SIST EN 13001-2:2011
(Main)Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
This European Standard is to be used together with Part 1 and series of Part 3 and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent hazards of cranes by design and theoretical verification.
NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European Standard for the particular crane type.
The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clause 4 is necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards:
a) rigid body instability of the crane or its parts (tilting and shifting);
b) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
c) elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging);
d) exceeding temperature limits of material or components;
e) exceeding the deformation limits.
This European Standard is applicable to cranes which are manufactured after the date of approval by CEN of this standard and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types.
Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2: Lasteinwirkungen
Diese Europäische Norm ist zusammen mit Teil 1 und Teil 3 anzuwenden und spezifiziert allgemeine Bedingungen, Anforderungen und Methoden zur Vermeidung von Gefahren bei Kranen durch die Konstruktion und theoretische Überprüfung. Teil 3 befindet sich in der Vorentwurfsphase; die Verwendung der Teile 1 und 2 setzt nicht die Veröffentlichung von Teil 3 voraus.
ANMERKUNG Besondere Anforderungen für spezielle Krantypen sind in der zugehörigen Europäischen Norm für den speziellen Krantyp angegeben.
Im Folgenden ist eine Auflistung von wichtigen gefährlichen Situationen und gefährlichen Ereignissen gegeben, die Risiken für Personen während des normalen Gebrauchs (des Krans) und vorhersehbarem Missbrauch zur Folge haben könnten. Abschnitt 4 dieser Norm wird zur Reduzierung oder Eliminierung der mit den folgenden Gefahrensituationen verbundenen Risiken benötigt:
a) Starrkörperinstabilität des Krans oder seiner Teile;
b) Überschreitung der Festigkeitsgrenzwerte (Fließen, Bruch, Ermüdung);
c) Überschreitung von Temperaturgrenzwerten des Werkstoffs oder der Komponenten;
d) elastische Instabilität des Krans oder seiner Teile;
e) Überschreitung der Verformungsgrenzwerte.
Diese Europäische Norm ist anwendbar für Krane, die nach dem Datum der Genehmigung dieser Norm durch CEN hergestellt werden, und dient als Referenzgrundlage für die Europäischen Normen für spezielle Krantypen.
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 2: Effets de charge
La présente Norme européenne doit être utilisée conjointement avec la partie 1 et les séries de la partie 3 qui spécifient les conditions, exigences et méthodes générales afin d'éviter les risques mécaniques dus aux appareils de levage à charge suspendue, en utilisant la conception et la vérification théorique.
NOTE Les prescriptions spécifiques relatives aux types particuliers d’appareils de levage à charge suspendue sont données dans la Norme européenne appropriée pour le type particulier d’appareil de levage à charge suspendue.
La liste suivante spécifie les situations et les événements dangereux significatifs susceptibles d'entraîner des risques pour les personnes lors d'une utilisation normale et d'une mauvaise utilisation prévisible. L'Article 4 est nécessaire pour réduire ou éliminer les risques associés à ces phénomènes dangereux :
a) instabilité de corps rigide de l’appareil de levage à charge suspendue ou de ses éléments (inclinaison, déplacement) ;
b) dépassement des limites de résistance (élasticité, rupture, fatigue) ;
c) instabilité élastique de l’appareil de levage à charge suspendue ou de ses éléments (flambage, voilement) ;
d) dépassement des limites de température du matériau ou des composants ;
e) dépassement des limites de déformation.
La présente Norme européenne s'applique aux appareils de levage à charge suspendues construites après sa date d'approbation par le CEN et sert de référence pour les normes européennes sur les types d’appareils particuliers.
Varnost dvigala (žerjava) - Konstrukcija, splošno - 2. del: Učinki obremenitev
Ta evropski standard je namenjen uporabi skupaj s 1. delom in serijo 3. dela in kot tak opredeljuje splošne pogoje, zahteve in metode za preprečevanje nevarnosti pri dvigalih (žerjavih) z načrtovanjem in teoretičnim preverjanjem.
OPOMBA: Posebne zahteve za določene vrste dvigal (žerjavov) so navedene v ustreznem evropskem standardu za določeno vrsto dvigala (žerjava).
Spodaj sledi seznam bistvenih nevarnih situacij in nevarnih dogodkov, ki lahko povzročijo tveganje oseb med normalno uporabo in predvidljivo napačno uporabo. Točka 4 je potrebna za zmanjševanje ali odpravo tveganj, povezanih z naslednjimi nevarnostmi:
a) nestabilnost togega telesa dvigala (žerjava) ali njegovih delov (nagibanje in premikanje);
b) preseganje mejnih vrednosti trdnosti (napetosti, končne trdnosti, utrujenosti);
c) elastična nestabilnost dvigala (žerjava) ali njegovih delov (uklanjanje, izbočenje);
d) preseganje temperaturnih omejitev materiala ali komponent;
e) preseganje omejitev deformacije.
Ta evropski standard velja za dvigala (žerjave), izdelana po datumu, ko je CEN ta standard odobril, in se uporablja kot referenčna podlaga za evropske standarde za nekatere vrste dvigal (žerjavov).
