kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026
(Main)Road vehicles - Electrically propelled vehicles - Swappable battery system applied to L-category vehicles
- Abstract
This document describes main technical specifications to be considered for ensuring interoperability and compatibility of swappable battery systems for small batteries, at battery-system level, vehicle level and charging-station level.
NOTE For specifications at battery system level and charging station level, see also EN IEC 62840 1, IEC 62840 3 and EN 50604 1.
The document is applicable to L-category vehicles, although some vehicles included in that category might not fit in terms of power or energy rating.
This document focuses on the following aspects that are crucial towards interoperability and compatibility:
— electrical specifications;
— mechanical specifications;
— connector specifications;
— BMS and communication protocols;
— safety and security specifications (including cybersecurity).
The document specifies requirements for the following:
— applications with the following numbers and configuration of battery systems;
— single (1S1P);
— maximum 2 in series – 1 in parallel (2S1P);
— maximum 1 in series – 6 in parallel (1S6P);
— maximum 2 in series – 2 in parallel (2S2P).
— battery-vehicle interface;
— battery-charging station interface;
— charging station.
Interoperability among charging station and operators is not covered in this document.
- Status
- Not Published
- Public Enquiry End Date
- 25-Nov-2026
- Technical Committee
- CEV - Electric passenger and commercial vehicles
- Current Stage
- 5520 - Unique Acceptance Procedure (UAP) (Adopted Project)
- Start Date
- 10-Sep-2026
- Due Date
- 28-Jan-2027
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 is the Slovenian standard published by SIST for swappable battery systems used in electrically propelled L-category road vehicles. It sets technical rules for interoperability and compatibility between the battery, the vehicle, and the charging station, with focus on electrical, mechanical, connector, communication, safety, and cybersecurity aspects. It is aimed at designers, manufacturers, test labs, quality managers, and buyers who need a common battery-swap interface.
What does kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 specify?
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 specifies the main technical characteristics needed for swappable battery systems for small batteries in L-category vehicles. It covers the battery-system level, the vehicle level, and the charging-station level, while the scope note points readers to EN IEC 62840-1, IEC 62840-3, and EN 50604-1 for related battery-system and charging-station details.
The document applies to L-category vehicles, although the scope notes that some vehicles in that category may not fit the power or energy rating assumptions. It also states that interoperability between charging station and operators is not covered.
The document is organized into these main parts:
- Clause 1 Scope
- Clause 2 Normative references
- Clause 3 Terms and definitions
- Clause 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
- Clause 5 Principle
- Clause 6 Safety and security specifications
- Clause 7 Mechanical specifications
- Clause 8 Electrical specifications
- Clause 9 Connector specifications
- Clause 10 State machine specifications
- Clause 11 Vehicle management system or vehicle control unit (CAN wake-up)
- Annex A and Annex B
| Annex | What it covers |
|---|---|
| Annex A | Swappable battery system dimensions, including the battery shape, handle dimensions, reference casing for endurance testing, and connector pinout and interface drawings |
| Annex B | Interface communication requirements, including the minimum CAN matrix, signal list, and value tables |
What are the key requirements of kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026?
Compatibility and permitted configurations
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 is built around the principle that compliant batteries, vehicles, and charging stations should work together without special modifications. Clause 5 also allows multi-battery use within the configurations named in the document, including single, series, parallel, and combined arrangements.
For users, this means the swap system is meant to behave like a common interface across brands and models. For manufacturers, it means the battery, vehicle and charger have to be designed as a matched system, not as isolated parts.
Safety, security and BMS behavior
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 requires the swappable battery system to meet the electrical safety expectations linked to ISO 13063-3, with a stricter voltage-class requirement for 2S1P and 2S2P configurations. Clause 6 also requires crash or accident events to be stored in non-volatile memory, considers functional safety for the project, and requires the BMS to be protected against cyberattacks in line with ISO/SAE 21434.
In practice, this means the battery management system (BMS) is not only a control unit but also part of the safety case. Teams need to think about fault recording, software protection, and the safety process early in development.
Mechanical design and durability
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 sets a compact battery form for manual handling, with a rectangular-prism shape, a top handle, and a bottom connector. The battery case must contain all battery-system components, the battery mass must stay within the small-battery limit, and the enclosure must meet IP65 in both mated and unmated conditions.
