ISO/TR 21636-2:2023

FINAL
TECHNICAL ISO/DTR
DRAFT
REPORT 21636-2
ISO/TC 37/SC 2
Language coding — A framework for
Secretariat: SCC
language varieties —
Voting begins on:
2022-12-14
Part 2:
Voting terminates on:
Description of the framework
2023-02-08
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BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022

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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
FINAL
TECHNICAL ISO/DTR
DRAFT
REPORT 21636-2
ISO/TC 37/SC 2
Language coding — A framework for
Secretariat: SCC
language varieties —
Voting begins on:
Part 2:
Voting terminates on:
Description of the framework
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
  © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022

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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Linguistic variation and language varieties . 1
4.1 Linguistic variation . 1
4.2 Dimensions of linguistic variation . 3
4.3 The space dimension and its varieties . 4
4.4 The time dimension and its varieties . 5
4.5 The social group dimension and its varieties . 5
4.6 The medium dimension and its varieties . 6
4.7 The situation dimension and its varieties . 8
4.8 The individual speaker dimension and its varieties . 10
4.9 The proficiency dimension and its varieties . 10
4.10 The communicative functioning dimension and its varieties .12
Bibliography .14
iii
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 2, Terminology workflow and language coding.
A list of all parts in the ISO 21636 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
Introduction
More and more digital language resources (LRs) are being created (also by retro-digitization), archived,
processed and analysed. In this context, detailed and exact characterization of language varieties
present in a given language use event is quickly gaining importance. Here, language use includes all
modalities such as written, spoken or signed, and also new forms of language use supported by digital
technology (in social media and similar forms of digital communication). But this is just one way in
which languages vary internally. Others include, for instance, the well-known regional (dialectal) and
social variation.
While in the past a primary goal of working with LRs was the archiving and preservation of LRs, new
goals have emerged and are still emerging:
— institutions and individuals need to exchange metadata (that is, bibliographic description data
and other secondary information) for making the information on existing LRs widely available in a
harmonized form;
— researchers are looking for the primary data (that is, the LRs themselves) for many different
research purposes, including research on linguistic variation;
— researchers and developers need LRs for the development of more advanced language technologies
(LTs) and for testing purposes, as LTs, in particular speech recognition and language analysis, are
entering more and more dimensions of human communication.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals and purposes, along with others not outlined in this
document, a standardized set of metadata for the identification of language varieties is important
to guarantee frictionless exchange of secondary information. Well-organized metadata also help to
indicate the degree of interoperability (equalling re-usability and re-purposability of LRs), and the
applicability of LTs to different situations or LRs over time. These metadata are applicable in eBusiness,
eHealth, eGovernment, eInclusion, eLearning, smart environments, ambient assisted living (AAL) and
virtually all other applications which depend on information about LRs. A clear metadata approach is
also a prerequisite for the durability of language resource archiving (in particular in the case of cultural
heritage and scientific research data).
The identification of different individual languages is the subject of ISO 639, which identifies existing
(living, extinct and historical) individual languages, as well as language groups. This document, and the
ISO 21636 series in general, presupposes and is complementary to ISO 639 by extending the language
code framework in order to allow for the identification of language varieties of different types (such as
geographical, social and modal varieties, among others). The identification of language varieties can
then be included in general, library and archival metadata for describing LRs (which can also include
technical information, time and location of recording, and similar general information, which are not
part of the ISO 21636 series).
The provisions of the ISO 21636 series cover:
— a general conceptual framework to deal coherently with language-internal linguistic variation;
— general rules for the identification and description of language varieties;
— a set of dimensions and open-ended or closed lists of values that can be assigned to each respective
dimension;
— a set of metadata categories and examples for the respective possible values, grouped according to
the most important aspects of the description of events of language use and resulting LRs, related
to linguistic variation.
The metadata categories and values addressed in this document can be candidates for a future highly
granular coding of language varieties based on these comprehensive principles. Thus, this document
(and the ISO 21636 series in general) conforms to the “recommendations on software and content
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
development principles 2010”, and fits within the general framework of the ISO/IEC 11179 series for
metadata.
Stakeholders include, but are not limited to:
— information and communication technologies (ICTs) industry (including LTs);
— libraries;
— the media industry (including entertainment);
— internet communities;
— people engaging in language documentation and preservation;
— language archivists;
— translators and interpreters;
— researchers (linguists, in particular sociolinguists, ethnologists, sociologists, etc.);
— people and institutions providing language training;
— emerging new user communities.