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2: LasteinwirkungenSécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 2: Effets de chargeCrane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions53.020.20DvigalaCranesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13001-2:2011SIST EN 13001-2:2011en,fr,de01-junij-2011SIST EN 13001-2:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13001-2:2005+A3:20091DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13001-2
April 2011 ICS 53.020.20 Supersedes EN 13001-2:2004+A3:2009English Version
Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 2: Effets de charge
Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2: Lasteinwirkungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 February 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13001-2:2011: ESIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4Introduction .51 Scope .62 Normative references .63 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations .63.1 Terms and definitions .63.2 Symbols and abbreviations .64 Safety requirements and/or measures . 114.1 General . 114.2 Loads . 114.2.1 General . 114.2.2 Regular loads . 124.2.3 Occasional loads . 184.2.4 Exceptional loads . 254.3 Load combinations . 314.3.1 General . 314.3.2 High risk applications . 324.3.3 Mass distribution classes MDC1 and MDC2 . 324.3.4 Partial safety factors for the mass of the crane . 334.3.5 Partial safety factors to be applied to loads caused by displacements . 334.3.6 Survey of load combinations . 344.3.7 Partial safety factors for the proof of rigid body stability . 38Annex A (normative)
Aerodynamic coefficients . 41A.1 General . 41A.2 Individual members . 44A.3 Plane and spatial lattice structure members . 49A.4 Structural members in multiple arrangement . 52Annex B (informative)
Illustration of the types of hoist drives . 54Annex C (informative)
Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 58Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC . 59Bibliography . 60 SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 3 Tables Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations . 7 Table 2 — Values of ββββ2 and φφφφ2,min . 13 Table 3 — Values of vh for estimation of φφφφ2 . 14 Table 4 — In-service wind states . 20 Table 5 — Values of ξξξξ1i, ξξξξ2i, νννν1i and νννν2i . 24 Table 6 — Reference storm wind velocities vref in dependence on regions in Europe as shown in Figure 12 . 28 Table 7 — Values of factor pγ . 33 Table 8 — Values of the partial safety factor pγ to be applied to loads due to intended
displacements . 33 Table 9 — Values of the partial safety factor pγ to be applied to loads due to unintended displacements . 34 Table 10 — Loads, load combinations and partial safety factors . 35 Table 11 — Partial safety factors for the proof of rigid body stability . 39 Table A.1 — Relative aerodynamic length ααααr . 43 Table A.2 — Aerodynamic coefficients co for individual members of circular sections . 45 Table A.3 — Aerodynamic coefficients coy, coz for individual flat sided structural members . 46 Table A.4 — Aerodynamic coefficients co for individual structural members of triangular and rectangular hollow sections . 48 Table A.5 — Characteristic areas A and aerodynamic coefficients co for plane and spatial lattice structure members . 49 Table A.6 — Characteristic areas A and aerodynamic coefficients co of structural members in multiple arrangement . 52 Table B.1 — Hoist drive types . 54
SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 13001-2:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 13001-2:2004+A3:2009. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is integral part of this document. CEN/TC 147 / WG 2 "Cranes – Design General" has developed a revision of this document to give added value, which differ from EN 13001-2:2004+A3:2009 as follows: Table 3 - Definition of HD 1 … HD 5 are modified and Annex B – illustration added to clarify HD 1…HD 5 classes. NOTE This document does not change the previous content. This European Standard is one Part of EN 13001. The other parts are as follows: Part 1: General principles and requirements Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of rope reeving components Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 5 Introduction This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonised standard to provide one means for the mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components. This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in the EN ISO 12100. The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this European Standard. When provisions of this type C standard are different from those, which are stated in type A or B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard. SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard is to be used together with Part 1 and series of Part 3 and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent hazards of cranes by design and theoretical verification. NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European Standard for the particular crane type. The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clause 4 is necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards: a) rigid body instability of the crane or its parts (tilting and shifting); b) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue); c) elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging); d) exceeding temperature limits of material or components; e) exceeding the deformation limits. This European Standard is applicable to cranes which are manufactured after the date of approval by CEN of this standard and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1990:2002, Eurocode — Basics of structural design EN 13001-1, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100:2010) ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990:2002 and ISO 4306-1:2007, Clause 6 apply. 