Clause 7 also addresses repeated use and ruggedness: insertion and removal endurance, clamping force, plugging cycles, vibration, shock, drop, thermal shock, water exposure, fire resistance, dewing, salt resistance, and air-tightness. For buyers and quality teams, this shows the document is not just about fit, but about whether the battery can survive daily swapping, weather, transport, and handling over its service life.
Electrical performance and operating limits
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 sets operating voltage limits, discharge and charge capability, rated energy, self-discharge, cycle life, efficiency, and protection behavior. It also requires pre-charge, overload protection, short-circuit protection, and electromagnetic compatibility.
This matters because compatibility depends on more than connector shape. A battery has to deliver the expected power, charge safely in cold and warm conditions, keep energy losses low enough for practical use, and maintain usable capacity over time.
Connector and communication interface
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 defines a reversible connector architecture, with the vehicle or charging-station side as the male panel connector and the battery side as the female panel connector. It also defines pin engagement order, connector marking, force limits, retention force, mating-cycle endurance, electrical performance, environmental performance, and safety performance, including protection against electrical shock.
The practical effect is that the connector is treated as a controlled interface, not just a plug. Integrators must respect pin order, pinout, marking, and endurance limits so the battery can connect reliably and safely over many swap cycles.
State machine and CAN communication
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 requires the BMS to implement a state machine as the primary battery interface. Clause 10 defines states such as POWER OFF, INIT, IDLE, ACTIVE, SHUTDOWN, SLEEP, FAULT OFF, and PROGRAMMING, and it ties those states to communication behavior and wake-up transitions.
The software side also requires communication over Controller Area Network (CAN), diagnostic services, and secure reprogramming. Annex B gives the minimum CAN messages, signals, and value tables, so implementers know what data a compliant battery has to exchange with the vehicle and charging environment.
What terms does kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 define?
- Battery system - The energy-storage assembly that includes cells or cell assemblies, battery packs, and associated circuits and electronics such as the BCU and contactors.
- Battery management system (BMS) - The control system inside the battery that supervises state, protection, communication, and operating modes.
- Compatibility - The ability of swappable battery systems to exchange energy and data with vehicles and swap stations without unwanted modifications or performance loss.
- Interoperability - The ability to transfer power and/or data among swappable battery systems, vehicles, and battery swap stations without special interfaces or conversion hardware.
- Interface communication - The BMS communication link with external interfaces that supports interoperability and compatibility over the life cycle.
- Charge rate - The current at which the battery is charged, expressed relative to the rated capacity.
- Discharge rate - The current at which the battery is discharged, expressed relative to the rated capacity.
- Small battery - A battery with a gross mass of not more than 12 kg.
Who uses kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026?
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 is used by companies developing swappable battery systems for electric mopeds, motorcycles, scooters, and other L-category vehicles. It is also used by charging-station suppliers, battery manufacturers, vehicle OEMs, BMS and software engineers, and test laboratories that need a common basis for design verification.
Quality managers and buyers use it to check whether a battery-swap product claims the right interface, durability, and electrical behavior. Certification and validation teams use it to structure tests for safety, communication, environmental resistance, and connector performance.
Which standards are used with kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026?
| Standard | What it contributes |
|---|---|
| EN 50604-1 | General safety requirements and test methods for secondary lithium batteries for light EV applications |
| EN IEC 62840-1 | General guidance for electric vehicle battery swap systems |
| EN IEC 62840-2 | Safety requirements for electric vehicle battery swap systems |
| EN IEC 60309-4 | Temperature-rise testing for terminals for external conductors |
| EN 60335-1 | General appliance safety requirements used for parts of the electrical insulation checks |
| EN ISO 7010 | Safety signs and symbols for labelling and marking |
| EN ISO 18243 | Test specifications and safety requirements for lithium-ion battery systems in electrically propelled mopeds and motorcycles |
| IEC/TS 62196-4 | Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability for DC pin and contact-tube accessories |
| ISO 11898-1 | CAN data link layer and physical coding for communication |
| ISO 13063-1 and ISO 13063-3 | Safety specifications for electrically propelled mopeds and motorcycles, including electrical safety and voltage classes |
| ISO 14229-1 | Unified Diagnostic Services for diagnostics |
| ISO/SAE 21434 | Cybersecurity engineering for road vehicles |
| CISPR 12 and ISO 11451-2 | Electromagnetic emission and immunity requirements |
| EN IEC 62368-1 | Handle strength test method used in the mechanical requirements |
| EN IEC 63066 | Connector safety, marking, mechanical, electrical, and environmental requirements |
What does the kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 document contain?