It is anticipated that these stakeholders need to refer not only to a certain individual language, but
also to a certain language variety, for instance for oral human-computer interaction, or for tailoring
a certain LR or tool to the needs and specific environment of a target user group. In order to identify
the dimension(s) of linguistic variation internal to individual languages involved, and the respective
relevant language varieties, a first step is to achieve the needed specificity. Adapting a conceptually
sound, uniform framework of reference as developed in this document is superior to the proliferation of
different individual ad hoc solutions.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
Language coding — A framework for language varieties —
Part 2:
Description of the framework
1 Scope
This document, and the ISO 21636 series in general, provides the general principles for the identification
and description of varieties of individual human languages. It, therefore, does not apply to:
— artificial means of communication with or between machines such as programming languages;
— those means of human communication which are not fully or largely equivalent to human language
such as individual symbols or gestures that carry isolated meanings but cannot be freely combined
into complex expressions.
This document together with the other parts of the ISO 21636 series establishes the dimensions of
linguistic variation as well as core values necessary to identify individual varieties in these dimensions
or sub-dimensions.
This document forms the basis for the other parts by outlining the general framework for language
varieties.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Linguistic variation and language varieties
4.1 Linguistic variation
Individual human languages differ one from another. In addition, linguistic variation also exists within
each individual language. No language use event is independent of this language-internal linguistic
variation. This variation is also present in LRs. Therefore, this document covers the description of LRs
that represent instances of use of individual languages regarding their status with respect to linguistic
variation.
While individual languages originally emerged and were mainly used for communication between
humans, their use is increasingly supported by ICTs. Events of language use involving machines are also
covered by this document.
Within individual human languages, linguistic variation occurs in distinct dimensions (listed in 4.2
and described in detail in the remaining text), resulting in different kinds of language varieties. Each
1
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
of the dimensions is independent from the others, although mutual influences exist. Each linguistic
manifestation in a given individual language, such as a written text, an utterance, an entry in a lexical
database, etc., can, therefore, be characterized regarding to its location in each of these dimensions of
linguistic variation.
Some language varieties can again be differentiated into sub-varieties of the same or other dimensions
of linguistic variation. This level of detail is usually not the focus of this document.
The borders between individual languages are sometimes hard to establish. In particular, different
groups of people can disagree with regard to their assessment of a given set of idiolects as forming
an individual language or not, depending on their assessment of the mutual intelligibility and/or
of the socio-political situation. Therefore, there are cases where the status of a given set of idiolects
as constituting an individual language, or a language variety, or a group of closely related individual
languages, is disputed. This difficulty is not addressed in this document (see ISO 639).
Similarly, the borders of language varieties are sometimes hard to establish. In many cases, different
language varieties being distinguished on the same dimension of linguistic variation (for instance
different dialects) do overlap – in other words, there can be idiolects that fulfil all respective criteria to
belong to both varieties. This is particularly true for the time dimension (see 4.4). However, it does not
invalidate the establishment of varieties.
In addition, individual languages and their language varieties are under constant gradual, sometimes
rapid, change so that the following applies:
— A given language variety can over time gain the status of an individual human language (to receive
its own language identifier in ISO 639). For instance, different dialects of Vulgar Latin developed
into distinct Romance languages. Conversely, over time an individual language can develop into a
language variety of another individual language, as appears to have been the case with a postulated
Spanish-based creole language spoken in Cuba that would have developed into a variety of Cuban
Spanish. In this kind of case, the resulting variety would be subject to the framework described in
this document, in which case an existing ISO 639 language identifier assigned to the earlier form of
this language would come to designate an extinct individual language.
— Linguistic expressions and features belonging to a given language variety at one point can shift
along one or more dimensions of linguistic variation (for instance markedly informal expressions
can become acceptable even in formal contexts, or regional expressions can spread over large parts
of the geographical territory where the individual language is spoken).
This document focuses on a framework for the identification and description of language-internal
linguistic variation, that is, of language varieties and sub-varieties. It does not aim at establishing all
language varieties of all individual languages, which at any given point in time would amount to an
immense list. But it aims at creating an exhausting list of the types of descriptors that are needed for
precisely and completely characterizing the status regarding linguistic variation of a given language
use event, for instance an utterance or an LR. It does so by describing all the dimensions of linguistic
variation in which individual languages can vary internally, and by indicating the major resulting
language varieties that typically occur in individual languages.
