provides.
Note 3 to entry: In a longitudinal study, the same or a similar survey instrument is administered more than once,
after a suitable interval of time has elapsed, to measure changes in patterns of usage, perceptions, attitudes, etc.
3.73
user training
training programme set up with a specified lesson plan, which aims at specific learning outcomes for the
use of library and other information services
Note 1 to entry: User training can be offered as a tour of the library, as library tuition, or as a web-based service
for users.
Note 2 to entry: The duration of lessons is irrelevant.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.37]
3.74
validity
extent to which the results of a research process represent what was intended
[SOURCE: ISO 20252:2006, definition 2.62]
3.75
value
importance that stakeholders (funding institutions, politicians, the public, users, staff) attach to libraries
and which is related to the perception of actual or potential benefit
Note 1 to entry: Monetary value can be included.
3.76
virtual visit
one continuous cycle of user activities on the library website by users from outside the library’s IP
address space (usually from outside the library premises), regardless of the number of pages or elements
viewed
Note 1 to entry: A virtual visit typically starts when a user accesses the library website after visiting an external
page, and ends if no activity has been recorded for a defined period of time (recommended maximum is 30 min).
Another access after a longer interval initiates a new visit.
Note 2 to entry: A virtual visitor should at least be identified by a unique cookie and/or by a unique combination
of the user’s IP address and browser string (user agent). Known web spiders and harvesters should be excluded.
Note 3 to entry: Adapted from ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.39.
3.77
visit
person (individual) entering the library premises
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.40]
12 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
4 Definition and description of lib
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16439
First edition
2014-04-15
Information and documentation —
Methods and procedures for assessing
the impact of libraries
Information et documentation — Méthodes et procédures pour
évaluer l’impact des bibliothèques
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Definition and description of library impact .13
4.1 General .13
4.2 Definition of library impact .13
4.3 Aspects of library impact .13
4.4 Effects of library impact .14
4.5 Impact planning .17
4.6 Challenges in assessing impact .18
4.7 Implementation of impact assessment projects .19
4.8 Use of impact assessment results .20
5 Methods for assessing library impact .21
5.1 General .21
5.2 Inferred evidence .21
5.3 Solicited evidence .21
5.4 Observed evidence .22
5.5 Combined methods .22
5.6 Quantitative and qualitative data .23
6 Inferred evidence.24
6.1 General .24
6.2 Statistics .24
6.3 Library performance indicators .25
6.4 Data from user satisfaction surveys .27
7 Solicited evidence .28
7.1 General .28
7.2 Impact surveys .28
7.3 Interviews and focus groups .37
7.4 Self-assessment of users .42
7.5 Collecting anecdotal evidence .44
8 Observed evidence .46
8.1 General .46
8.2 Observation .47
8.3 Log analysis .48
8.4 Self-recording .48
8.5 Citation analysis .49
8.6 Testing the impact on knowledge and skills .49
9 Combining methods for assessing library impact .53
9.1 Combining qualitative and quantitative data .53
9.2 Examples of combining methods to show library impact .54
9.3 Advantages and disadvantages of combining methods for impact assessment .57
10 Assessing the economic value of libraries .57
10.1 General .57
10.2 Calculating the value of library benefits to users .58
10.3 Cost-benefit analysis .62
10.4 Economic impact analysis .63
Annex A (informative) Examples of impact surveys .65
Annex B (informative) Choosing a method .71
Annex C (informative) Library impact assessment within broader institutional and
organisational assessment .75
Bibliography .80
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee
SC 8, Quality — Statistics and performance evaluation.
Introduction
This International Standard provides guidance to the library community on methods for assessing the
impact and value of libraries. It was developed in response to worldwide demand for specifications of
library impact assessment.
The methods described in this International Standard do not reflect all possible methods or evaluation
techniques, but are those seen to be most heavily used and that have proved most effective for assessing
library impact. This International Standard is not intended to exclude the use of assessment methods
not specified in it.
There are many different types of libraries, with different tasks and populations, having a range of
unique characteristics (structure, funding, governance, etc.), and affected by a number of situational
factors. Since there is such a wide variation around the world, it is important to understand that not all
methods described in this International Standard are useful to all libraries.
Annex A of this International Standard gives examples of impact surveys. Annex B recommends a choice
of methods for different purposes. Annex C describes the case that library impact is assessed within
broader institutional and organisational assessment.
vi © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16439:2014(E)
Information and documentation — Methods and
procedures for assessing the impact of libraries
1 Scope
This International Standard defines terms for impact assessment of libraries and specifies methods for
such assessment
— for the purpose of strategic planning and internal quality management of libraries;
— to facilitate comparison of library impact over time and between libraries of similar type and
mission;
— to promote the libraries’ role and value for learning and research, education and culture, social and
economic life;
— to support political decisions on levels of service and strategic goals for libraries.
This International Standard considers the impact of libraries on individuals, institutions and society.
It is applicable to all types of libraries in all countries. However, not all methods described in this
International Standard apply to all libraries. Limitations on the applicability of individual methods are
specified in the descriptions.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2789:2013, Information and documentation — International library statistics
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
academic library
library whose primary function is to cover the information needs of learning and research
Note 1 to entry: This includes libraries of institutions of higher education and general research libraries.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.1]
3.2
access
ability of reaching and using a service or facility
3.3
accessibility
ease of reaching and using a service or facility
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.2]
3.4
active user
registered user who has visited or made use of library facilities or services during the reporting period
Note 1 to entry: This may include the use of electronic library services, if it is possible to identify electronic use
and virtual visits of the individual user, or if data can be assessed with the help of surveys.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.3]
3.5
anecdotal evidence
evidence based on anecdotes or stories, obtained informally from personal observations and experiences,
not collected systematically nor empirically tested
3.6
availability
degree to which content, documents, facilities or services are actually provided by the library at the
time required by users
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.6]
3.7
benefit
helpful or good effect, or something intended to help
3.8
consumer surplus
amount of money by which consumers value a product or service above its purchase price
3.9
contingent valuation
method for assessing the economic value of non-profit institutions and projects of public utility
depending on potential users’ responses to survey questions, such as what they are willing to pay for a
benefit or feature (willingness-to-pay), or what they would accept as financial compensation if a certain
benefit or feature was missing (willingness-to-accept)
Note 1 to entry: The method is used in environmental protection and health care, for example.
3.10
cost-benefit analysis
process that assesses the relation between the cost of an undertaking and the monetary value of the
resulting benefits
3.11
critical incident technique
CIT
research approach designed to draw out the most memorable aspects of an event or experience
Note 1 to entry: Critical incident technique can be used in individual interviews, focus group interviews or surveys.
3.12
cultural economics
branch of economics that studies the relation of culture to economic outcomes and explores cultural
phenomena as economic factors
3.13
data mining
computational process that identifies patterns by analysing quantitative data from different perspectives
and dimensions, categorizing it, and summarizing potential relationships and impacts
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.14
digitization
process of converting analogue materials into digital form
Note 1 to entry: Digitization for document supply from the library collection to a user or institution is excluded
Note 2 to entry: Digitization for preservation purposes is included.
Note 3 to entry: Mass digitization is included.
Note 4 to entry: Purchase of electronic copies for replacing print copies is excluded.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.3.15]
3.15
document
recorded information or material object, which can be treated as a unit in a documentation process
Note 1 to entry: Documents can differ in form and characteristics.
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2001, definition 1.2.02]
3.16
economic impact
effect of a policy, institution, programme, or event on the economy of a given area
Note 1 to entry: Economic impact is usually measured in terms of changes in economic growth (output or value
added) and associated changes in jobs (employment) and income (wages).
3.17
effectiveness
measure of the degree to which given objectives are achieved
Note 1 to entry: An activity is effective if it maximizes the results it was established to produce.
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.15]
3.18
efficiency
measure of the utilization of resources to realize a given objective
Note 1 to entry: An activity is efficient if it minimizes the use of resources, or produces better performance with
the same resources.
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.16]
3.19
electronic collection
all resources in electronic form in the library collection, whether born digital or digitized
Note 1 to entry: The electronic collection includes databases, electronic serials, and digital documents. Free
Internet resources which have been catalogued by the library in its online catalogue or a database should be
counted separately.