The document contains figures, tables, and procedures that turn the interoperability idea into testable requirements. Annex A provides the physical dimensions of the battery, handle, reference casing, and connector arrangement, while Annex B provides the CAN message set, signals, scaling, and values needed for BMS communication.
It also includes test methods for endurance, vibration, shock, drop, thermal shock, water resistance, fire exposure, humidity, salt mist, and connector aging. These parts are used for design verification, validation, and certification of the battery, vehicle interface, and charging interface.
Clause 10 adds a state-machine model and communication transitions for BMS behavior, including wake-up, precharge, ride, charge, shutdown, sleep, fault handling, and programming. Clause 11 then restricts CAN bus activity during sleep so the battery is not unintentionally woken up or discharged.
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Frequently Asked Questions
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 is a draft published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Road vehicles - Electrically propelled vehicles - Swappable battery system applied to L-category vehicles". This standard covers: This document describes main technical specifications to be considered for ensuring interoperability and compatibility of swappable battery systems for small batteries, at battery-system level, vehicle level and charging-station level. NOTE For specifications at battery system level and charging station level, see also EN IEC 62840 1, IEC 62840 3 and EN 50604 1. The document is applicable to L-category vehicles, although some vehicles included in that category might not fit in terms of power or energy rating. This document focuses on the following aspects that are crucial towards interoperability and compatibility: — electrical specifications; — mechanical specifications; — connector specifications; — BMS and communication protocols; — safety and security specifications (including cybersecurity). The document specifies requirements for the following: — applications with the following numbers and configuration of battery systems; — single (1S1P); — maximum 2 in series – 1 in parallel (2S1P); — maximum 1 in series – 6 in parallel (1S6P); — maximum 2 in series – 2 in parallel (2S2P). — battery-vehicle interface; — battery-charging station interface; — charging station. Interoperability among charging station and operators is not covered in this document.
This document describes main technical specifications to be considered for ensuring interoperability and compatibility of swappable battery systems for small batteries, at battery-system level, vehicle level and charging-station level. NOTE For specifications at battery system level and charging station level, see also EN IEC 62840 1, IEC 62840 3 and EN 50604 1. The document is applicable to L-category vehicles, although some vehicles included in that category might not fit in terms of power or energy rating. This document focuses on the following aspects that are crucial towards interoperability and compatibility: — electrical specifications; — mechanical specifications; — connector specifications; — BMS and communication protocols; — safety and security specifications (including cybersecurity). The document specifies requirements for the following: — applications with the following numbers and configuration of battery systems; — single (1S1P); — maximum 2 in series – 1 in parallel (2S1P); — maximum 1 in series – 6 in parallel (1S6P); — maximum 2 in series – 2 in parallel (2S2P). — battery-vehicle interface; — battery-charging station interface; — charging station. Interoperability among charging station and operators is not covered in this document.