Technically, individual languages are conceived in this document as sets of idiolects, which in turn
are sets of expressions of human language, each expression with its meaning, where each idiolect is
characterized by a coherent system of structural features. This understanding of “idiolect” avoids
difficulties of other approaches, particularly those where the term “idiolect” is used in the sense of
what in this document is named a “personal variety”: the total repertoire a speaker is able to use in
a language. However, a personal variety (in such approaches called “idiolect”) usually is internally
heterogeneous (it varies in particular according to different situations and/or media) and therefore
not suitable to serve as the smallest unit of linguistic variation. In contrast, idiolects according to the
framework developed in this document are homogeneous by definition, whereas personal varieties are
sets of idiolects.
In this framework, all language varieties are subsets of individual languages. Each individual language
is classified into different varieties according to different kinds of external criteria and, at the same
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
time, of structural criteria (see below). The resulting language varieties in each classification can
overlap, and they can be sub-classified into smaller language varieties, again according to different
criteria.
Each language variety is characterized by structural criteria, in particular, of the sound system
(phonetics and phonology) or its counterpart in other language modalities (the visual-spatial system,
or system of graphemes, etc.), the morphology and syntax, the lexicon and the semantic system. At the
same time, each language variety is also characterized by certain external properties; for example, to
be used in a certain region, at a certain time, in a formal situation. These criteria are organized into a
few major types and constitute the different dimensions of linguistic variation; there is one dimension
of linguistic variation for each relevant major type of external properties of idiolects (such as properties
referring to geographical space, properties referring to time, etc.).
The conceptual framework developed in this document for dealing with linguistic variation respects
the major approaches represented in the linguistic literature without simply reproducing them. The
framework is closest though in general orientation and in a number of details, such as the role assigned
[17]
to idiolects, to work of a type represented by Lieb .
4.2 Dimensions of linguistic variation
Linguistic manifestations such as LRs and the events of language use themselves can be characterized
according to the following dimensions of linguistic variation (see ISO 21636-1:—, 3.3):
a) space dimension;
b) time dimension;
c) social group dimension;
d) medium dimension;
e) situation dimension;
f) individual speaker dimension;
g) proficiency dimension;
h) communicative functioning dimension.
This document characterizes each of the dimensions and their respective varieties in a general
manner; instructions on how to identify and indicate the respective varieties belonging to each of these
dimensions are given in ISO 21636-3. The structure of this document and ISO 21636-3 is strictly parallel
so that the reader can easily compare the general discussion and the instructions.
Although there can be interferences between some dimensions, the dimensions of linguistic variation
are in principle independent of one another. A complete characterization of any given language use
event and any LR with regard to linguistic variation would identify the respective varieties to which the
event or resource belongs in all and each of these eight dimensions of linguistic variation. In practice, a
description can focus only on a few salient or relevant dimensions of linguistic variation, and (perhaps
tacitly) assume default values for other dimensions of linguistic variation.
For reasons of readability, “speaker” is always used generically in this document, covering also more
specific concepts such as “writer”, “signer”, etc. Equally, other comments referring to properties specific
to speaking always hold analogously for the other language modalities.
Language varieties of some dimensions of linguistic variation can have sub-varieties, usually of the
same dimension, such that a given language use event or a given LR can have more than one value with
respect to a dimension of linguistic variation. Where two varieties of the same dimension apply, usually
one variety is more specific and the other broader. For instance, a recording of a speaker using a Norfolk
dialect can also be characterized as belonging to the broader East Anglian dialect of English.
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
There are even examples for sub-varieties of different dimensions. For instance, the middle Bavarian
period of the Bavarian dialect of German is different from the Bavarian dialect combined with the
middle German period. Such cases are not further addressed in this document.
There can also be mixed events of language use or LRs that contain several events of language use that
belong to different varieties according to the same dimension of linguistic variation. For instance, a
dialogue between speakers uses different dialects, or a dictionary covers several dialects, sociolects,
etc. of an individual language. In such cases, all respective (groups of) language varieties will have to
be identified, and if possible, the respective parts of such a LR will have to be related to their respective
language varieties; for instance, according to the different participants and to the different time
segments of such a dialogue, or to the different entries in such a dictionary.
Another special case involves LRs where the language use is “non-native” in the sense that a speaker
is deliberately imitating a language variety different from his/her own variety. For instance, a speaker
of a dialect X imitates speech of another dialect Y, or a speaker imitates another speaker, or an author
makes use, for example as a stylistic device, of linguistic expressions as conceived as typical for a
certain historical language period, or of a certain social group to which the writer does not belong. In
such cases, it is advisable to state the fact that the variety in question is being imitated. (In general,
[11]
such cases can be dealt with in a way compatible with Extension T of IETF BCP 47 .)