Note 2 to entry: The resources can be networked, installed on stand-alone workstations or stored on physical
carriers.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.3.21]
3.20
electronic service
library service delivered via electronic means, whether from local servers or provided via networks
Note 1 to entry: Electronic library services include the online catalogue, the library website, the electronic
collection, electronic document delivery (mediated), electronic reference service, user training by electronic
means, services for mobile devices, services for interactive use (including services on social networks), and
Internet access offered via the library.
Note 2 to entry: This does not include booking physical services (e.g. rooms or library tours) by electronic means.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.8]
3.21
evaluation
process of estimating the effectiveness, efficiency, utility and relevance of a service or facility
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.19]
3.22
event
pre-arranged activity with cultural, educational, social, political, scholarly, or other intent, e.g.
exhibitions, author visits, literary discussions, workshops, etc.
Note 1 to entry: Only events arranged by the library on its own or in partnership with other institutions are
included, whether inside or outside the library premises. Events inside the library premises organized by
institutions outside the library without the library’s cooperation are excluded.
Note 2 to entry: User training lessons and library tours are excluded.
Note 3 to entry: Ongoing programmes are included. Each session of a programme is counted as one event.
Note 4 to entry: Virtual events are included.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.9]
3.23
focus group interview
focus group discussion
group interview in the form of a moderated discussion among a small number of selected individuals on
topics introduced by the moderator
3.24
goal
desired state of affairs to be achieved by the implementation of agreed policies
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.24]
3.25
impact
difference or change in an individual or group resulting from the contact with library services
Note 1 to entry: The change can be tangible or intangible.
3.26
information literacy
the ability to recognize a need for information and to identify, retrieve, evaluate, and use information
effectively
Note 1 to entry: Literacy in the sense of being able to read and write with a minimal level of proficiency is
fundamental for information literacy.
Note 2 to entry: This includes the skills for using information technology to access and retrieve information.
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.27
informational question
directional and/or administrative inquiry delivered to library staff
Note 1 to entry: This includes e.g. questions for locating staff or facilities, questions regarding opening times and
registering procedures and questions about handling equipment such as printers or computer terminals.
Note 2 to entry: The question can be delivered personally or by means of telephone, regular mail, fax or electronic
media (via email, the library website or other networked communication mechanisms).
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.13]
3.28
input
contribution of resources in support of a library (e.g. funding, staff, collections, space, equipment)
3.29
Internet access
Internet connection by a user from a workstation owned by the library or from a user’s private computer
in the library via the library’s network
Note 1 to entry: Internet accesses can only be counted if users have registered or authenticated themselves when
accessing the Internet.
Note 2 to entry: Internet access via a user’s private computer (e.g. laptop or hand-held) via the library’s wireless
network inside the library should be counted and reported separately.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.17]
3.30
interview
oral questioning technique which results in a transfer of information from the interviewee to an
interviewer or researcher
Note 1 to entry: This technique obtains direct reactions to questions, in contrast to written questionnaires or
self-assessment (self-recording).
Note 2 to entry: Interviews can be subdivided according to the number of interviewees into one-to-one interviews
and group interviews.
Note 3 to entry: Interviews can be structured, semi-structured or unstructured.
Note 4 to entry: Where semi-structured or unstructured interviews are used with a group of respondents, these
are usually described as focus groups or group discussions.
3.31
library
organization, or part of an organization, the main aim of which is to facilitate the use of such information
resources, services and facilities as are required to meet the informational, research, educational,
cultural or recreational needs of its users
Note 1 to entry: The supply of the required information resources can be accomplished by building and maintaining
a collection and/or by organizing access to information resources.
Note 2 to entry: These are the basic requirements for a library and do not exclude any additional resources and
services incidental to its main purpose.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.6]
3.32
library collection
all documents provided by a library for its users
Note 1 to entry: Comprises information resources held locally and remote resources for which access rights have
been acquired.
Note 2 to entry: Access rights can be acquired by the library itself, by a consortium and/or through external
funding.
Note 3 to entry: Acquisition is to be understood as deliberately selecting a document, securing access rights and
including it in the online catalogue or other databases of the library. Interlibrary lending and document delivery
are excluded.
Note 4 to entry: Does not include links to Internet resources for which the library has not secured access rights
by legal agreements (e.g. legal deposit right), license or other contractual and/or cooperative agreement. Free
Internet resources which have been catalogued by the library in its online catalogue or a database should be
counted separately.
Note 5 to entry: Documents in institutional repositories are not included, but should be counted separately, if the
library is involved in collecting the items and/or operating the repository.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.3.28]
3.33
library of an institution of higher education
library whose primary function is to serve students, academic and professional staff in universities and
other institutions of education at the third (tertiary) level and above
Note 1 to entry: It may also serve the general public.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.7]
3.34
library website
unique domain on the Internet consisting of a collection of web pages that is published by a library to
provide access to the library’s services and resources
Note 1 to entry: The pages of a website are usually interconnected by the use of hypertext links.
Note 2 to entry: Excludes documents that fit the definitions of electronic collection and free Internet resources
that may be linked from the library website.
Note 3 to entry: Excludes web services in the library’s domain that are operated on behalf of other organizations.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.18]
3.35
longitudinal study
two or more surveys, in which the same or a similar survey instrument is administered more than once
to the same population, after a suitable time period has elapsed, to measure changes in patterns of
usage, perceptions, attitudes, etc.
3.36
mission
statement approved by the authorities formulating the organization’s goals and its choices in services
and products development
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.33]
6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.37
national library
library that is responsible for acquiring and conserving copies of all relevant documents in the country
in which the library is located; it may function as a legal deposit library
Note 1 to entry: A national library will also normally perform some or all of the following functions: produce
the national bibliography, hold and keep up to date a large and representative collection of foreign literature
including documents about the country; act as a national bibliographic information centre; compile union
catalogues; supervise the administration of other libraries and/or promote collaboration; coordinate a research
and development service, etc.
Note 2 to entry: The definition of “national library” allows for more than one national library in a country.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.9]
3.38
nominal group interview
group interview without group interaction where each group member writes down answers to the
moderator’s questions which are then discussed and prioritized one by one by the group
3.39
non-user
person belonging to a specific library’s population to be served but not using that library’s physical
and/or electronic services
Note 1 to entry: The definition includes former users of the library.
3.40
objective
specific target for an activity to be attained as a contribution to achieving the goal of an organization
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.34]
3.41
observation
method of data collection in which the situation of interest is watched and the relevant facts, actions and
behaviours are recorded
Note 1 to entry: There can be rating scales that the researcher would use when observing the behaviour.
3.42
open access
unrestricted access to information, documents or information services
Note 1 to entry: In a narrower sense, this means that informationcontent is made freely available via the Internet.
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2001, definition 5.2.11, modified – Note 1 has been added.]
3.43
opening hours
hours in a normal week when the main physical services of the library (e.g. reference and loan services,
reading rooms) are available to users
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.4.7]
3.44
outcome
direct, pre-defined effect of the output related to goals and objectives of the library’s planning (e.g.
number of users, user satisfaction levels)
Note 1 to entry: This includes outcomes that concern the library’s institution or community.
3.45
output
products of library processes (e.g. number of titles catalogued, number of loans, number of reference
questions answered)
3.46
performance
effectiveness of the provision of services by the library and the efficiency of the allocation and use of
resources in providing services
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.36]
3.47
performance indicator
numerical, symbolic or verbal expression, derived from library statistics and data used to characterize
the performance of a library
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.37]
3.48
population to be served
number of individuals for whom the library is set up to provide its services and materials
Note 1 to entry: For public libraries, this will normally be the population of the legal service area (authority); for
libraries of an institution of higher education, this will normally be the total of academic and professional staff
plus students.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.25]
3.49
potential user
person belonging to a library’s population to be served
Note 1 to entry: This definition includes both users and non-users of the library’s services.
3.50
process
set of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into outputs (e.g. cataloguing,
lending, reference service)
3.51
public library
general library that is open to the public and that serves the whole population of a local or regional
community and is usually financed, in whole or in part, from public funds
Note 1 to entry: A public library is defined as open to the public, even if its services are primarily intended for
a special part of the population to be served, such as children, visually impaired persons, or hospital patients.
Its basic services are free of charge or available for a subsidized fee. This definition includes services provided
to schools by a public library organization and services provided to public libraries in a region by a regional
organization.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.10]
3.52
qualitative data
data describing, but not measuring the attributes or properties of an object, in particular the reasons
for human actions
Note 1 to entry: The attributes can be categorized into classes that may be assigned numeric values.