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 43.120 - Electric road vehicles. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2023/1804; Standardization Mandates: M/581. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2026
Cestna vozila – Vozila z električnim pogonom – Sistem zamenljivih akumulatorjev
za vozila kategorije L
Road vehicles - Electrically propelled vehicles - Swappable battery system applied to L-
category vehicles
Straßenfahrzeuge - Elektrisch angetriebene Straßenfahrzeuge - Technische
Spezifikation für Batteriewechselsysteme für Fahrzeuge der Kategorie L
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TS 18391
ICS:
43.120 Električna cestna vozila Electric road vehicles
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
FINAL DRAFT
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
September 2026
ICS 43.120
English Version
Road vehicles - Electrically propelled vehicles - Swappable
battery system applied to L-category vehicles
Straßenfahrzeuge - Elektrisch angetriebene
Straßenfahrzeuge - Technische Spezifikation für
Batteriewechselsysteme für Fahrzeuge der Kategorie L
This draft Technical Specification is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 301.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Specification. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change
without notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Specification.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2026 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TS 18391:2026 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 10
5 Principle . 10
6 Safety and security specifications . 11
6.1 Electrical specifications . 11
6.1.1 Safety . 11
6.1.2 Electrical insulation performance . 11
6.1.3 Electrical protection . 11
6.1.4 Isolation resistance . 11
6.1.5 Withstand voltage . 11
6.1.6 Safety after crash or accident event . 11
6.2 Functional safety . 11
6.3 Cybersecurity . 12
7 Mechanical specifications . 12
7.1 General. 12
7.2 Mass . 12
7.3 Battery case . 12
7.4 Shape and dimensions . 12
7.5 Handle . 13
7.6 Labelling and marking . 14
7.7 Appearance . 14
7.8 Insertion and removal endurance . 14
7.9 Clamping force . 14
7.10 Durable plugging and unplugging . 15
7.11 Corrosion resistance . 15
7.12 Vibration resistance . 15
7.13 Mechanical shock resistance . 15
7.14 Drop impact resistance . 16
7.15 Thermal shock resistance . 16
7.16 Water resistance (mated) . 16
7.17 Water resistance (unmated) . 16
7.18 Fire resistance . 16
7.19 Overtemperature resistance . 16
7.20 Dewing resistance . 16
7.21 Salt resistance . 17
7.22 Venting valve . 17
7.23 Cooling . 17
7.24 Heating . 17
7.25 Air-tightening . 17
7.26 Mechanical integration and pinout . 17
7.27 Number of pins . 17
7.28 BMS geometry and dimensions . 18
7.29 Multi-battery: position identification and activation . 18
8 Electrical specifications . 19
8.1 BMS voltage supply . 19
8.2 Voltage ratings . 19
8.3 Power discharge . 19
8.4 Discharge ratings . 19
8.5 Charge ratings . 19
8.6 Rated energy. 20
8.7 Self-discharge in vehicle . 20
8.8 Self-discharge (warehouse or transport) . 20
8.9 Battery system cycle life. 20
8.10 Battery system configuration . 20
8.11 Energy efficiency . 20
8.12 Inrush current. 20
8.13 Pre-charge circuit . 21
8.14 Overload protection. 21
8.15 Short-circuit protection. 21
8.16 Electromagnetic compatibility . 21
8.16.1 General . 21
8.16.2 Susceptibility . 21
8.16.3 Emissions . 21
9 Connector specifications . 21
9.1 Principle . 21
9.2 General . 21
9.3 General constructions . 22
9.3.1 General . 22
9.3.2 Pin engagement . 22
9.3.3 Connector architecture . 22
9.3.4 Connector type . 22
9.3.5 Tolerance compensation . 22
9.4 Mechanical performance . 23
9.4.1 Mating and un-mating force . 23
9.4.2 Pin retention force . 23
9.4.3 Mating cycles . 23
9.4.4 Mechanical vibration . 23
9.4.5 Mechanical shock . 23
9.4.6 Mating cycles and misuse conditions . 23
9.4.7 Resistance to ageing of rubber and thermoplastic materials . 23
9.5 Electrical performance . 23
9.5.1 Contact resistance . 23
9.5.2 Insulation resistance . 23
9.5.3 Withstanding voltage . 24
9.5.4 Temperature rise . 24
9.5.5 Climatic endurance for contacts . 24
9.5.6 Protection against electrical shock . 24
9.6 Environmental performance . 24
9.6.1 Thermal cycling . 24
9.6.2 Heat resistance . 24
9.6.3 Cold resistance . 24
9.6.4 Humidity . 24
9.6.5 Corrosion . 25
9.6.6 Resistance to ageing of rubber and thermoplastic material . 25
9.7 Safety performance . 25
9.7.1 General. 25
9.7.2 IP rating . 25
9.7.3 Resistance to heat, to fire and to tracking . 25
10 State machine specifications. 25
10.1 General. 25
10.2 Software . 28
10.2.1 Consolidated communication protocol and messages . 28
10.2.2 Reprogramming function . 28
11 Vehicle management system or vehicle control unit (CAN wake-up) . 28
Annex A (normative) Swappable battery system dimensions . 29
Annex B (normative) Interface communication requirements . 33
Bibliography . 67
European foreword
This document (FprCEN/TS 18391:2026) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 301 “Road
vehicles”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Vote on TS.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request addressed to CEN by the European
Commission. The Standing Committee of the EFTA States subsequently approves these requests for its
Member States.