4.3 The space dimension and its varieties
With respect to the space dimension, an individual language can be differentiated into dialects (and
these into sub-dialects) and sometimes also a supra-regional standard variety. This is often the most
complex and differentiated kind of linguistic variation.
EXAMPLE 1 (English dialect): East Anglian.
EXAMPLE 2 (supra-regional standard variety): United Kingdom Standard English.
When determining the dialect of a speaker, the factor that is mainly considered is the geographical
region of the socialization of the speaker, that is, where the speaker grew up and also where the
speaker’s parents grew up. If these factors are heterogeneous, for example due to migration or due to
parents from different regions, sociolinguists try to identify the major dialect which the language use
of the speaker most strongly resembles. In such cases, also minor dialectal influences can be indicated,
for instance from the region of (one of) the speaker’s parents, or of a region where the speaker moved
to in a later phase of his or her life. The geographical region of an individual language can cover several
countries and continents, giving rise to new dialects.
EXAMPLE 3 Western American English with influence from southern British English.
The names given to individual dialects are often traditional and usually refer to the geographical region
where the dialect is spoken. When appropriate, the ISO 3166 series can be applied for countries and
established regions, or ISO 19111 and ISO 19112 for spatial referencing. How many and which dialects
are to be distinguished on a given level of specificity is often debated between specialists, and so are
the names and the borders of the dialects.
Most major and also many smaller, well-researched individual languages are characterized by a finite
number of established major dialects. In the case of little known or disputed language varieties, the
identification of a dialect can be supported by a reference to some scholarly work where the dialect is
established or identified.
EXAMPLE 4 Cheshire English [cf. Leigh E. Introduction in: A Glossary of Words Used in the Dialect of Cheshire
(Hamilton, Adams, and Co./Minshull and Hughes; 1877)].
Dialect areas can overlap and often can best be defined by similarity with some prototypical core
variety. Hence, belonging to a certain dialect can be a question of degree for an idiolect and does not
necessarily exclude it from also being acceptable as a member of another dialect to a certain degree.
In individual languages used in a larger geographical area, there is often one variety, usually based
on one specific traditional dialect or a group of dialects, that is recognized as “standard” by most or
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
all speakers across the whole or a larger part of the geographical area of the individual language.
The standard variety is often characterized by a high degree of normalization and is used in official
communication. In such cases, many speakers can use both a local dialect and the standard variety.
Again, in the case of the standard variety, often the influence of a local dialect is still evident (for instance
as an “accent”), even with speakers who do not have strong mastery in the original local dialect.
EXAMPLE 5 High German with a Bavarian accent.
In the case of individual languages with a very broad geographical coverage, especially those used in
different countries (e.g. German) and continents (in particular Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, French,
Portugue
...

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022 (Rev. 4.5)
Date: 2022-11-30
ISO TC 37/SC 2/WG 1
Secretariat: SCC
Language coding — A framework for language varieties — Part 2:
Description of the framework

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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of
this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written
permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the
country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
CP 401 • CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
Contents
Foreword . IV
Introduction . V
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Linguistic variation and language varieties . 1
4.1 Linguistic variation . 1
4.2 Dimensions of linguistic variation . 3
4.3 The space dimension and its varieties . 4
4.4 The time dimension and its varieties . 5
4.5 The social group dimension and its varieties . 6
4.6 The medium dimension and its varieties . 7
4.7 The situation dimension and its varieties . 9
4.8 The individual speaker dimension and its varieties . 10
4.9 The proficiency dimension and its varieties . 11
4.10 The communicative functioning dimension and its varieties . 13
Bibliography . 15
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 2, Terminology workflow and language coding.
A list of all parts in the ISO 21636 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved

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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
Introduction
More and more digital language resources (LRs) are being created (also by retro-digitization), archived,
processed and analyzedanalysed. In this context, detailed and exact characterization of language varieties
present in a given language use event is quickly gaining importance. Here, language use includes all
modalities such as written, spoken, or signed —, and also new forms of language use supported by digital
technology (in social media and similar forms of digital communication). But this is just one way in which
languages vary internally, others. Others include, for instance, the well-known regional (dialectal) and
social variation.