8 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.53
quality
degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfils requirements
Note 1 to entry: The term “quality” can be used with adjectives such as poor, good or excellent.
Note 2 to entry: “Inherent”, as opposed to “assigned”, means existing in something, especially as a permanent
characteristic.
[SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005, definition 3.1.1]
3.54
quantitative data
data in numerical form expressing a certain quantity, amount or range, amenable to statistical
manipulation
Note 1 to entry: Quantitative data are usually expressed in measurement units, e.g. number of loans, percentage
of interviewees visiting the library.
3.55
questionnaire
a set of questions for a survey or a structured or semi-structured interview
Note 1 to entry: The questions may be closed (answerable by checking one of several predetermined answers) or
open (requiring participants to answer in their own words).
3.56
reference question
information contact that involves the knowledge or use of one or more information sources (such as
printed and non-printed materials, machine-readable databases, the library’s own and other institutions’
catalogues) by library staff
Note 1 to entry: May also involve recommendations, interpretation, or instruction in the use of such sources.
Note 2 to entry: One reference question may address several issues.
Note 3 to entry: The question can be delivered personally or by means of telephone, regular mail, fax or electronic
media (via email, the library website or other networked communications mechanisms).
Note 4 to entry: It is essential that libraries do not include informational (directional and administrative)
questions, e.g. for locating staff or facilities, regarding opening times or about handling equipment such as
printers or computer terminals.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.26]
3.57
reference service
provision of information and assistance, in response to requests, by an information and documentation
organization
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2001, definition 5.5.06]
3.58
registered user
person or organization registered with a library in order to use its collection and/or services within or
away from the library
Note 1 to entry: Users may be registered upon their request or automatically when enrolling in the institution.
Note 2 to entry: The registration should be monitored at regular intervals, minimum every 3 years, so that inactive
users can be removed from the register.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.28]
3.59
reliability
degree to which a measure repeatedly and consistently produces the same result
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.44]
3.60
return on investment
ROI
relationship between the total economic benefit of the library and the total resources invested in the
library
Note 1 to entry: Return on investment is usually calculated for the fiscal year, dividing the estimated economic
benefit by the total expenditure on the library.
Note 2 to entry: ROI can be calculated for the whole library, or for a specific library service.
3.61
school library
library attached to all types of schools below the third (tertiary) level of education whose primary
function is to serve the pupils and teachers of such a school
Note 1 to entry: A school library may also serve the general public.
Note 2 to entry: This includes libraries and resource collections in all educational institutions below the third
level, which may be described as “Colleges”, “Colleges of Further Education”, “Vocational Institutes”, etc.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.11]
3.62
self-assessment
process of critically reviewing the quality of one’s own skills, knowledge, or confidence
Note 1 to entry: The reviewing is normally done through a paper-based or online questionnaire where some or all
of the questions require respondents to rate themselves on a scale.
3.63
self-recording
users’ record of their behaviour and/or attitudes in information seeking and information use over a
period of time, usually in the form of a diary
Note 1 to entry: The record can be used for identifying library impact.
Note 2 to entry: The diary can be structured, giving a guideline to what should be observed, or unstructured,
leaving the choice of subjects to the writer.
3.64
social impact
influence of a library’s existence and services on the population in the surrounding community or on
society in general
3.65
social return on investment
SROI
method for measuring extra-financial value (i.e. environmental and social value not currently reflected
in conventional financial accounts)
10 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
3.66
special library
independent library covering one discipline or particular field of knowledge or a special regional interest
Note 1 to entry: The term special library includes libraries primarily serving a specific category of users, or
primarily devoted to a specific form of document, or libraries sponsored by an organization to serve its own
work-related objectives.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.1.12 modified; note 2 to entry has been deleted]
3.67
survey
method of data collection using written questionnaires for gathering information from the whole or a
sample of a defined population
Note 1 to entry: The survey can be conducted face to face, via handouts, telephone, email, or Internet.
3.68
target population
groups of actual and potential users appropriate to an individual library as the object of a specific service
or as the primary users of specific materials
[SOURCE: ISO 11620:—, definition 3.47]
3.69
target population with special needs
part of a library’s population to be served with needs that require special library services
Note 1 to entry: The special needs can be caused by physical and health impairment, economic disadvantages (e.g.
long-term unemployment), cultural differences (e.g. non-native speakers, new arrivals), educational background,
or other needs that require special library services.
Note 2 to entry: Children, young people and seniors without additional needs are not included.
Note 3 to entry: A library may have more than one target population with special needs.
Note 4 to entry: An individual may belong to more than one such target population.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.35]
3.70
user
recipient of library services
Note 1 to entry: The recipient may be a person or an institution, including libraries.
Note 2 to entry: Library services include electronic services, physical services and visiting the library premises.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.36]
3.71
user place
place provided for users for reading or studying, whether with or without seating or equipment
Note 1 to entry: Includes places in carrels, in seminar and study rooms, and in the audiovisual and children’s
departments of the library, and informal seating in lounges, group areas, etc.
Note 2 to entry: Excludes places in halls, lecture and auditory theatres intended for audiences of special events.
Also excludes floor space and cushions on which users may sit.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.4.11]
3.72
user satisfaction survey
survey administered to a sample of a library’s users to find out how they rate the quality of their library
experiences, and any suggestions for improvement
Note 1 to entry: The survey may be conducted face to face, via handouts, telephone, email, or Internet.
Note 2 to entry: The survey can contain questions about user status, how often and how they normally use the
resources and services the library provides.
Note 3 to entry: In a longitudinal study, the same or a similar survey instrument is administered more than once,
after a suitable interval of time has elapsed, to measure changes in patterns of usage, perceptions, attitudes, etc.
3.73
user training
training programme set up with a specified lesson plan, which aims at specific learning outcomes for the
use of library and other information services
Note 1 to entry: User training can be offered as a tour of the library, as library tuition, or as a web-based service
for users.
Note 2 to entry: The duration of lessons is irrelevant.
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.37]
3.74
validity
extent to which the results of a research process represent what was intended
[SOURCE: ISO 20252:2006, definition 2.62]
3.75
value
importance that stakeholders (funding institutions, politicians, the public, users, staff) attach to libraries
and which is related to the perception of actual or potential benefit
Note 1 to entry: Monetary value can be included.
3.76
virtual visit
one continuous cycle of user activities on the library website by users from outside the library’s IP
address space (usually from outside the library premises), regardless of the number of pages or elements
viewed
Note 1 to entry: A virtual visit typically starts when a user accesses the library website after visiting an external
page, and ends if no activity has been recorded for a defined period of time (recommended maximum is 30 min).
Another access after a longer interval initiates a new visit.
Note 2 to entry: A virtual visitor should at least be identified by a unique cookie and/or by a unique combination
of the user’s IP address and browser string (user agent). Known web spiders and harvesters should be excluded.
Note 3 to entry: Adapted from ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.39.
3.77
visit
person (individual) entering the library premises
[SOURCE: ISO 2789:2013, definition 2.2.40]
12 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
4 Definition and description of library impact
4.1 General
Libraries are generally able to provide at least basic data about the input into their services (funding,
staff, collections, space, equipment) and the output of those services (loans, visits, downloads, reference
transactions, etc.). Such statistics are collected more or less regularly. The definitions and collecting
procedures are described in ISO 2789 (International library statistics).
In addition to quantitative counts, libraries have also developed measures for assessing the quality of
their services and the cost-efficiency of library performance. Such quality indicators or performance
indicators are described in ISO 11620 (Library performance indicators).
In recent years, there has been a growing demand for non-profit organisations to show proof of their
value for individuals, for their parent organisations and for society. For libraries, such value has
traditionally been accepted as self-evident. However, users are becoming increasingly independent in
their information seeking practices, and information seems to be free on the web, so that the benefits
gained from libr
...
S L O V E N S K I SIST ISO 16439
STANDARD
januar 2015
Informatika in dokumentacija – Metode in postopki za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnic
Information and documentation – Methods and procedures for assessing the
impact of libraries
Information et documentation – Méthodes et procédures pour évaluer l'impact
des bibliothèques
Information und Dokumentation – Methoden und Verfahren zur Bestimmung der
Wirkung von Bibliotheken
Referenčna oznaka
ICS 01.140.20 SIST ISO 16439:2015 (sl)
Nadaljevanje na straneh od 2 do 90
© 2016-11. Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST ISO 16439 (sl), Informatika in dokumentacija – Metode in postopki za ocenjevanje vpliva
knjižnic, 2015, ima status slovenskega standarda in je istoveten mednarodnemu standardu ISO 16439
(en), Information and documentation – Methods and procedures for assessing the impact of libraries,
2014-04.
NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Mednarodni standard ISO 16439:2014 je pripravil pododbor tehničnega odbora Mednarodne
organizacije za standardizacijo ISO/TC 46/SC 8 Kakovost – Statistika in vrednotenje uspešnosti.
Slovenski standard SIST ISO 16439:2015 je prevod mednarodnega standarda ISO 16439:2014.
Slovenski standard SIST ISO 16439:2015 je pripravil tehnični odbor SIST/TC IDT Informatika,
dokumentacija in splošna terminologija. V primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda je
odločilen izvirni mednarodni standard v angleškem jeziku.
Definicije pojmov so povzete po mednarodnem standardu ISO 2789, Informatika in dokumentacija –
Mednarodna statistika za knjižnice.
Odločitev za izdajo tega standarda je dne 20. oktobra 2014 sprejel SIST/TC IDO Informatika in
dokumentacija.
ZVEZA Z NACIONALNIMI STANDARDI
S privzemom tega mednarodnega standarda veljajo za omenjeni namen referenčnih standardov vsi
standardi, navedeni v izvirniku, razen tistih, ki so že sprejeti v nacionalno standardizacijo:
SIST ISO 2789:2013 Informatika in dokumentacija – Mednarodna statistika knjižnic
SIST ISO 5127:2005 Informatika in dokumentacija – Slovar (ISO 5127:2001)
SIST EN ISO 9000:2005 Sistemi vodenja kakovosti – Osnove in slovar (ISO 9000:2005)
SIST ISO 11620:2015 Informatika in dokumentacija – Kazalci uspešnosti knjižnic
OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– privzem standarda ISO 16439:2014
OPOMBI
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz "mednarodni standard", v SIST ISO
16439:2015 to pomeni "slovenski standard".
– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
VSEBINA Stran
Predgovor . 5
Uvod . 6
1 Področje uporabe . 7
2 Zveze s standardi . 7
3 Izrazi in definicije . 7
4 Definicija in opis vpliva knjižnice . 18
4.1 Splošno . 18
4.2 Definicija vpliva knjižnice . 19
4.3 Vidiki vpliva knjižnice . 19
4.4 Učinki vpliva knjižnice . 19
4.5 Planiranje vpliva . 23
4.6 Izzivi pri ocenjevanju vpliva . 23
4.7 Izvajanje projektov za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnice . 25
4.8 Uporaba rezultatov ocenjevanja vpliva knjižnice . 25
5 Metode za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnice . 26
5.1 Splošno . 26
5.2 Povzeti dokaz . 26
5.3 Zbrani dokaz . 27
5.4 Opazovani dokaz . 27
5.5 Kombinirane metode . 28
5.6 Kvantitativni in kvalitativni podatki . 28
6 Povzeti dokaz . 30
6.1 Splošno . 30
6.2 Statistike . 30
6.3 Kazalci uspešnosti knjižnice . 31
6.4 Podatki iz raziskav o zadovoljstvu uporabnikov . 33
7 Zbrani dokaz . 34
7.1 Splošno . 34
7.2 Raziskave vpliva knjižnice . 34
7.3 Intervjuji in fokusne skupine . 43
7.4 Samoocenjevanje uporabnikov . 49
7.5 Zbiranje anekdotskih dokazov . 51
8 Opazovani dokaz . 53
8.1 Splošno . 53
8.2 Opazovanje . 53
8.3 Analiza dnevniških datotek . 54
8.4 Zapiski uporabnikov . 55
8.5 Analiza navedb . 55
8.6 Testiranje vpliva na znanje in veščine . 56
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
9 Kombiniranje metod za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnice . 60
9.1 Kombiniranje kvalitativnih in kvantitativnih podatkov . 60
9.2 Primeri kombiniranja metod za prikazovanje vpliva knjižnice . 61
9.3 Prednosti in slabosti kombiniranja metod za ocenjevanje vpliva . 64
10 Ocenjevanje ekonomske vrednosti knjižnice . 65
10.1 Splošno . 65
10.2 Izračun vrednosti koristi knjižnice za uporabnike . 65
10.3 Analiza stroškov in koristi . 70
10.4 Analiza ekonomskega vpliva knjižnice . 71
Dodatek A (informativni): Primeri raziskav vpliva knjižnice . 73
Dodatek B (informativni): Izbira metode . 79
Dodatek C (informativni): Ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnice v sklopu širšega institucionalnega in
organizacijskega ocenjevanja . 83
Literatura. 88
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
Predgovor
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) je svetovna zveza nacionalnih organov za standarde
(članov ISO). Mednarodne standarde običajno pripravljajo tehnični odbori ISO. Vsak član, ki želi delovati
na določenem področju, za katerega je bil ustanovljen tehnični odbor, ima pravico biti zastopan v tem
odboru. Pri delu sodelujejo mednarodne vladne in nevladne organizacije, povezane z ISO. V vseh
zadevah, ki so povezane s standardizacijo na področju elektrotehnike, ISO tesno sodeluje z
Mednarodno elektrotehniško komisijo (IEC).
Postopki, uporabljeni pri razvoju tega dokumenta, ter postopki, namenjeni za njegovo nadaljnje
vzdrževanje, so opisani v Direktivah ISO/IEC, 1. del. Upoštevati je treba tudi različna merila za odobritev,
ki se uporabljajo za različne vrste dokumentov ISO. Ta dokument je bil pripravljen v skladu z uredniškimi
pravili v Direktivah ISO/IEC, 2. del (glej tudi www.iso.org/directives).
Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da je lahko nekaj elementov tega mednarodnega standarda predmet
patentnih pravic. ISO ne prevzema odgovornosti za ugotavljanje katerihkoli ali vseh takih patentnih
pravic. Podrobnosti vseh patentnih pravic, ki se pojavijo v tem dokumentu, bodo navedene v uvodu in/ali
na seznamu patentnih prijav ISO (glej www.iso.org/patents).
Vsaka blagovna znamka, uporabljena v tem dokumentu, služi le kot informacija uporabnikom za lažje
razumevanje in ne pomeni njenega promoviranja.
Za razlago pomena določenih terminov in izrazov ISO, povezanih z ugotavljanjem skladnosti, ter za
informacije o upoštevanju načel WTO o tehničnih ovirah pri trgovanju (TBT) pri ISO glej naslednji URL:
Foreword - Supplementary information.
Za ta dokument je odgovoren tehnični odbor ISO/TC 46 Informatika in dokumentacija, pododbor SC 8
Kakovost – Statistika in vrednotenje uspešnosti.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
Uvod
Ta mednarodni standard zagotavlja navodila za knjižnično skupnost o metodah za ocenjevanje vpliva
in vrednosti knjižnic. Razvit je bil zaradi splošnih zahtev po specifikacijah za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnice.
Metode, opisane v tem mednarodnem standardu, ne vključujejo vseh mogočih metod ali tehnik
vrednotenja; standard vključuje le metode ali tehnike, ki se najpogosteje uporabljajo in so dokazano
najuspešnejše pri ocenjevanju vpliva knjižnice. Ta mednarodni standard ne izključuje uporabe metod
za ocenjevanje, ki v njem niso navedene.
Obstajajo številne različne vrste knjižnic, z različnimi nalogami in ciljnimi populacijami; te knjižnice imajo
številne edinstvene značilnosti (struktura, financerji, upravljanje itd.), nanje vplivajo različni situacijski
dejavniki. Zaradi te raznolikosti v strukturi knjižnic po svetu je treba razumeti, da vseh metod, opisanih
v tem mednarodnem standardu, ni mogoče uporabiti v vseh knjižnicah.
V dodatku A so navedeni primeri raziskav vpliva. Dodatek B priporoča izbiro metod za različne namene.
Dodatek C opisuje primer ocenjevanja vpliva knjižnice v sklopu širšega institucionalnega in
organizacijskega ocenjevanja.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
Informatika in dokumentacija – Metode in postopki za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnic
1 Področje uporabe
Ta mednarodni standard določa izraze za ocenjevanje vpliva knjižnic ter metode za ocenjevanje vpliva:
– za namen strateškega načrtovanja in internega sistema vodenja kakovosti knjižnic,
– za omogočanje primerjav vpliva knjižnice v daljšem časovnem obdobju ter primerjav med
knjižnicami podobnih vrst in poslanstva,
– za promoviranje vloge in vrednosti knjižnic na učnem, raziskovalnem, izobraževalnem, kulturnem,
socialnem in ekonomskem področju,
– za podporo političnim odločitvam o ravni storitev in strateških ciljih knjižnic.