Introduction
For industry and commerce, SME’s and the labour within these companies, this document will help in
developing and implementing unified solutions for swappable batteries in the context of L-categories of
vehicles, that will ensure interoperable and compatible products, which optimized investment and
operational costs, maintenance and repairs. This document will be relevant in optimizing secondary life
applications as well as end of life of the batteries with dismantling, separating and recycling components,
and, thus, contributes to EU circular economy strategy and objectives.
For academic and research bodies this document will help setting and scoping future research in general.
For consumers/users, it will give choice of purchasing different L-cat vehicles models and brands,
ensuring utilization of same swappable batteries systems, thanks to compatibility and interoperability
from the compliance with this document.
In Figure 1 an example of a battery swapping environment is shown, including electric scooter,
swappable battery, charging station and external server interface.
Figure 1 — Battery swapping environment
1 Scope
This document describes main technical specifications to be considered for ensuring interoperability and
compatibility of swappable battery systems for small batteries, at battery-system level, vehicle level and
charging-station level.
NOTE For specifications at battery system level and charging station level, see also EN IEC 62840-1,
IEC 62840-3 and EN 50604-1.
The document is applicable to L-category vehicles, although some vehicles included in that category
might not fit in terms of power or energy rating.
This document focuses on the following aspects that are crucial towards interoperability and
compatibility:
— electrical specifications;
— mechanical specifications;
— connector specifications;
— BMS and communication protocols;
— safety and security specifications (including cybersecurity).
The document specifies requirements for the following:
— applications with the following numbers and configuration of battery systems;
— single (1S1P);
— maximum 2 in series – 1 in parallel (2S1P);
— maximum 1 in series – 6 in parallel (1S6P);
— maximum 2 in series – 2 in parallel (2S2P).
— battery-vehicle interface;
— battery-charging station interface;
— charging station.
Interoperability among charging station and operators is not covered in this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 50604-1:2016 , Secondary lithium batteries for light EV (electric vehicle) applications — Part 1:
General safety requirements and test method — Amendment 1
As impacted by EN 50604-1:2016/A1:2021 and EN 50604-1:2016/A2
EN 60335-1, Household and similar electrical appliances — Safety — Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60335-1)
EN ISO 7010:2020, Graphical symbols — Safety colours and safety signs — Registered safety signs
(ISO 7010:2016, Corrected version 2020-06)
EN ISO 18243:2025, Electrically propelled mopeds and motorcycles — Test specifications and safety
requirements for lithium-ion battery systems (ISO 18243:2025)
EN IEC 60309-4, Plugs, fixed or portable socket-outlets and appliance inlets for industrial purposes —
Part 4: Switched socket-outlets with or without interlock (IEC 60309-4)
IEC/TS 61851-3-1, Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 3-1: DC EV supply equipment where
protection relies on double or reinforced insulation — General rules and requirements for stationary
equipment
IEC/TS 61851-3-2, Electric vehicle conductive charging system — Part 3-2: DC EV supply equipment where
protection relies on double or reinforced insulation — Particular requirements for portable and mobile
equipment
IEC/TS 61851-3-4, Electric vehicles conductive charging system — Part 3-4: DC EV supply equipment where
protection relies on double or reinforced insulation — General definitions and requirements for CANopen
communication
IEC/TS 61851-3-5, Electric vehicles conductive charging system — Part 3-5: DC EV supply equipment where
protection relies on double or reinforced insulation — Pre-defined communication parameters and general
application objects
IEC/TS 61851-3-6, Electric vehicles conductive charging system — Part 3-6: DC EV supply equipment where
protection relies on double or reinforced insulation — Voltage converter unit communication
IEC/TS 61851-3-7, Electric vehicles conductive charging system — Part 3-7: DC EV supply equipment where
protection relies on double or reinforced insulation — Battery system communication
IEC/TS 62196-4, Plugs, socket-outlets, vehicle connectors and vehicle inlets — Conductive charging of
electric vehicles — Part 4: Dimensional compatibility and interchangeability requirements for DC pin and
contact-tube accessories for Class II or Class III applications
EN IEC 62368-1:2024, Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment — Part 1:
Safety requirements (IEC 62368-1:2023)
EN IEC 62840-1, Electric vehicle battery swap system — Part 1: General and guidance (IEC 62840-1)
EN IEC 62840-2, Electric vehicle battery swap system — Part 2: Safety requirements (IEC 62840-2)
EN IEC 63066:— , Low-voltage docking connectors for removable energy storage units (IEC 63066)
ISO 11451-2, Road vehicles — Vehicle test methods for electrical disturbances from narrowband radiated
electromagnetic energy — Part 2: Off-vehicle radiation sources
Under preparation. Stage at the time of preparation: FprEN IEC 63066:2026
ISO 11898-1, Road vehicles — Controller area network (CAN) — Part 1: Data link layer and physical coding
sublayer
ISO 13063-1, Electrically propelled mopeds and motorcycles — Safety specifications — Part 1: On-board
rechargeable energy storage system (RESS)
ISO 13063-3, Electrically propelled mopeds and motorcycles — Safety specifications — Part 3: Electrical
safety
ISO 14229-1, Road vehicles — Unified diagnostic services (UDS) — Part 1: Application layer
ISO/SAE 21434, Road vehicles — Cybersecurity engineering
CISPR 12, Vehicles, boats and devices with internal combustion engines or traction batteries – Radio
disturbance characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement for the protection of off-board receivers
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
battery system
energy storage device that includes cells or cell assemblies or common-us battery pack(s) as well as
electrical circuits and electronics (e.g. BCU (battery control unit), contactors)
Note 1 to entry: For further explanation, see IEC 62840-1 and ISO 12405-4.