While in the past a primary goal of working with LRs was the archiving and preservation of LRs, new
goals have emerged and are still emerging:
— Institutionsinstitutions and individuals need to exchange metadata (that is, bibliographic description
data and other secondary information) for making the information on existing LRs widely available
in a harmonized form;
— researchers are looking for the primary data (that is, the language resourcesLRs themselves) for
many different research purposes, including research on linguistic variation; and
— researchers and developers need LRs for the development of more advanced language technologies
(LTs) and for testing purposes, as language technologies (LTs), in particular speech recognition and
language analysis, are entering more and more dimensions of human communication.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned goals and purposes, along with others not outlined herein this
document, a standardized set of metadata for the identification of language varieties is important to
guarantee frictionless exchange of secondary information. Well-organized metadata also help to indicate
the degree of interoperability (=equalling re-usability and re-purposability of language resourcesLRs),
and the applicability of language technologiesLTs to different situations or language resourcesLRs over
time. These metadata are applicable in eBusiness, eHealth, eGovernment, eInclusion, eLearning, smart
environments, ambient assisted living (AAL), and virtually all other applications which depend on
information about LRs. A clear metadata approach is also a prerequisite for the durability of language
resource archiving (in particular in the case of cultural heritage and scientific research data).
The identification of different individual languages is the subject of the ISO 639 series “Code for the
representation of languages and language groups”. ISO 639, which identifies existing (living, extinct and
historical) individual languages, as well as language groups. This document, and the ISO 21636 series in
general, presupposes and is complementary to ISO 639 by extending the language code framework in
order to allow for the identification of language varieties of different types (such as geographical, social
and modal varieties, among others). The identification of language varieties can then be included in
general, library, and archival metadata for describing LRs (which can also include technical information,
time and location of recording, and similar general information, which are not part of the ISO 21636
series).
The provisions of the ISO 21636 series cover:
— a general conceptual framework to deal coherently with language-internal linguistic variation;
— general rules for the identification and description of language varieties;
— a set of dimensions and open-ended or closed lists of values that can be assigned to each respective
dimension; and
— a set of metadata categories and examples for the respective possible values, grouped according to
the most important aspects of the description of events of language use and resulting language
resourcesLRs, related to linguistic variation.
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
The metadata categories and values addressed in this document couldcan be candidates for a future
highly granular coding of language varieties based on these comprehensive principles. Thus, this
technical reportdocument (and the ISO 21636 series in general) complies withconforms to the
“Recommendationsrecommendations on software and content development principles 2010”, and fits
within the general framework of the ISO/IEC 11179 series for metadata.
Stakeholders include, but are not limited to:
— information and communication technologies (ICTs) industry (including language technologiesLTs);
— libraries;
— the media industry (including entertainment);
— internet communities;
— people engaging in language documentation and preservation;
— language archivists;
— translators and interpreters;
— researchers (linguists, in particular sociolinguists, ethnologists, sociologists, etc.);
— people and institutions providing language training; and
— emerging new user communities.
It is anticipated that these stakeholders need to refer not only to a certain individual language, but also
to a certain language variety, for instance for oral human-computer interaction, or for tailoring a certain
language resourceLR or tool to the needs and specific environment of a target user group. In order to
identify the dimension(s) of linguistic variation internal to individual languages involved, and the
respective relevant language varieties, a first step is to achieve the needed specificity. Adapting a
conceptually sound, uniform framework of reference as developed herein this document is superior to
the proliferation of different individual ad -hoc solutions.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)

Language Codingcoding — A framework for language varieties —
Part 2: Description of the framework
1 Scope
This document, and the ISO 21636 series in general, provides the general principles for the identification
and description of varieties of individual human languages. It, therefore, excludesdoes not apply to:
— artificial means of communication with or between machines such as programming languages; and
— those means of human communication which are not fully or largely equivalent to human language
such as individual symbols or gestures that carry isolated meanings but cannot be freely combined
into complex expressions.
This document together with the other parts of the ISO 21636 series establishes the dimensions of
linguistic variation as well as core values necessary to identify individual varieties in these dimensions
or sub-dimensions.
This document, part 2, a Technical Report, forms the basis for the other parts by outlining the general
framework for language varieties.
2 Normative references
(None forThere are no normative references in this document.)
3 Terms and definitions
(See Part 1 of this series.)No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
4 Linguistic variation and language varieties
4.1 Linguistic variation
Individual human languages differ one from another. In addition, linguistic variation also exists also
within each individual language. No language use event is independent of this language-internal linguistic
variation. This variation is also present in language resourcesLRs, too. Therefore, this technical
reportdocument covers the description of language resourcesLRs that represent instances of use of
individual languages regarding to their status with respect to linguistic variation.