Ta mednarodni standard obravnava vpliv knjižnic na posameznike, institucije in celotno družbo.
Uporablja se lahko za vse vrste knjižnic v vseh državah, vendar pa vseh metod, opisanih v tem
mednarodnem standardu, ni mogoče uporabiti v vseh knjižnicah. Omejitve uporabe posameznih metod
so opredeljene v opisih metod.
2 Zveze s standardi
Za uporabo tega standarda so, delno ali v celoti, nujno potrebni spodaj navedeni referenčni dokumenti.
Pri datiranih sklicevanjih se uporablja le navedena izdaja. Pri nedatiranih sklicevanjih se uporablja
zadnja izdaja publikacije (vključno z dopolnili).
ISO 2789:2013 Informatika in dokumentacija – Mednarodna statistika za knjižnice
3 Izrazi in definicije
V tem dokumentu se uporabljajo naslednji izrazi in definicije.
3.1
visokošolska knjižnica
knjižnica, katere primarna funkcija je pokrivanje informacijskih potreb za izobraževalne in raziskovalne
namene
OPOMBA 1: Vključene so knjižnice visokošolskih izobraževalnih ustanov in splošne (znanstvene) knjižnice.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.1.1]
3.2
dostop
možnost dostopa in uporabe storitve, prostorov in opreme
3.3
dostopnost
enostavnost dostopa in uporabe storitve ali prostorov in opreme
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.2]
3.4
aktivni uporabnik
registrirani uporabnik, ki je v poročevalskem obdobju obiskal knjižnico ali uporabil knjižnično opremo
ali storitve
OPOMBA 1: Uporaba elektronskih storitev knjižnice je lahko vključena, če je mogoče identificirati elektronsko rabo in virtualne
obiske posameznega uporabnika oziroma če je podatke mogoče pridobiti z raziskavami.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.3]
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
3.5
anekdotski dokaz
dokaz, ki temelji na anekdoti ali zgodbi in je pridobljen naključno, neformalno, na podlagi osebnega
opazovanja ali izkušenj in ni preizkušen v praksi
3.6
razpoložljivost
stopnja, do katere so vsebine, dokumenti, prostori in oprema ali storitve, ki jih knjižnica zagotavlja,
uporabnikom dejansko na voljo takrat, ko jih zahtevajo
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.6]
3.7
korist
koristen ali dober učinek ali nekaj, kar je v pomoč
3.8
merjenje potrošnikovega presežka
v denarju izražena dodana vrednost, s katero potrošnik oceni vrednost izdelka ali storitve nad njegovo
nabavno ceno
3.9
kontingenčno vrednotenje
metoda za ocenjevanje tržne vrednosti nepridobitnih organizacij ali družbeno koristnih projektov, pri
kateri se podatki zbirajo z anketiranjem potencialnih uporabnikov, npr., koliko bi bili pripravljeni plačati
v zameno za to, da jim je določena dobrina na voljo (pripravljenost na plačilo), oziroma za kakšen znesek
bi se ji bili pripravljeni odreči (pripravljenost na sprejetje)
OPOMBA 1: Ta metoda se uporablja npr. pri varovanju okolja in zdravstveni oskrbi.
3.10
analiza stroškov in koristi
proces, ki ocenjuje razmerje med stroški podjetja in denarno vrednostjo nastale koristi
3.11
tehnika kritičnih dogodkov
CIT
raziskovalni pristop, s katerim je mogoče pridobiti najbolj nepozabne spomine na dogodek ali izkušnjo
OPOMBA 1: Tehnika kritičnih dogodkov se lahko uporablja pri individualnih intervjujih, intervjujih fokusnih skupin ali raziskavah.
3.12
kulturna ekonomija
vrsta ekonomije, ki preučuje povezavo med kulturo in njenimi ekonomskimi učinki ter raziskuje pojav
kulture kot ekonomskega dejavnika
3.13
podatkovno rudarjenje
proces avtomatiziranega, računalniško podprtega analiziranja kvantitativnih podatkov za odkrivanje
potencialno zanimivih, uporabnih vzorcev ter povzemanje potencialnih povezav in vplivov
3.14
digitalizacija
postopek pretvarjanja analognega gradiva v digitalno obliko
OPOMBA 1: Digitalizacija dokumenta iz knjižnične zbirke za dobavo uporabniku ali instituciji je izključena.
OPOMBA 2: Digitalizacija za namene ohranjanja je vključena.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
OPOMBA 3: Množična digitalizacija je vključena.
OPOMBA 4: Nakup elektronskih kopij gradiva za zamenjavo tiskanih kopij gradiva je izključen.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.3.15]
3.15
dokument
zapisana informacija ali materialni objekt, ki se lahko obravnava kot enota v dokumentacijskem procesu
OPOMBA1: Dokumenti se lahko razlikujejo po svoji fizični obliki in značilnostih.
[vir: ISO 5127:2001, definicija 1.2.2]
3.16
ekonomski vpliv
vpliv politike, institucije, programa ali dogodka na ekonomijo določenega območja
OPOMBA 1: Ekonomski vpliv se navadno opisuje z izrazi za spremembe v gospodarski rasti (rezultati dela ali dodana vrednost)
in povezanimi spremembami v zaposlovanju (zaposlitev) in dohodkih (plače).
3.17
uspešnost
mera za ugotavljanje stopnje doseganja zastavljenih ciljev
OPOMBA 1: Aktivnost je uspešna, kadar v največji možni meri dosega pričakovane rezultate.
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.15]
3.18
učinkovitost
mera za ugotavljanje izkoristka vloženih virov, potrebnih za uresničitev danega cilja
OPOMBA 1: Aktivnost je učinkovita, če zmanjša uporabo virov do najmanjše možne mere ali daje boljše rezultate z uporabo
enakih virov.
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.16]
3.19
zbirka elektronskih virov
vsi viri v knjižnični zbirki, ki so v elektronski obliki, tako izvorno digitalni kot tudi digitalizirani
OPOMBA 1: Zbirka elektronskih virov vključuje podatkovne zbirke, elektronske serijske publikacije in digitalne dokumente.
Prosto dostopni viri na internetu, ki jih je knjižnica katalogizirala v svojem online katalogu ali v podatkovni zbirki,
naj se štejejo ločeno.
OPOMBA 2: Viri so lahko v omrežju, nameščeni na samostojnih računalniških delovnih postajah ali shranjeni na fizičnih
nosilcih.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.3.21]
3.20
elektronska storitev
storitev knjižnice, dostavljena na elektronski način z lokalnih strežnikov ali zagotovljena preko omrežij
OPOMBA 1: Elektronske storitve knjižnice vključujejo online katalog, spletno mesto knjižnice, zbirko elektronskih virov,
elektronsko izposojo, elektronsko dostavo dokumentov (posredovano), elektronske referenčne storitve,
usposabljanje uporabnikov z uporabo elektronskih sredstev, storitve za mobilne naprave, storitve za interaktivno
uporabo (vključno s storitvami na družbenih omrežjih) ter dostop do interneta, ki ga zagotavlja knjižnica.
OPOMBA 2: Rezervacije fizičnih storitev knjižnice (na primer sob ali vodenih ogledov knjižnice) preko elektronskih sredstev
niso vključene.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.8]
3.21
vrednotenje
proces ocenjevanja uspešnosti, učinkovitosti, koristnosti in ustreznosti storitve ali opreme in
pripomočkov
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.19]
3.22
dogodek
predhodno dogovorjena aktivnost s kulturnim, izobraževalnim, socialnim, političnim, poučevalnim ali
kakim drugim namenom
OPOMBA 1: Vključeni so samo dogodki, ki jih organizira knjižnica sama ali v sodelovanju z drugimi institucijami, znotraj ali
zunaj knjižničnih prostorov. Dogodki, ki se odvijajo v knjižnici, vendar jih organizirajo zunanje institucije brez
sodelovanja knjižnice, so izključeni.
OPOMBA 2: Usposabljanja uporabnikov in vodeni ogledi knjižnice so izključeni.