[SOURCE: ISO 18243:2025, 3.4]
3.2
charge rate
electric current at which a battery is charged
C
r
Note 1 to entry: The charge rate is expressed as the reference current I = where Cr is the rated capacity
t
n
declared by the manufacturer and n is the time base in hours for which the rated capacity is declared.
3.3
compatibility
capability of swappable battery systems to meet the requirements of battery swap stations and vehicles
to transfer energy and exchange data without appreciable modifications and any undesirable
consequences of unpredictable shortage of performance
3.4
discharge rate
electric current at which a battery is discharged
Note 1 to entry: The discharge rate is calculated as the rated capacity divided by the corresponding discharge time
which results in an electric current.
3.5
interface communication
capability of the on-board battery system of exchanging information through electrical/software
communication with external interfaces of the swappable battery system and other functions to meet the
interoperability and compatibility during life cycle
3.6
interoperability
capability to transfer power and / or data among various swappable battery systems, vehicles and battery
swap stations, without requiring modifications, special interfaces or conversion hardware
3.7
live part
conductor or conductive part intended to be electrically energized in normal use
3.8
small battery
battery with a gross mass of not more than 12 kg
[SOURCE: IEC 62281:2019, definition 3.27]
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply:
ASIL automotive safety integrity level
BMS battery management system
DUT device under test
EOL end of life
REESS rechargeable electric energy storage system
RT room temperature
SEooC safety element out of context
SoC state of charge
SoH state of health
5 Principle
In operation, for users, this means:
— Any battery which complies with this document can be used in any vehicle which complies with this
document.
— Any battery which can be charged within any charging station (independently by the economical
energetic operator) or with any charging device which complies with this document. If specific
requirements for the charging stations are needed, see applicable standards such as EN IEC 62840-1.
— Any battery which complies with this document can be used in parallel or serial connection within a
“vehicle” with any other battery which complies with this document (e.g. with limitations/ranges as
expected to be specified in the swappable battery system standard, max. number of batteries
connected in serial configuration).
— Any battery which can be recharged “simultaneously” with any other battery which complies with
this document, in a multi-battery charging device which complies with this document.
6 Safety and security specifications
6.1 Electrical specifications
6.1.1 Safety
The swappable battery system shall comply with voltage class A safety requirements as defined in
ISO 13063-3.
The swappable battery system designed for 2S1P or 2S2P configuration shall comply with voltage class B
safety requirements as defined in ISO 13063-3.
6.1.2 Electrical insulation performance
Decrease of performance or personal burns caused by excessive temperature rise shall be avoided.
Temperature rise of terminals for external conductors shall be conducted according to EN IEC 60309-4.
The other parts of the system shall meet the requirements of EN 60335-1, with 1,06 times rated voltage.
6.1.3 Electrical protection
The swappable battery system shall comply with all electrical protection requirements as defined in
EN ISO 18243.
6.1.4 Isolation resistance
Exposed conductive parts of the swappable battery system shall be designed according to ISO 13063-3.
All components forming the equipotential bonding current path (conductors, connections) shall
withstand the maximum current in a single fault condition.