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this European Standard, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply. SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 7 Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations Symbols, abbreviations Description A1 to A4 Load combinations including regular loads A Characteristic area of a crane member Ag Projection of the gross load on a plane normal to the direction of the wind velocity Ac Area enclosed by the boundary of a lattice work member in the plane of its characteristic height d Aj Area of an individual crane member projected to the plane of the characteristic height d bh Width of the rail head b Characteristic width of a crane member B1 to B5 Load combinations including regular and occasional loads c Spring constant ca, coy, coz Aerodynamic coefficients co Aerodynamic coefficient C1 to C9 Load combinations including regular, occasional and exceptional loads CFF, CFM Coupled wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M d Characteristic dimension of a crane member di, dn Distance between wheel pair i or n and the guide means eG Width of the gap of a rail f Friction coefficient fi Loads fq Natural frequency frec Term used in calculating v(z) F Force F, Fy, Fz Wind loads Fb Buffer force Fˆ Maximum buffer force Fi, Ff Initial and final drive force ∆F Change of drive force Fx1i, Fx2i Tangential wheel forces Fy1i, Fy2i Fy Guide force Fz1i, Fz2i Vertical wheel forces
SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 8 Table1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations Description F/F, F/M Abbreviations for Fixed/Fixed and Fixed/Moveable, characterizing the possibility of lateral movements of the crane wheels g Gravity constant h Distance between instantaneous slide pole and guide means of a skewing crane h(t) Time-dependent unevenness function hs Height of the step of a rail H1, H2 Lateral wheel forces induced by drive forces acting on a crane or trolley with asymmetrical mass distribution HC1 to HC4 Hoisting classes HD1 to HD5 Classes of the type of hoist drive and its operation method i Serial number IFF, IFM Independent wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M j Serial number k Serial number K Drag-coefficient of terrain K1, K2 Roughness factors l Span of a crane la Aerodynamic length of a crane member lo Geometric length of a crane member mH Mass of the gross or hoist load m Mass of the crane and the hoist load ∆mH Released or dropped part of the hoist load MDC1, MDC2 Mass distribution classes n Number of wheels at each side of the crane runway nr Exponent used in calculating γn nm Exponent used in calculating the shielding factor η p Number of pairs of coupled wheels q Equivalent static wind pressure q Mean wind pressure q(z) Equivalent static storm wind pressure q(3) Wind pressure at v(3) r Wheel radius R Stormwind recurrence interval Re Reynold number SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 9 Table1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations Description sg Slack of the guide sy Lateral slip at the guide means syi Lateral slip at wheel pair i S Load effect Sˆ Maximum load effect S1, S2 Stability classes Si, Sf Initial and final load effects ∆S Change of load effect t Time u Buffer stroke û Maximum buffer stroke v Travelling speed of the crane v Constant mean wind velocity *v Constant mean wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to the longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration v(z) Equivalent static storm wind velocity v(z)* Equivalent static storm wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to the longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration v(3) Gust wind velocity averaged of a period of 3 seconds vg Three seconds gust amplitude vh Hoisting speed vh,max Maximum steady hoisting speed vh,CS Steady hoisting creep speed vm(z) Ten minutes mean storm wind velocity in the height z vref Reference storm wind velocity wb Distance between the guide means z Height above ground level z(t) Time-dependent coordinate of the mass centre αr Relative aerodynamic length αw Angle between the direction of the wind velocity v or v(z) and the longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration α Skewing angle αg Part of the skewing angle α due to the slack of the guide SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 10 Table1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations Description αG Term used in calculating φ4 αs Term used in calculating φ4 αt Part of the skewing angle α due to tolerances αw Part of the skewing angle α due to wear β Angle between horizontal plane and non-horizontal wind direction β2 Term used in calculating φ2 β3 Term used in calculating φ3 γf Overall safety factor γm Resistance coefficient γn Risk coefficient γp Partial safety factor δ Term used in calculating φ1 εS Conventional start force factor εM Conventional mean drive force factor η Shielding factor ηW Factor for remaining hoist load in out of service condition λ Aerodynamic slenderness ratio µ, µ′ Parts of the span l F Term used in calculating the guide force Fy F1i, F2i Terms used in calculating Fy1i and Fy2i ξ Term used in calculating φ7 ξ1i, ξ2i Term used in calculating Fx1i and Fx2i ξG(αG), ξs(αs) Curve factors ρ Density of the air ϕ Solidity ratio φi Dynamic factors φ1 Dynamic factor for hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane φ2 Dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects by hoisting an unrestrained grounded load φ2,min Term used in calculating φ2 SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 11 Table1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations Description φ3 Dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects by sudden release of a part of the hoist load φ4 Dynamic factor for loads caused by travelling on uneven surface φ5 Dynamic factor for loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives φ6 Dynamic factor for test loads φ7 Dynamic factor for loads due to buffer forces φ8 Gust response factor ψ Reduction factor used in calculating aerodynamic coefficients
