SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-21:2022

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-21:2022
01-september-2022
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik za lepljenje
Space engineering - Adhesive bonding handbook
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch zu geklebten Verbindungen
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de collage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17603-32-21:2022
ICS:
49.025.50 Lepila Adhesives
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-21:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-21:2022

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SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-21:2022


TECHNICAL REPORT CEN/TR 17603-32-21

RAPPORT TECHNIQUE

TECHNISCHER BERICHT
June 2022
ICS 49.025.50; 49.030.99; 49.140

English version

Space engineering - Adhesive bonding handbook
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel de collage Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch zu geklebten
Verbindungen


This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 13 April 2022. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/CLC/JTC 5.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
























CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
Ref. No. CEN/TR 17603-32-21:2022 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.

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Table of contents
European Foreword . 27
1 Scope . 28
2 References . 29
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 30
3.1 Terms from other documents . 30
3.2 Terms specific to the present document’ . 30
3.3 References . 48
4 Joining . 49
4.1 Joining methods for space structures. 49
4.1.1 General . 49
4.1.2 Adhesive bonding . 49
4.1.3 Mechanical fastening disadvantages . 50
4.2 References . 51
4.2.1 General . 51
4.2.2 ECSS documents . 52
5 Adherends . 53
5.1 Introduction . 53
5.1.1 General . 53
5.1.2 Polymer composites . 54
5.1.3 Metals . 54
5.1.4 Ceramics . 55
5.2 Advanced composites . 56
5.2.1 Polymer-based composites . 56
5.2.2 FML - Fibre metal laminates . 60
5.2.3 MMC - Metal matrix composites . 60
5.3 Metals . 61
5.3.1 Structural materials . 61
5.3.2 New materials . 61
5.4 Higher-temperature applications . 62
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5.4.1 Adherends . 62
5.4.2 Adhesives . 62
5.4.3 General guidelines . 64
5.5 Low-temperature and cryogenic applications . 64
5.5.1 Adherends . 64
5.5.2 Adhesives . 64
5.5.3 General guidelines . 65
5.6 Bonds between adherends . 65
5.6.1 General . 65
5.6.2 Composite-to-composite . 65
5.6.3 Composite-to-metal . 66
5.6.4 Metal-to-metal . 66
5.6.5 Dissimilar materials . 66
5.7 References . 67
5.7.1 General . 67
5.7.2 ECSS documents . 68
6 Adhesive characteristics and properties . 69
6.1 Introduction . 69
6.1.1 General . 69
6.1.2 Guidelines . 69
6.2 Types of adhesives . 70
6.2.1 Formulation . 70
6.2.2 Characteristics . 70
6.2.3 Mechanical properties . 73
6.2.4 Environmental durability . 73
6.2.5 Aerospace structural adhesives . 74
6.3 Epoxy-based adhesives . 74
6.3.1 General . 74
6.3.2 Properties . 75
6.3.3 Environmental durability . 80
6.4 Polyimide-based adhesives . 84
6.4.1 General . 84
6.4.2 Properties . 85
6.5 Bismaleimide-based adhesives. 87
6.5.1 General . 87
6.5.2 Properties . 87
6.6 Silicone-based adhesives . 89
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6.6.1 General . 89
6.6.2 Properties . 89
6.6.3 Environmental durability . 91
6.7 Elastomeric adhesives . 92
6.7.1 General . 92
6.8 Adhesives used in space . 92
6.8.1 Adhesive systems . 92
6.9 References . 96
6.9.1 General . 96
6.9.2 Data sheets . 97
6.9.3 Sources . 98
6.9.4 ECSS documents . 98
6.9.5 Other standards . 98
7 Adhesive selection . 99
7.1 Introduction . 99
7.2 Adhesive selection factors . 99
7.2.1 Guidelines . 99
7.2.2 Evaluation exercise . 99
7.2.3 Trade-off . 100
7.3 Post application selection factors . 101
7.3.1 Earth environment . 101
7.3.2 Space environment . 103
7.4 Pre-application selection factors . 106
7.4.1 Joint design . 106
7.4.2 Adhesive systems . 106
7.4.3 Environmental factors . 108
7.4.4 Cost factors . 108
7.5 Application . 109
7.5.1 Method . 109
7.5.2 Cure factors . 110
7.5.3 Health and safety . 111
7.6 Adhesive screening criteria for space . 112
7.7 References . 113
7.7.1 General . 113
7.7.2 ECSS documents . 114
7.7.3 Other standards . 115
8 Basic joint types . 116