OPOMBA 3: Tekoči programi knjižnice so vključeni. Vsaka izvedba programa se šteje za en dogodek.
OPOMBA 4: Virtualni dogodki so vključeni.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.9]
3.23
intervju s fokusno skupino
razprava s fokusno skupino
intervju s fokusno skupino v obliki vodene razprave manjše skupine izbranih udeležencev o temah, ki
jih predstavi moderator
3.24
namen
želeno stanje zadev, ki naj bi ga dosegli z izvajanjem dogovorjenih politik
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.24]
3.25
vpliv
razlika ali sprememba v vedenju posameznika ali družbe, ki izhaja iz stika s storitvami knjižnice
OPOMBA 1: Sprememba je lahko opredmetena ali neopredmetena.
3.26
informacijska pismenost
zmožnost opredelitve informacijskih potreb, prepoznavanja, pridobivanja, vrednotenja in uspešne
uporabe informacij
OPOMBA 1: Za informacijsko pismenost je bistvenega pomena pismenost kot zmožnost branja, pisanja in razumevanja
vsakdanjih sporočil.
OPOMBA 2: Vključene so veščine za uporabo informacijske tehnologije za dostop in pridobivanje informacij.
3.27
informacijsko vprašanje
neposredna in/ali administrativna poizvedba, dostavljena knjižničnemu osebju
OPOMBA 1: Vključena so na primer vprašanja o lokaciji osebja in storitev, vprašanja o odpiralnih časih in vpisnih postopkih ter
vprašanja o ravnanju z opremo, kot so tiskalniki ali računalniški terminali.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
OPOMBA 2: Vprašanje se lahko posreduje osebno ali preko telefona, običajne pošte, faksa ali elektronskih medijev (preko
elektronske pošte, spletnega mesta knjižnice ali preko omrežnih komunikacijskih mehanizmov).
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.13]
3.28
vloženi vir
prispevek virov v podporo knjižnici (kot so finančna sredstva, knjižnično osebje, knjižnične zbirke,
prostor, oprema)
3.29
internetni dostop
internetna povezava, ki jo vzpostavi uporabnik z računalniške delovne postaje v lasti knjižnice ali s
svojega računalnika v prostorih knjižnice preko računalniškega omrežja knjižnice
OPOMBA1: Internetni dostopi se lahko štejejo samo, kadar se uporabniki registrirajo ali pa se pri dostopu do interneta preveri
njihova istovetnost.
OPOMBA 2: Internetni dostop preko uporabnikovega lastnega računalnika (na primer prenosnika ali dlančnika), vzpostavljen
preko brezžične povezave knjižnice v prostorih knjižnice, naj se šteje in o njem poroča ločeno.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.17]
3.30
intervju
tehnika ustnega spraševanja, s katero se izvede prenos informacij od intervjuvanca do intervjuvarja
oziroma raziskovalca
OPOMBA1: Ta tehnika pridobi neposredne odgovore na vprašanja, v nasprotju z anketnimi vprašalniki in samoocenjevanjem
(uporabnikovi zapiski).
OPOMBA 2: Intervjuji lahko potekajo v obliki dialoga med dvema osebama ali pa kot skupinski intervjuji, odvisno od števila
intervjuvancev.
OPOMBA 3: Intervjuji so lahko strukturirani, polstrukturirani ali nestrukturirani.
OPOMBA 4: Kadar se polstrukturirani in nestrukturirani intervjuji uporabljajo pri skupini intervjuvancev, se opisujejo kot intervjuji
fokusnih skupin ali skupinske razprave.
3.31
knjižnica
organizacija ali del organizacije, katere osrednji namen je zagotavljati dostop do uporabe informacijskih
virov, storitev in pripomočkov, ki so potrebni za zadovoljevanje informacijskih, raziskovalnih,
izobraževalnih, kulturnih ali rekreacijskih potreb njenih uporabnikov
OPOMBA 1: Zagotavljanje zahtevanih informacijskih virov je mogoče doseči z gradnjo in vzdrževanjem zbirke in/ali z
organizacijo dostopa do informacijskih virov.
OPOMBA 2: To so osnovne zahteve za knjižnico in ne izključujejo kakšnih dodatnih virov in storitev, ki se pridružujejo njenemu
glavnemu namenu.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.1.6]
3.32
knjižnična zbirka
vsi dokumenti, ki jih knjižnica nudi svojim uporabnikom
OPOMBA 1: Zajeti so informacijski viri, ki so dostopni lokalno, in dislocirani viri, za katere si je knjižnica pridobila pravice
dostopa.
OPOMBA 2: Pravice dostopa si knjižnica lahko pridobi sama, preko konzorcijev ali preko zunanjega financiranja.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
OPOMBA 3: Pridobivanje gradiva je treba razumeti kot namenski izbor dokumentov, zagotovitev pravic dostopa do
dokumentov ter njihovo vključitev v online katalog ali drugo podatkovno zbirko knjižnice. Medknjižnična izposoja
in dostava dokumentov nista vključeni.
OPOMBA 4: Povezave z internetnimi viri, za katere si knjižnica ni zagotovila pravic dostopa s pravnim sporazumom (npr.
pravice do obveznega izvoda primerkov), licenco ali drugim pogodbenim in/ali vzajemnim sporazumom, niso
vključene. Internetni viri s prostim dostopom, ki jih je knjižnica katalogizirala v online katalogu knjižnice ali
podatkovni zbirki, naj se štejejo ločeno.
OPOMBA 5: Dokumenti v institucionalnem repozitoriju niso vključeni, vendar naj se štejejo ločeno, kadar knjižnica sodeluje pri
zbiranju enot in/ali upravljanju repozitorija.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.3.28]
3.33
knjižnica visokošolske izobraževalne ustanove
knjižnica, katere primarna funkcija je namenjena študentom ter akademskemu in strokovnemu osebju
na univerzah ter drugih institucijah izobraževanja na tretji (terciarni) in višjih ravneh
OPOMBA 1: Knjižnica lahko služi tudi splošni javnosti.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.1.7]
3.34
spletno mesto knjižnice
enotna domena na internetu, sestavljena iz vrste spletnih strani, ki jih objavlja knjižnica, da bi
zagotavljala dostop do storitev in virov knjižnice
OPOMBA 1: Strani spletnega mesta so navadno med seboj povezane z uporabo hipertekstnih povezav.
OPOMBA 2: Izključeni so dokumenti, ki ustrezajo definiciji zbirke elektronskih virov ali internetnih virov s prostim dostopom, do
katerih se je mogoče povezati s spletnega mesta knjižnice.
OPOMBA 3: Izključene so spletne storitve na domeni knjižnice, katerih operativnost zagotavljajo druge organizacije.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.18]
3.35
longitudinalna študija
raziskava, izvedena dvakrat ali več v daljšem časovnem obdobju; uporabi se enaka ali podobna raziskovalna
metoda na isti populaciji, da se izmerijo spremembe v vzorcih uporabe, dojemanja, obnašanja itd.
3.36
poslanstvo
izjava, ki jo odobrijo pristojni organi, v kateri so opredeljeni cilji knjižnice in ponudba njenih storitev ter
razvoj proizvodov
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.33]
3.37
nacionalna knjižnica
knjižnica, ki je odgovorna za pridobivanje in ohranjanje izvodov vsega pomembnega knjižničnega
gradiva v državi, v kateri je locirana
OPOMBA 1: Nacionalna knjižnica navadno izvaja eno ali vse naslednje funkcije: izdeluje nacionalno bibliografijo, hrani in
posodablja obširno in reprezentativno zbirko tuje literature, vključno z gradivom, ki se nanaša na državo, deluje
kot nacionalni bibliografski informacijski center, vzdržuje vzajemne kataloge, nadzoruje upravljanje drugih knjižnic
in/ali spodbuja sodelovanje med njimi, usmerja raziskovalne in razvojne storitve itd.
OPOMBA 2: Definicija "nacionalna knjižnica" dopušča več kot eno nacionalno knjižnico v eni državi.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.1.9]
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
3.38
skupinski individualni intervju
skupinski intervju brez medsebojne komunikacije članov skupine; vsak član zapiše odgovore na
moderatorjeva vprašanja, nato pa vsak posamezni član komentira odgovore
3.39
neuporabnik
oseba, ki spada k določeni populaciji potencialnih uporabnikov knjižnice, vendar ne uporablja fizičnih
in/ali elektronskih storitev te knjižnice
OPOMBA 1: Nekdanji uporabniki knjižnice so vključeni.