4 Safety requirements and/or measures 4.1 General Machinery shall conform to the safety requirements and/or measures of this clause. In addition, the machine shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100 for hazards relevant but not significant which are not dealt with by this document (e.g. sharp edges). 4.2 Loads 4.2.1 General 4.2.1.1 Introduction The loads acting on a crane are divided into the categories of regular, occasional and exceptional as given in 4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.3 and 4.2.1.4. For the proof calculation of means of access loads only acting locally are given in 4.2.5. These loads shall be considered in proof against failure by uncontrolled movement, yielding, elastic instability and, where applicable, against fatigue. 4.2.1.2 Regular loads a) Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane; b) inertial and gravity effects acting vertically on the hoist load; c) loads caused by travelling on uneven surface; d) loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives; e) loads induced by displacements. Regular loads occur frequently under normal operation. SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 12 4.2.1.3 Occasional loads a) Loads due to in-service wind; b) snow and ice loads; c) loads due to temperature variation; d) loads caused by skewing. NOTE Occasional loads occur infrequently. They are usually neglected in fatigue assessment. 4.2.1.4 Exceptional loads a) Loads caused by hoisting a grounded load under exceptional circumstances; b) loads due to out-of-service wind; c) test loads; d) loads due to buffer forces; e) loads due to tilting forces; f) loads caused by emergency cut-out; g) loads caused by failure of mechanism or components; h) loads due to external excitation of crane foundation; i) loads caused by erection and dismantling. NOTE Exceptional loads are also infrequent and are likewise usually excluded from fatigue assessment. 4.2.2 Regular loads 4.2.2.1 Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane When lifting the load off the ground or when releasing the load or parts of the load vibrational excitation of the crane structure shall be taken into account. The gravitational force induced by the mass of the crane or crane parts shall be multiplied by the factor φ1. The masses of cranes or crane parts in class MDC1 (see 4.3.3) shall be multiplied by 1,00,11≤≤+=δδφ (1) The value of δ depends on the crane structure and shall be specified. The divisions of masses of crane parts in class MDC2 (see 4.3.3) shall be multiplied by 05,00,11≤≤±=δδφ (2) depending on whether their gravitational acting is partly increasing (+δ) or decreasing (−δ) the resulting load effects in the critical points selected for the proof calculation. The mass of the crane includes those components which are always in place during operation except for the net load itself. For some cranes or applications, it may be necessary to add mass to account for accumulation of debris. SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 13 4.2.2.2 Inertial and gravity effects acting vertically on the hoist load 4.2.2.2.1 Hoisting an unrestrained grounded load In the case of hoisting an unrestrained grounded load, the hereby induced vibrational effects shall be taken into account by multiplying the gravitational force due to the mass of the hoist load by a factor φ2 (see Figure 1). The mass of the hoist load includes the masses of the payload, lifting attachments and a portion of the suspended hoist ropes or chains etc.
Figure 1 — Factor φ2 The factor φ2 shall be taken as follows: h2min,22v+=φφ (3) φ2,min and β2 are given in Table 2 for the appropriate hoisting class. For the purposes of this European Standard, cranes are assigned to hoisting classes ranging from HC1 to HC4 according to their dynamic and elastic characteristics. HC1 requires a flexible structure and a drive system with smooth dynamic characteristics, whereas a rigid structure and a drive system with sudden speed changes imply HC4. The selection of hoisting classes depends on the particular type of cranes and is dealt with in the European Standards for specific crane types, see Annex B. Equally, values of φ2 can be determined by experiments or analysis without reference to hoisting class. vh is the characteristic hoisting speed, in meters per second, related to the lifting attachment. Values of vh in relation to steady hoisting speeds and hoist drive classes are given in Table 3. Table 2 — Values of β2 and φ2,min Hoisting class of appliance β2 φ2,min HC1 0,17 1,05 HC2 0,34 1,10 HC3 0,51 1,15 HC4 0,68 1,20
SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 14 Table 3 — Values of vh for estimation of φ2 Load combination (see 4.3.6) Type of hoist drive and its operation method HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 HD5 A1, B1 vh,max vh,CS vh,CS 0,5 × vh,max vh = 0 C1 – vh,max – vh,max 0,5 × vh,max
where HD1 is the creep speed is not available or the start of the drive without creep speed is possible; HD2 is the hoist drive can only start at creep speed of at least a preset duration; HD3 is the hoist drive control maintains creep speed until the load is lifted off the ground; HD4 is the step-less hoist drive control, which performs with continuously increasing speed; HD5 is the step-less hoist drive control automatically ensures that the dynamic factor ϕ2 does not exceed ϕ2,min; vh,max is the maximum steady hoisting speed; vh,CS is the steady hoisting creep speed. See Annex B for illustration of the types of hoist drives. 4.2.2.2.2 Sudden release of a part of the hoist load For cranes that release a part of the hoist load as a normal working procedure, the peak dynamic action on the crane can be taken into account by multiplying the hoist load by the factor φ3 (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 — Factor φ3 SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 15 The factor φ3 shall be taken as follows: ()3HH311mm+∆−=φ (4) where ∆mH is the released part of the hoist load; mH is the mass of the hoist load; β3 = 0,5 for cranes equipped with grabs or similar slow-release devices; β3 = 1,0 for cranes equipped with magnets or similar rapid-release devices. 4.2.2.3 Loads caused by travelling on uneven surface The dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, with or without load, on or off roadways or on rail tracks shall be estimated, by experiment or by calculation using an appropriate model for the crane or the trolley and the travel surface or the track, and shall be specified. When calculating the dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, the induced accelerations shall be taken into account by multiplying the gravitational forces due to the masses of the crane and hoist load by a factor φ4. European Standards for specific crane types specify tolerances for rail tracks and ground conditions and give conventional values for φ4. Where there is no specific factor φ4, it may be estimated by using a simple single mass — spring — model for the crane as shown in Figure 3.