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8.1 Introduction . 116
8.2 Bond or mechanically fasten . 116
8.2.1 General . 116
8.2.2 Adhesive bonding in the space industry . 118
8.3 Loading modes . 118
8.4 Tensile shear loading . 119
8.4.1 General . 119
8.4.2 Joint geometry . 120
8.4.3 Composite adherends . 122
8.5 References . 124
8.5.1 General . 124
8.5.2 Sources . 124
8.5.3 ECSS documents . 125
9 Joint selection . 126
9.1 Introduction . 126
9.2 Joint strength . 126
9.2.1 Failure modes . 126
9.2.2 Guidelines . 130
9.2.3 Joint design . 131
9.3 Fatigue resistance . 132
9.3.1 General . 132
9.3.2 Joint evaluation . 132
9.3.3 Factors influencing fatigue resistance . 133
9.4 Acoustic fatigue resistance . 135
9.4.1 Bonded carbon/epoxy composite joints . 135
9.5 References . 137
9.5.1 General . 137
10 Theory and design practices . 138
10.1 Introduction . 138
10.1.1 Analysis . 138
10.1.2 Factors of safety . 138
10.2 Basic theories of bonded joints . 138
10.2.1 Shear lag analysis . 138
10.2.2 Linear-elastic stress-strain response . 139
10.2.3 Non-linear stress-strain response . 139
10.3 Environmental factors for bonded joints . 144
10.3.1 Effect of temperature and moisture . 144
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10.4 Effect of bonding defects . 148
10.4.1 General . 148
10.4.2 Description of bonding defects . 148
10.4.3 NDT non-destructive techniques . 156
10.5 Double lap and double strap joints . 158
10.5.1 Stress distribution . 158
10.6 Single lap joints . 162
10.6.1 General . 162
10.6.2 Load path eccentricity . 162
10.6.3 Joint efficiencies . 162
10.6.4 Adhesive characteristics. 165
10.7 Double-sided stepped lap joints . 165
10.7.1 Joint strength . 165
10.7.2 Adherend stiffness balance . 165
10.8 Single-sided stepped lap joints . 168
10.8.1 Joint strength . 168
10.9 Scarf joints . 168
10.9.1 Joint strength . 168
10.10 Calculation of bonded joint strength . 169
10.11 Analysis of joint configurations . 169
10.11.1 Analytical notation . 169
10.11.2 Single lap shear joint . 170
10.11.3 Double lap shear joint . 173
10.11.4 Double-lap shear joint under mechanical and temperature loads . 175
10.11.5 Single taper scarf joint . 183
10.11.6 Double taper scarf joint . 184
10.11.7 Stepped lap joint . 185
10.11.8 Analysis of environmental factors . 186
10.12 Analytical design tools . 187
10.12.1 General . 187
10.12.2 Commercial software . 187
10.12.3 In-house software . 187
®
10.13 ESAComp . 187
10.13.1 Background . 187
10.13.2 Usage and scope . 188
10.13.3 Analysis and data . 188
10.14 Astrium: Example spreadsheet . 191
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10.14.1 General . 191
10.14.2 Usage and scope . 191
10.14.3 Analysis and data . 191
10.15 ESDU data and software . 194
10.15.1 General . 194
10.15.2 ESDU 78042: Bonded joints - 1. 194
10.15.3 ESDU 79016: Bonded joints – 2 . 195
10.15.4 ESDU 80011: Bonded joints – 3 . 196
10.15.5 ESDU 80039: Bonded joints – 4 . 196
10.15.6 ESDU 81022: Bonded joints – 5 . 197
10.16 Design chart . 198
10.16.1 Aide memoire . 198
10.16.2 Joint category . 198
10.17 References . 201
10.17.1 General . 201
10.17.2 ECSS documents . 203
10.17.3 Other standards . 203
11 Design allowables . 204
11.1 Introduction . 204
11.2 Single lap joint . 205
11.2.1 Static loading . 205
11.2.2 Dynamic loading . 209
11.3 Double lap joint . 211
11.3.1 Static loading . 211
11.4 Symmetrical double scarf joint . 212
11.4.1 Static loading . 212
11.4.2 Dynamic loading . 214
11.5 References . 216
11.5.1 General . 216
11.5.2 ECSS documents . 216
12 Surface preparation . 217
12.1 Introduction . 217
12.1.1 General . 217
12.1.2 Standard processes . 218
12.1.3 Development processes . 219
12.1.4 Process steps . 219
12.1.5 Legislation . 219
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12.2 Composites: Thermosetting matrix . 219
12.2.1 General . 219
12.2.2 Techniques . 220
12.2.3 Abrasion . 220
12.2.4 Peel ply . 222
12.3 Composites: Thermoplastic matrix . 222
12.3.1 General . 222
12.3.2 Proposed methods . 223
12.4 Aluminium alloys . 224
12.4.1 Aerospace aluminium alloys . 224
12.4.2 MMC and Al-Lithium alloys . 224
12.4.3 Optimised Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) etch. 225
12.4.4 Phosphoric acid anodising (PAA) . 227
12.4.5 Chromic acid anodising (CAA) . 227
12.4.6 Boric sulphuric acid anodising (BSAA) . 228
12.4.7 Thin film sulphuric acid anodising (TFSAA) . 231
12.4.8 Solvent vapour cleaning . 231
12.4.9 Development processes . 232
12.5 Titanium al
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