3.40
cilj
usmerjeni cilj aktivnosti, ki z uresničitvijo prispeva k doseganju cilja organizacije
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.34]
3.41
opazovanje
metoda zbiranja podatkov s pomočjo opazovanja določene situacije, pri tem se beležijo relevantna
dejstva, dejanja in obnašanja
OPOMBA 1: Raziskovalec lahko pri ocenjevanju opazovanega vedenja uporabi merilne lestvice.
3.42
odprti dostop
neomejen dostop do informacij, dokumentov ali informacijskih storitev
OPOMBA 1: V ožjem pomenu besede to pomeni, da so vsebine informacij prosto dostopne preko interneta.
[vir: ISO 5127:2001, definicija 5.2.11, spremenjena – dodana je opomba 1]
3.43
čas odprtosti
ure v običajnem tednu, ko so glavne fizične storitve knjižnice (na primer informacijska služba in storitve
izposoje, čitalnica) dostopne uporabnikom
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.4.7]
3.44
končni rezultat delovanja
neposreden, predviden učinek rezultatov dela knjižnice, ki je povezan s cilji in nameni strateškega
načrtovanja knjižnice (npr. število uporabnikov, raven zadovoljstva uporabnikov)
OPOMBA 1: Končni rezultati delovanja, ki se nanašajo na družbo ali na knjižnico kot ustanovo, so vključeni.
3.45
rezultat dela
storitve in izdelki, ki jih knjižnica ustvari v delovnem procesu (število katalogiziranih enot, število izposoj,
število odgovorjenih referenčnih vprašanj)
3.46
uspešnost delovanja
uspešnost zagotavljanja knjižničnih storitev ter učinkovitost razporejanja in rabe virov pri zagotavljanju
storitev
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.36]
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
3.47
kazalec uspešnosti delovanja
številčni, simbolni ali besedni izraz, pridobljen iz knjižnične statistike in podatkov, ki se uporablja za opis
delovanja knjižnice
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.37]
3.48
potencialni uporabniki
populacija, za katero je bila knjižnica ustanovljena, da ji zagotavlja storitve in gradivo
OPOMBA 1: Za splošne knjižnice je to navadno vse prebivalstvo upravnega območja (upravne enote); za knjižnice visokošolskih
izobraževalnih ustanov je to navadno skupno število akademskega in strokovnega osebja ter študentov.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.25]
3.49
potencialni uporabnik
oseba, ki pripada potencialnim uporabnikom knjižnice
OPOMBA 1: Ta definicija vključuje tako uporabnike kot tudi neuporabnike knjižničnih storitev.
3.50
delovni proces
zaporedje medsebojno povezanih ali vplivanih dejavnosti, ki vložene vire preoblikujejo v rezultate dela
(npr. katalogizacija, izposoja, referenčne storitve)
3.51
splošna knjižnica
splošna knjižnica, ki je javno dostopna in je namenjena celotni populaciji lokalne ali regionalne skupnosti
ter je navadno delno ali v celoti financirana iz javnih sredstev
OPOMBA 1: Splošna knjižnica je opredeljena kot javno dostopna, čeprav so njene storitve primarno namenjene določeni
skupini potencialnih uporabnikov, kot so otroci, slepi in slabovidni ali pacienti bolnišnice. Njene osnovne storitve
so lahko brezplačne ali dostopne s subvencionirano članarino. Ta definicija vključuje storitve, ki jih organizacija
splošnih knjižnic nudi šolam v regiji, ter storitve, ki jih regionalna organizacija nudi splošnim knjižnicam v regiji.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.1.10]
3.52
kvalitativni podatki
podatki, ki opisujejo, vendar ne merijo lastnosti ali značilnosti predmeta oz. razloga za neko dejanje
OPOMBA 1: Lastnosti se lahko razvrščajo v razrede, ki so jim dodeljene številčne vrednosti.
3.53
kakovost
stopnja, do katere skupek svojstvenih karakteristik izpolnjuje zahteve
OPOMBA 1: Izraz "kakovost" se lahko uporablja s pridevniki, kot so npr. slaba, dobra ali odlična.
OPOMBA 2: "Svojstven" za razliko od "dodeljen" pomeni, da v nečem ali na njem nekaj obstaja, zlasti kot trajna karakteristika.
[vir: ISO 9000:2005, definicija 3.1.1]
3.54
kvantitativni podatki
številčni podatki, ki izražajo določeno količino, vrednost ali raven in omogočajo statistično obdelavo
OPOMBA 1: Kvantitativni podatki so navadno izraženi v merskih enotah, npr. v številu izposoj ali odstotku intervjuvancev, ki
obiskujejo knjižnico.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
3.55
vprašalnik
niz vprašanj v raziskavi ali v strukturiranem oz. polstrukturiranem intervjuju
OPOMBA 1: Vprašanja so lahko zaprtega (udeleženci obkrožujejo vnaprej pripravljene odgovore) ali odprtega (udeleženci
odgovarjajo s svojimi besedami) tipa.
3.56
referenčno vprašanje
informacijski stik, ki ga izvede knjižnično osebje in vključuje poznavanje ali uporabo enega ali več
informacijskih virov (kot so tiskano in netiskano gradivo, računalniško berljive podatkovne zbirke,
katalogi v lasti knjižnice ali drugih institucij)
OPOMBA 1: Vključena so lahko tudi priporočila, razlage ali navodila za uporabo takih vrst virov.
OPOMBA 2: Eno referenčno vprašanje lahko obsega več poizvedb.
OPOMBA 3: Vprašanje se lahko posreduje osebno ali preko telefona, navadne pošte, faksa ali elektronskih medijev (preko
elektronske pošte, spletnega mesta knjižnice ali omrežnih komunikacijskih mehanizmov).
OPOMBA 4: Ključno pri tem je, da knjižnice ne vključijo informativnih (tj. upravnih in administrativnih) vprašanj, kot so vprašanja
o lokacijah osebja in storitev, glede odpiralnih časov ali opreme, kot so tiskalniki ali računalniški terminali.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.26]
3.57
referenčna storitev
zagotavljanje informacij in pomoči kot odgovor na zahtevo po informacijah in organizaciji dokumentov
[vir: ISO 5127:2001, definicija 5.5.06]
3.58
registrirani uporabnik, član knjižnice
oseba ali organizacija, ki se je včlanila v knjižnico, da bi v skladu z njenimi pravili uporabljala njeno
knjižnično zbirko in/ali storitve znotraj knjižničnih prostorov ali zunaj njih
OPOMBA 1: Uporabniki se lahko včlanijo na lastno zahtevo ali neposredno pri vpisu v institucijo.
OPOMBA 2: Registracije naj se spremljajo v rednih časovnih obdobjih, najmanj vsaka tri leta, da se neaktivni uporabniki lahko
odstranijo s seznama uporabnikov.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.28]
3.59
zanesljivost
stopnja, do katere ukrep ponovljivo in konsistentno daje enake rezultate
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.44]
3.60
donosnost naložbe
ROI
odnos med celotnim denarnim donosom knjižnice in celotnim zneskom v knjižnico vloženih virov
OPOMBA 1: Donosnost naložbe se navadno računa za fiskalno leto tako, da se ocenjeni finančni donos deli s celotnimi stroški
knjižnice.
OPOMBA 2: ROI se lahko izračuna za celotno knjižnico ali pa za določeno storitev knjižnice.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
3.61
šolska knjižnica
knjižnica, ki deluje v vseh vrstah šol pod tretjo (terciarno) ravnjo izobraževanja, katere primarna funkcija
je nuditi storitve učencem in učiteljem na takšni šoli
OPOMBA 1: Šolska knjižnica lahko nudi storitve tudi splošni populaciji.
OPOMBA 2: Vključene so tudi knjižnice in zbirke virov v vseh izobraževalnih institucijah pod terciarno ravnjo, ki jih je mogoče
poimenovati z nazivi, kot so "višja šola", "višja šola za dopolnilno izobraževanje", "ljudska univerza" itd.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.1.11]
3.62
samoocenjevanje
proces kritičnega ocenjevanja kakovosti posameznikovih lastnih veščin, znanja ali sposobnosti
OPOMBA 1: Ocenjevanje se navadno izvaja s pomočjo pisnega ali online vprašalnika, v katerem nekaj ali vsa vprašanja od
respondentov zahtevajo ocenjevanje ravni lastnega znanja na določeni lestvici.