Key m mass of the crane and the hoist load v constant horizontal travelling speed of the crane c spring constant z(t) coordinate of the mass centre h(t) unevenness function describing the step or gap of the rail Figure 3 — Single mass model of a crane for determining the factor φ4 φ4 may be calculated as follows: s22421ξπφg rv+= (5) for travelling over a step (see Figure 4 a)); SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 16 G22421ξπφg rv+= (6) for travelling over a gap (see Figure 4 b)); where v is the constant horizontal travelling speed of the crane; r is the wheel radius; g = 9,81 m/s2 is the gravity constant. ξs(αs), ξG(αG) are curve factors that become maximum for the time period after the wheel has passed the unevenness; they can be determined for αs < 1,3 and αG < 1,3 by the diagrams given in Figure 5. where ssqs22hrvhf=α (see Figure 5 a)); vefGqG=α (see Figure 5 b)); hs is the height of the step (see Figure 4); eG is the width of the gap (see Figure 4); fq = π2/mc is the natural frequency of a single mass model of the crane (see Figure 3). If unknown, to be taken as 10 Hz.
a) Travelling over a step b)Travelling over a gap Figure 4 — Movement of the wheel centre SIST EN 13001-2:2011
EN 13001-2:2011 (E) 17
a) Travelling over a stepb)Travelling over a gapFigure 5 — Curve factors ξs(αs) and ξG(αG) NOTE The use of this simple model is restricted to cranes whose actual dynamic behaviour corresponds to that of the model. If more than one natural mode contributes a significant response and/or rotation occurs, the designer should estimate the dynamic loads using an appropriate model for the circumstances. 4.2.2.4 Loads caused by acceleration of drives Loads induced in a crane by acceleration or decelerations caused by drive forces may be calculated using rigid body kinetic models. For this purpose, the gross load is taken
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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2: LasteinwirkungenSécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 2: Effets de chargeCrane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions53.020.20DvigalaCranesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:FprEN 13001-2kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010en,fr,de01-december-2010kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
FINAL DRAFT
FprEN 13001-2
August 2010 ICS 53.020.20 Will supersede EN 13001-2:2004+A3:2009English Version
Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
Sécurité des appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 2: Effets de charge
Kransicherheit - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 2: Lasteinwirkungen This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for unique acceptance procedure. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 147.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
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FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4Introduction .51 Scope .62 Normative references .63 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations .63.1 Terms and definitions .63.2 Symbols and abbreviations .64 Safety requirements and/or measures . 114.1 General . 114.2 Loads . 114.2.1 General . 114.2.2 Regular loads . 124.2.3 Occasional loads . 184.2.4 Exceptional loads . 254.3 Load combinations . 314.3.1 General . 314.3.2 High risk applications . 324.3.3 Mass distribution classes MDC1 and MDC2 . 324.3.4 Partial safety factors for the mass of the crane . 334.3.5 Partial safety factors to be applied to loads caused by displacements . 334.3.6 Survey of load combinations . 344.3.7 Partial safety factors for the proof of rigid body stability . 38Annex A (normative)
Aerodynamic coefficients . 41A.1 General . 41A.2 Individual members . 44A.3 Plane and spatial lattice structure members . 49A.4 Structural members in multiple arrangement . 52Annex B (informative)
Illustration of the types of hoist drives . 54Annex C (informative)
Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 58Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC . 59Bibliography . 60 kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 3 Tables Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations . 7 Table 2 — Values of ββββ2 and φφφφ2,min . 13 Table 3 — Values of vh for estimation of φφφφ2 . 14 Table 4 — In-service wind states . 20 Table 5 — Values of ξξξξ1i, ξξξξ2i, νννν1i and νννν2i . 24 Table 6 — Reference storm wind velocities vref in dependence on regions in Europe as shown in Figure 12 . 28 Table 7 — Values of factor pγ . 33 Table 8 — Values of the partial safety factor pγ to be applied to loads due to intended
displacements . 33 Table 9 — Values of the partial safety factor pγ to be applied to loads due to unintended displacements . 34 Table 10 — Loads, load combinations and partial safety factors . 35 Table 11 — Partial safety factors for the proof of rigid body stability . 39 Table A.1 — Relative aerodynamic length ααααr . 43 Table A.2 — Aerodynamic coefficients co for individual members of circular sections . 45 Table A.3 — Aerodynamic coefficients coy, coz for individual flat sided structural members . 46 Table A.4 — Aerodynamic coefficients co for individual structural members of triangular and rectangular hollow sections . 48 Table A.5 — Characteristic areas A and aerodynamic coefficients co for plane and spatial lattice structure members . 49 Table A.6 — Characteristic areas A and aerodynamic coefficients co of structural members in multiple arrangement . 52 Table B.1 — Hoist drive types . 54
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FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 4 Foreword This document (FprEN 13001-2:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This document is currently submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure. This document will supersede EN 13001-2:2004+A3:2009. CEN/TC 147 / WG 2 "Cranes – Design General" has developed a revision of this document to give added value, which differ from EN 13001-2:2004+A3:2009 as follows: Table 3 - Definition of HD 1 … HD 5 are modified and Annex B – illustration added to clarify HD 1…HD 5 classes. NOTE This document does not change the previous content. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is integral part of this document. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This European Standard is one Part of EN 13001. The other parts are as follows: Part 1: General principles and requirements Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of rope reeving components Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery
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FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 5 Introduction This European Standard has been prepared to be a harmonised standard to provide one means for the mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform with the essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended. This standard also establishes interfaces between the user (purchaser) and the designer, as well as between the designer and the component manufacturer, in order to form a basis for selecting cranes and components. This European Standard is a type C standard as stated in the EN ISO 12100-1. The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in the scope of this European Standard. When provisions of this type C standard are different from those, which are stated in type A or B standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard. kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard is to be used together with Part 1 and series of Part 3 and as such they specify general conditions, requirements and methods to prevent hazards of cranes by design and theoretical verification. NOTE Specific requirements for particular types of crane are given in the appropriate European Standard for the particular crane type. The following is a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. Clause 4 is necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with the following hazards: a) rigid body instability of the crane or its parts (tilting and shifting); b) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue); c) elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging); d) exceeding temperature limits of material or components; e) exceeding the deformation limits. This European Standard is applicable to cranes which are manufactured after the date of approval by CEN of this standard and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 1990:2002, Eurocode — Basics of structural design EN 13001-1, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003) EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 2: Technical principles and specifications (ISO 12100-2:2003) ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes — Vocabulary — Part 1: General 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1990:2002 and ISO 4306-1:2007, Clause 6 apply. 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations For the purposes of this European Standard, the symbols and abbreviations given in Table 1 apply. kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 7 Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations Symbols, abbreviations Description A1 to A4 Load combinations including regular loads A Characteristic area of a crane member Ag Projection of the gross load on a plane normal to the direction of the wind velocity Ac Area enclosed by the boundary of a lattice work member in the plane of its characteristic height d Aj Area of an individual crane member projected to the plane of the characteristic height d bh Width of the rail head b Characteristic width of a crane member B1 to B5 Load combinations including regular and occasional loads c Spring constant ca, coy, coz Aerodynamic coefficients co Aerodynamic coefficient C1 to C9 Load combinations including regular, occasional and exceptional loads CFF, CFM Coupled wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M d Characteristic dimension of a crane member di, dn Distance between wheel pair i or n and the guide means eG Width of the gap of a rail f Friction coefficient fi Loads fq Natural frequency frec Term used in calculating v(z) F Force F, Fy, Fz Wind loads Fb Buffer force Fˆ Maximum buffer force Fi, Ff Initial and final drive force ∆F Change of drive force Fx1i, Fx2i Tangential wheel forces Fy1i, Fy2i Fy Guide force Fz1i, Fz2i Vertical wheel forces
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FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 8 Table1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations Description F/F, F/M Abbreviations for Fixed/Fixed and Fixed/Moveable, characterizing the possibility of lateral movements of the crane wheels g Gravity constant h Distance between instantaneous slide pole and guide means of a skewing crane h(t) Time-dependent unevenness function hs Height of the step of a rail H1, H2 Lateral wheel forces induced by drive forces acting on a crane or trolley with asymmetrical mass distribution HC1 to HC4 Hoisting classes HD1 to HD5 Classes of the type of hoist drive and its operation method i Serial number IFF, IFM Independent wheel pairs of system F/F or F/M j Serial number k Serial number K Drag-coefficient of terrain K1, K2 Roughness factors l Span of a crane la Aerodynamic length of a crane member lo Geometric length of a crane member mH Mass of the gross or hoist load m Mass of the crane and the hoist load ∆mH Released or dropped part of the hoist load MDC1, MDC2 Mass distribution classes n Number of wheels at each side of the crane runway nr Exponent used in calculating γn nm Exponent used in calculating the shielding factor η p Number of pairs of coupled wheels q Equivalent static wind pressure q Mean wind pressure q(z) Equivalent static storm wind pressure q(3) Wind pressure at v(3) r Wheel radius R Stormwind recurrence interval Re Reynold number kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 9 Table1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations Description sg Slack of the guide sy Lateral slip at the guide means syi Lateral slip at wheel pair i S Load effect Sˆ Maximum load effect S1, S2 Stability classes Si, Sf Initial and final load effects ∆S Change of load effect t Time u Buffer stroke û Maximum buffer stroke v Travelling speed of the crane v Constant mean wind velocity *v Constant