The resistance of the equipotential bonding path between any two of these exposed conductive parts of
the swappable battery system that can be touched simultaneously by a person shall not exceed 0,1 Ω.
Galvanic isolation is required between the swappable battery system enclosure and the internal live
parts.
The creepage distance and clearance shall be according to ISO 13063-3.
The isolation resistance test shall be conducted in accordance with ISO 13063-1 and ISO 13063-3. The
test should be conducted between conductors and compartment, or between conductors and shielding
layer of the battery swapping connector.
6.1.5 Withstand voltage
The voltage resistance test shall be conducted in accordance with ISO 13063-1 and ISO 13063-3. The test
should be conducted between conductors and compartment, or between conductors and shielding layer
of the battery swapping connector.
6.1.6 Safety after crash or accident event
Negative events, like accident or crash shall be recorder in the non-volatile memory. The information
about the event can also be created by vehicle.
6.2 Functional safety
Appropriate functional safety standards for the swappable battery system shall be considered for the
specific project.
However, it is highly recommended the application of a functional safety process which complies with
ISO 26262-12 considering at least ASIL B for the safety relevant BMS functions (as SEooC).
6.3 Cybersecurity
The BMS shall be protected against cyberattacks in accordance with ISO/SAE 21434.
7 Mechanical specifications
7.1 General
The accuracy of measured values shall be within the tolerances, relative to the specified values stated in
Table 1.
Table 1 — Mechanical requirements
Parameter Value Unit
Mass ±1,0 % kg
Length ±1,0 % m
7.2 Mass
The mass of the battery system shall not exceed 12 kg. This requirement is to ensure easy handling by
the user. An LMT battery is defined as a light means of transport battery, a battery that is sealed and
weighs 25 kg or less.
NOTE IEC 62281 defines a “large battery” as any battery with a mass exceeding 12 kg.”
7.3 Battery case
The battery case, which may be made of polymer, aluminium or steel, shall include all the components of
the battery system. No external components (e.g. external BMS) shall be admitted.
The battery system shall be sealed with minimum IP grade of the swappable battery when the connector
is both mated and unmated shall be IP65. This specification shall be guaranteed for the entire life of the
battery.
The battery locking mechanism (device to ensure the lock of the battery in place) shall belong to the
vehicle.
The battery bay (battery dock) belongs to the vehicle and, during battery insertion, shall guarantee a
sufficient reaction force to ensure connector mating without battery dock base bending.
7.4 Shape and dimensions
The swappable battery system shall be a rectangular prism designed for safe and effective manual
handling, with a connector installed on the bottom surface. See Figure 2 for the specific dimensions.
The swappable battery system shall include a handle on the top surface for ease of handling, within the
limited height dimension.
The shape shall be in accordance with Figure 2.
Shape dimensions shall be in accordance with Annex A, A.1.
Figure 2 — Overall dimensions
Specific dimensions shall be in accordance with A.1.
The bottom part of the battery (opposite to the handlebar) shall include the female connector in its centre,
see Figure 3.
Figure 3 — Battery bottom side with female connector
Specific dimensions shall be in accordance with A.1.
7.5 Handle
Essential features shall include a handle, typically located on the top surface or another surface
depending upon the swapping direction, to facilitate easy insertion and removal.
The handle shall withstand a force not less than the product design tension or 3 times the weight of the
battery system, as specified in EN IEC 62368-1:2024, 8.8.
The test method shall be carried out in accordance with EN IEC 62368-1:2024.
Handle dimensions shall be in accordance with A.1.
If the swappable battery system can be moved/removed from an L-category vehicle /charging station by
hand or with the assistance of an installation/device (HBS), the charging of swappable battery system
shall be in accordance with the EN IEC 62840-1, EN IEC 62840-2 and EN IEC 63066.
7.6 Labelling and marking
The labels and marking shall be printed or engraved visibly, legibly and indelibly on the battery.
Safety symbols shall be in accordance with EN ISO 7010:2020.
7.7 Appearance
For safety intent, the battery system shall remain integer from deformation, distortion, leakage during
the normal use in its lifespan. If any deformation, or distortion, or leakage is identified, the battery system
shall be classified as “battery presenting a risk”.
The external surfaces of the battery system shall remain free from visible distortion, cracks, fluid leakage,
and significant discoloration that could compromise safety or obscure marking throughout the course of
their ordinary use service life as swappable units.