3.63
uporabnikovi zapiski
zapiski uporabnikov o njihovem vedenju in/ali obnašanju pri iskanju in rabi informacij v daljšem
časovnem obdobju, navadno v obliki dnevnika
OPOMBA 1: Zapiski se lahko uporabijo za določanje vpliva knjižnice.
OPOMBA 2: Dnevnik je lahko strukturiran (z navodili za opazovanje) ali nesktrukturiran (pisec sam izbira teme).
3.64
socialni vpliv
vpliv obstoja in storitev knjižnice na populacijo bližnje okolice ali na družbo na splošno
3.65
družbena donosnost naložbe
SROI
metoda za merjenje dodatne finančne vrednosti (tj. okoljske in socialne vrednosti, ki se trenutno ne
odražata v običajnih finančnih poročilih)
3.66
specialna knjižnica
samostojna knjižnica, ki pokriva eno disciplino ali določeno področje znanja oziroma specialni regionalni
interes
OPOMBA 1: Izraz "specialna knjižnica" vključuje knjižnice, ki so primarno namenjene specializirani skupini uporabnikov ali se
primarno posvečajo določeni obliki gradiva, ter knjižnice, ki jih sponzorirajo določene organizacije, da služijo
njenim lastnim potrebam, povezanim z njenim delovanjem.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.1.12, spremenjena – opomba 2 je zbrisana]
3.67
raziskava
metoda zbiranja podatkov z uporabo pisnega vprašalnika za zbiranje podatkov celotne izbrane
populacije ali vzorca izbrane populacije
OPOMBA 1: Raziskava se lahko izvaja z osebnimi intervjuji, z dokumenti, preko telefona, elektronske pošte ali interneta.
3.68
ciljna populacija
skupine dejanskih in morebitnih uporabnikov, ki jih posamezna knjižnica šteje za primarne uporabnike
specifičnih storitev ali za primarne uporabnike specifičnih gradiv
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
[vir: ISO 11620:–, definicija 3.47]
3.69
ciljna populacija s posebnimi potrebami
del potencialnih uporabnikov knjižnice s potrebami, ki zahtevajo posebne knjižnične storitve
OPOMBA 1: Vzrok posebnih potreb je lahko telesna okvara ali okvara zdravja, ekonomski položaj (dolgotrajna brezposelnost),
kulturne razlike (na primer govorci tujega jezika, prišleki), izobrazba ali druge okoliščine, ki zahtevajo posebne
knjižnične storitve.
OPOMBA 2: Otroci, mladina in starostniki brez dodatnih posebnih potreb niso vključeni.
OPOMBA 3: Knjižnica ima lahko več kot eno ciljno populacijo s posebnimi potrebami.
OPOMBA 4: Posameznik lahko pripada več kot eni taki ciljni populaciji.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.35]
3.70
uporabnik
prejemnik storitev knjižnice
OPOMBA 1: Prejemnik je lahko oseba ali institucija, vključno s knjižnicami.
OPOMBA 2: Knjižnične storitve vključujejo elektronske storitve, fizične storitve in obiskovanje knjižničnih prostorov.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.36]
3.71
uporabniško mesto
prostor za branje ali študij, predviden za uporabnike, s sedeži ali opremo ali brez njih
OPOMBA 1: Vključeni so prostori v bralnih celicah (karelih), seminarskih in študijskih sobah, avdiovizualnih otroških oddelkih
knjižnice ter neformalni sedeži v sprejemnicah, skupnih prostorih itd.
OPOMBA 2: Izključeni so sedeži v dvoranah, predavalnicah in avditorijih gledališč, namenjenih za publiko pri posebnih
dogodkih. Prav tako so izključeni sedeži na hodnikih ter blazine, na katerih uporabniki lahko sedijo.
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.4.11]
3.72
raziskava o zadovoljstvu uporabnikov
raziskava, izvedena na vzorcu uporabnikov knjižnice, s katero se ugotavljajo raven kakovosti
uporabnikovih izkušenj pri rabi knjižnice ter morebitni predlogi za izboljšanje
OPOMBA 1: Raziskava se lahko izvaja z osebnimi intervjuji, dokumenti, preko telefona, elektronske pošte ali interneta.
OPOMBA 2: Raziskava lahko vsebuje vprašanja o statusu uporabnika, o pogostosti in načinu rabe storitev in virov, ki jih
knjižnica zagotavlja.
OPOMBA 3: V longitudinalni študiji je raziskava izvedena dvakrat ali več v daljšem časovnem obdobju; uporabi se enaka ali
podobna raziskovalna metoda na isti populaciji, da se izmerijo spremembe v vzorcih rabe, dojemanja, obnašanja
itd.
3.73
usposabljanje uporabnikov
program usposabljanja, vzpostavljen z določenim načrtom izvedbe učnih vsebin, katerih cilj so specifični
učni rezultati za uporabo knjižnice in drugih informacijskih storitev
OPOMBA 1: Usposabljanje uporabnikov se lahko izvede kot vodenje po knjižnici, vpogled v delovanje knjižnice ali kot spletna
storitev za uporabnike.
OPOMBA 2: Čas trajanja izvedbe učnih vsebin ni pomemben.
SIST ISO 16439 : 2015
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.37]
3.74
veljavnost
obseg, do katerega morajo rezultati raziskovalnega procesa dejansko predstavljati tisto, kar naj bi
predstavljali
[vir: ISO 20252:2006, definicija 2.62]
3.75
vrednost
pomembnost, ki jo deležniki (financerji, politika, javnost, uporabniki, osebje) pripisujejo knjižnici in je
povezana z dojemanjem dejanske ali potencialne koristi
OPOMBA 1: Denarna vrednost je lahko vključena.
3.76
virtualni obisk
en cikel uporabniških aktivnosti na spletnem mestu knjižnice, ki ga uporabniki izvedejo z IP-naslovov, ki niso
v lasti knjižnice (navadno zunaj prostorov knjižnice), ne glede na število ogledanih strani ali elementov
OPOMBA 1: Virtualni obisk se navadno začne po uporabnikovem dostopu do vstopne strani na spletnem mestu knjižnice in
konča, kadar v določenem časovnem intervalu (največ 30 minut) ni zaznana nobena aktivnost. Naslednji dostop
po daljšem intervalu pomeni nov obisk.
OPOMBA 2: Virtualni obiskovalec naj se identificira vsaj z enoličnim piškotkom in/ali enolično kombinacijo uporabniškega IP-
naslova in niza brskalnika (uporabniški agent). Znani spletni programi za iskanje podatkov (pajki) in sistemi za
zajemanje spleta naj se izključijo.
OPOMBA 3: Povzeto po ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.39.
3.77
obisk
oseba (posameznik), ki vstopi v prostore knjižnice
[vir: ISO 2789:2013, definicija 2.2.40]
4 Definicija in opis vpliva knjižnice
4.1 Splošno
Knjižnice lahko na splošno zagotavljajo vsaj osnovne podatke o virih, vloženih v svoje storitve
(financiranje, osebje, zbirke, prostori, oprema), in o neposrednih rezultatih teh storitev (o številu izposoj,
obiskov, prevzemov vsebinskih enot, referenčnih transakcij itd.). Te vrste statistike se zbirajo bolj ali
manj redno. Definicije in postopki zbiranja so opisani v standardu ISO 2789 (Mednarodna statistika za
knjižnice).
Poleg takšnega količinskega štetja so knjižnice razvile tudi merila za ocenjevanje kakovosti svojih
storitev in stroškovne učinkovitosti delovanja knjižnice. Takšni kazalci kakovosti oziroma kazalci
uspešnosti so opisani v standardu ISO 11620 (Kazalci uspešnosti knjižnic).
V zadnjih letih se od nepridobitnih organizacij vse pogosteje pričakuje, da bodo dokazale svojo vrednost za
posameznike, matične organizacije in celotno družbo. Za knjižnice je tradicionalno veljalo, da je njihova
koristnost sama po sebi očitna. Vendar pa uporabniki postajajo vse bolj neodvisni v svojih postopkih iskanja
informacij, za katere se zdi, da so prosto dostopne na spletu; posledično se pojavljajo dvomi o koristnosti
knjižničnih storitev tako pri financerjih kot tudi v javnosti. Knjižnice so zato razvile in preizkusile metode za
prepoznavanje in dokazovanje vrednosti za posamezne uporabnike in za celotno družbo.
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