mean wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to the longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration v(z) Equivalent static storm wind velocity v(z)* Equivalent static storm wind velocity if the wind direction is not normal to the longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration v(3) Gust wind velocity averaged of a period of 3 seconds vg Three seconds gust amplitude vh Hoisting speed vh,max Maximum steady hoisting speed vh,CS Steady hoisting creep speed vm(z) Ten minutes mean storm wind velocity in the height z vref Reference storm wind velocity wb Distance between the guide means z Height above ground level z(t) Time-dependent coordinate of the mass centre αr Relative aerodynamic length αw Angle between the direction of the wind velocity v or v(z) and the longitudinal axis of the crane member under consideration α Skewing angle αg Part of the skewing angle α due to the slack of the guide kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 10 Table1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations Description αG Term used in calculating φ4 αs Term used in calculating φ4 αt Part of the skewing angle α due to tolerances αw Part of the skewing angle α due to wear β Angle between horizontal plane and non-horizontal wind direction β2 Term used in calculating φ2 β3 Term used in calculating φ3 γf Overall safety factor γm Resistance coefficient γn Risk coefficient γp Partial safety factor δ Term used in calculating φ1 εS Conventional start force factor εM Conventional mean drive force factor η Shielding factor ηW Factor for remaining hoist load in out of service condition λ Aerodynamic slenderness ratio µ, µ′ Parts of the span l F Term used in calculating the guide force Fy F1i, F2i Terms used in calculating Fy1i and Fy2i ξ Term used in calculating φ7 ξ1i, ξ2i Term used in calculating Fx1i and Fx2i ξG(αG), ξs(αs) Curve factors ρ Density of the air ϕ Solidity ratio φi Dynamic factors φ1 Dynamic factor for hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane φ2 Dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects by hoisting an unrestrained grounded load φ2,min Term used in calculating φ2 kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 11 Table1 (continued) Symbols, abbreviations Description φ3 Dynamic factor for inertial and gravity effects by sudden release of a part of the hoist load φ4 Dynamic factor for loads caused by travelling on uneven surface φ5 Dynamic factor for loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives φ6 Dynamic factor for test loads φ7 Dynamic factor for loads due to buffer forces φ8 Gust response factor ψ Reduction factor used in calculating aerodynamic coefficients
4 Safety requirements and/or measures 4.1 General Machinery shall conform to the safety requirements and/or measures of this clause. In addition, the machine shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100-1 and EN ISO 12100-2 for hazards relevant but not significant which are not dealt with by this document (e.g. sharp edges). 4.2 Loads 4.2.1 General 4.2.1.1 Introduction The loads acting on a crane are divided into the categories of regular, occasional and exceptional as given in 4.2.1.2, 4.2.1.3 and 4.2.1.4. For the proof calculation of means of access loads only acting locally are given in 4.2.5. These loads shall be considered in proof against failure by uncontrolled movement, yielding, elastic instability and, where applicable, against fatigue. 4.2.1.2 Regular loads a) Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane; b) inertial and gravity effects acting vertically on the hoist load; c) loads caused by travelling on uneven surface; d) loads caused by acceleration of all crane drives; e) loads induced by displacements. Regular loads occur frequently under normal operation. kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 12 4.2.1.3 Occasional loads a) Loads due to in-service wind; b) snow and ice loads; c) loads due to temperature variation; d) loads caused by skewing. NOTE Occasional loads occur infrequently. They are usually neglected in fatigue assessment. 4.2.1.4 Exceptional loads a) Loads caused by hoisting a grounded load under exceptional circumstances; b) loads due to out-of-service wind; c) test loads; d) loads due to buffer forces; e) loads due to tilting forces; f) loads caused by emergency cut-out; g) loads caused by failure of mechanism or components; h) loads due to external excitation of crane foundation; i) loads caused by erection and dismantling. NOTE Exceptional loads are also infrequent and are likewise usually excluded from fatigue assessment. 4.2.2 Regular loads 4.2.2.1 Hoisting and gravity effects acting on the mass of the crane When lifting the load off the ground or when releasing the load or parts of the load vibrational excitation of the crane structure shall be taken into account. The gravitational force induced by the mass of the crane or crane parts shall be multiplied by the factor φ1. The masses of cranes or crane parts in class MDC1 (see 4.3.3) shall be multiplied by 1,00,11≤≤+=δδφ (1) The value of δ depends on the crane structure and shall be specified. The divisions of masses of crane parts in class MDC2 (see 4.3.3) shall be multiplied by 05,00,11≤≤±=δδφ (2) depending on whether their gravitational acting is partly increasing (+δ) or decreasing (−δ) the resulting load effects in the critical points selected for the proof calculation. The mass of the crane includes those components which are always in place during operation except for the net load itself. For some cranes or applications, it may be necessary to add mass to account for accumulation of debris. kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 13 4.2.2.2 Inertial and gravity effects acting vertically on the hoist load 4.2.2.2.1 Hoisting an unrestrained grounded load In the case of hoisting an unrestrained grounded load, the hereby induced vibrational effects shall be taken into account by multiplying the gravitational force due to the mass of the hoist load by a factor φ2 (see Figure 1). The mass of the hoist load includes the masses of the payload, lifting attachments and a portion of the suspended hoist ropes or chains etc.