7.8 Insertion and removal endurance
Battery systems, which may be made of polymer, aluminium, or steel, shall withstand repeated insertion
and removal from the vehicle and charging station.
The battery systems shall remain integer and not exhibit any deformation, dents, or breakage after
10 000 insertion and removal cycles.
Swappable battery systems shall withstand repeated insertions and removals from the vehicle and
charging station both vertical or horizontal ones.
Battery shall be tested in a reference case with the minimum distances in accordance with A.1.2.
Case material shall be made of plastic. Metal could be used as alternative material.
7.9 Clamping force
The battery system shall present areas in the top surface to withstand a tensile force of 500 N in the
direction of its installation or removal, without presenting battery system deformation or damage, see
Figure 4.
Figure 4 — Battery top side with handlebar and load areas for applying clamping force
Specific dimensions shall be in accordance with A.1.
7.10 Durable plugging and unplugging
The male part (battery system) of the battery swapping connector shall sustain 10 000 cycles of
plugging/unplugging operation at least.
The female part (vehicle) of the battery swapping connector shall sustain 5 000 cycles of
plugging/unplugging operation at least.
After the test, there shall be in normal working condition without serious damage, withstand voltage and
insulation resistance performance should be met.
7.11 Corrosion resistance
The battery system's exterior, which may be made of polymer, aluminium or steel, shall be resistant to
corrosion. All the metal parts, including the enclosure, shall have adequate rust protection.
While no specific test method is required, using IP67 accessories conforming to IEC 60529 is
recommended to protect electrical components in corrosive environments.
7.12 Vibration resistance
The battery system shall be resistant to vibrations during the entire lifespan.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the vibration test in
EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.1.
7.13 Mechanical shock resistance
The battery system shall withstand mechanical shocks that may occur during its lifespan.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the mechanical shock test in
EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.2.
7.14 Drop impact resistance
The battery system shall withstand impacts from accidental drops that may occur during battery
swapping or maintenance or handling.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the drop test in EN ISO 18243:2025,
8.3.
7.15 Thermal shock resistance
The battery system shall withstand thermal loads, including rapid temperature changes.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the thermal shock test in
EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.4.
7.16 Water resistance (mated)
The mated battery system shall withstand immersion in water, simulating potential flooding conditions.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the water immersion test in
EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.5.
Test shall be executed after completion of 7.8, Insertion and removal endurance, in accordance with
EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.5
7.17 Water resistance (unmated)
The unmated battery system shall withstand water splash.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the water immersion test in
EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.5.
Test shall be executed after completion of 7.8, Insertion and removal endurance, in accordance with
EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.5.
7.18 Fire resistance
The battery system shall withstand exposure to fire and prevent fire propagation in the event of a fire in
the electric motorcycle or moped or its surroundings.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the fire test in EN ISO 18243:2025,
8.6.
This requirement shall apply to battery systems used on electric mopeds or motorcycles with a passenger
compartment only.
7.19 Overtemperature resistance
The battery system shall withstand overtemperature conditions, validating the function of internal
overheating protection measures, if applicable.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the overtemperature condition test
in EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.7.
7.20 Dewing resistance
The battery system (mated or unmated) shall withstand conditions of high ambient humidity and
condensation.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the dewing test in
EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.11.
7.21 Salt resistance
The battery system (mated or unmated) shall withstand exposure to salt mist conditions, simulating
coastal or winter road environments.
The test method and evaluation criteria shall be in accordance with the salt spray test as shown in
EN ISO 18243:2025, 8.12.
7.22 Venting valve
Specific venting valve requirements are out of scope of this document.
7.23 Cooling
Specific cooling requirements are out of scope of this document.
7.24 Heating
The battery system shall guarantee the charge current ratings indicated in 8.5 without any external and
specific heating system.
7.25 Air-tightening
The battery system shall guarantee the air-tightening (measured at EOL) for the entire life of the battery
system.
Battery supplier shall specify measurement test method and setup.
7.26 Mechanical integration and pinout
The BMS shall be integrated within the battery case and shall fit within the battery case. No external BMS
admitted.
BMS shall be capable to operate in the following and alternative multi-batteries configurations:
— 1SxP (x:1-6)
— 2S1P
— 2S2P
7.27 Number of pins
The BMS shall manage the pi
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