Figure 1 — Factor φ2 The factor φ2 shall be taken as follows: h2min,22v+=φφ (3) φ2,min and β2 are given in Table 2 for the appropriate hoisting class. For the purposes of this European Standard, cranes are assigned to hoisting classes ranging from HC1 to HC4 according to their dynamic and elastic characteristics. HC1 requires a flexible structure and a drive system with smooth dynamic characteristics, whereas a rigid structure and a drive system with sudden speed changes imply HC4. The selection of hoisting classes depends on the particular type of cranes and is dealt with in the European Standards for specific crane types, see Annex B. Equally, values of φ2 can be determined by experiments or analysis without reference to hoisting class. vh is the characteristic hoisting speed, in meters per second, related to the lifting attachment. Values of vh in relation to steady hoisting speeds and hoist drive classes are given in Table 3. Table 2 — Values of β2 and φ2,min Hoisting class of appliance β2 φ2,min HC1 0,17 1,05 HC2 0,34 1,10 HC3 0,51 1,15 HC4 0,68 1,20
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FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 14 Table 3 — Values of vh for estimation of φ2 Load combination (see 4.3.6) Type of hoist drive and its operation method HD1 HD2 HD3 HD4 HD5 A1, B1 vh,max vh,CS vh,CS 0,5 × vh,max vh = 0 C1 – vh,max – vh,max 0,5 × vh,max
where HD1 is the creep speed is not available or the start of the drive without creep speed is possible; HD2 is the hoist drive can only start at creep speed of at least a preset duration; HD3 is the hoist drive control maintains creep speed until the load is lifted off the ground; HD4 is the step-less hoist drive control, which performs with continuously increasing speed; HD5 is the step-less hoist drive control automatically ensures that the dynamic factor ϕ2 does not exceed ϕ2,min; vh,max is the maximum steady hoisting speed; vh,CS is the steady hoisting creep speed. See Annex B for illustration of the types of hoist drives. 4.2.2.2.2 Sudden release of a part of the hoist load For cranes that release a part of the hoist load as a normal working procedure, the peak dynamic action on the crane can be taken into account by multiplying the hoist load by the factor φ3 (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 — Factor φ3 kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 15 The factor φ3 shall be taken as follows: ()3HH311mm+∆−=φ (4) where ∆mH is the released part of the hoist load; mH is the mass of the hoist load; β3 = 0,5 for cranes equipped with grabs or similar slow-release devices; β3 = 1,0 for cranes equipped with magnets or similar rapid-release devices. 4.2.2.3 Loads caused by travelling on uneven surface The dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, with or without load, on or off roadways or on rail tracks shall be estimated, by experiment or by calculation using an appropriate model for the crane or the trolley and the travel surface or the track, and shall be specified. When calculating the dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, the induced accelerations shall be taken into account by multiplying the gravitational forces due to the masses of the crane and hoist load by a factor φ4. European Standards for specific crane types specify tolerances for rail tracks and ground conditions and give conventional values for φ4. Where there is no specific factor φ4, it may be estimated by using a simple single mass — spring — model for the crane as shown in Figure 3.
Key m mass of the crane and the hoist load v constant horizontal travelling speed of the crane c spring constant z(t) coordinate of the mass centre h(t) unevenness function describing the step or gap of the rail Figure 3 — Single mass model of a crane for determining the factor φ4 φ4 may be calculated as follows: s22421ξπφg rv+= (5) for travelling over a step (see Figure 4 a)); kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
FprEN 13001-2:2010 (E) 16 G22421ξπφg rv+= (6) for travelling over a gap (see Figure 4 b)); where v is the constant horizontal travelling speed of the crane; r is the wheel radius; g = 9,81 m/s2 is the gravity constant. ξs(αs), ξG(αG) are curve factors that become maximum for the time period after the wheel has passed the unevenness; they can be determined for αs < 1,3 and αG < 1,3 by the diagrams given in Figure 5. where ssqs22hrvhf=α (see Figure 5 a)); vefGqG=α (see Figure 5 b)); hs is the height of the step (see Figure 4); eG is the width of the gap (see Figure 4); fq = π2/mc is the natural frequency of a single mass model of the crane (see Figure 3). If unknown, to be taken as 10 Hz.
a) Travelling over a step b)Travelling over a gap Figure 4 — Movement of the wheel centre kSIST FprEN 13001-2:2010
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a) Travelling over a stepb)Travelling over a gapFigure 5 — Curve factors ξs(αs) and ξG(αG) NOTE The use of this simple model is restricted to cranes whose actual dynamic behaviour corresponds to that of the model. If more than one natural mode contributes a significant response and/or rotation occurs, the designer should estimate the dynamic loads using an appropriate model for the circumstances. 4.2.2.4 Loads caused by acceleration of drives Loads induced in a crane by acceleration or decelerations caused by drive forces may be calculated using rigid body kinetic models. For this purpose, the gross load is taken to be fixed at the top of the jib or immediately below the crab. The load effect Sˆ shall be applied to the components exposed to the drive forces and where applic
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