While individual languages originally emerged and were mainly used for communication between
humans, their use is increasingly supported by information and communication technologies (ICTs).
Events of language use involving machines are also covered by this document.
Within individual human languages, linguistic variation occurs in distinct dimensions (listed in the next
clause 4.2 and descrieddescribed in detail in the remaining text), resulting in different kinds of language
varieties. Each of the dimensions is independent from the others, although mutual influences exist. Each
linguistic manifestation in a given individual language, such as a written text, an utterance, an entry in a
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ISO/DTR 21636-2:2022(E)
lexical database, etc., can, therefore, be characterized regarding to its location in each of these dimensions
of linguistic variation.
Some language varieties can again be differentiated into sub-varieties of the same or other dimensions of
linguistic variation. This level of detail is usually not in the focus of this document.
The borders between individual languages are sometimes hard to establish. In particular, different
groups of people possiblycan disagree with regard to their assessment of a given set of idiolects as
forming an individual language or not, depending on their assessment of the mutual intelligibility and/or
of the socio-political situation. Therefore, there are cases where the status of a given set of idiolects as
constituting an individual language, or a language variety, or a group of closely related individual
languages, is disputed. This difficulty is not addressed in this document (see ISO 639).
Similarly, the borders of language varieties are sometimes hard to establish. In many cases, different
language varieties being distinguished on the same dimension of linguistic variation (for instance
different dialects) do overlap — – in other words, there can be idiolects that fulfil all respective criteria
to belong to both varieties. This is particularly true for the time dimension (see 4.4). However, it does not
invalidate the establishment of varieties.
In addition, individual languages and their language varieties are under constant gradual —, sometimes
rapid—, change so that the following applies:
— aA given language variety can over time gain the status of an individual human language (to receive
its own language identifier in ISO 639). For instance, different dialects of Vulgar Latin developed into
distinct Romance languages. Conversely, over time an individual language can develop into a
language variety of another individual language, as appears to have been the case with a postulated
Spanish-based creole language spoken in Cuba that would have developed into a variety of Cuban
Spanish. In this kind of case, the resulting variety would be subject to the framework described in
this document, in which case an existing ISO 639 language identifier assigned to the earlier form of
this language would come to designate an extinct individual language;.
— linguisticLinguistic expressions and features belonging to a given language variety at one point can
shift along one or more dimensions of linguistic variation (for instance markedly informal
expressions can become acceptable even in formal contexts, or regional expressions can spread over
large parts of the geographical territory where the individual language is spoken).
This document focuses on a framework for the identification and description of language-internal
linguistic variation, that is, of language varieties and sub-varieties. It does not aim at establishing all
language varieties of all individual languages, which at any given point in time would amount to an
immense list. But it aims at creating an exhausting list of the types of descriptors that are needed for
precisely and completely characterizing the status regarding linguistic variation of a given language use
event, for instance an utterance, or a language resourcean LR. It does so by describing all the dimensions
of linguistic variation in which individual languages can vary internally, and by indicating the major
resulting language varieties that typically occur in individual languages.
Technically, individual languages are conceived in this document as sets of idiolects, which in turn are
sets of expressions of human language, each expression with its meaning, where each idiolect is
characterized by a coherent system of structural features. This understanding of “idiolect” avoids
difficulties of other approaches, particularly those where the term “idiolect” is used in the sense of what
herein this document is named a “personal variety”: the total repertoire a speaker is able to use in a
language. However, a personal variety, (in such approaches called “idiolect”) usually is internally
heterogeneous (it varies in particular according to different situations and/or media) and therefore not
suitable to serve as the smallest unit of linguistic variation. In contrast, idiolects according to the
framework developed in this document are homogeneous by definition, whereas personal varieties are
sets of idiolects.
In this framework, all language varieties are subsets of individual languages. Each individual language is
classified into different varieties according to different kinds of external criteria and, at the same time, of
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structural criteria (see below). The resulting language varieties in each classification can overlap, and
they can be sub-classified into smaller language varieties, again according to different criteria.
Each language variety is characterized by structural criteria, in particular, of the sound system (phonetics
and phonology) or its counterpart in other language modalities (the visual-spatial system, or system of
graphemes, and so onetc.), the morphology and syntax, the lexicon and the semantic system. At the same
time, each language variety is also characterized by certain external properties,; for example:, to be used
in a certain region, at a certain time, in a formal situation, etc. These criteria are organized into a few
major types and constitute the different dimensions of linguistic variation; there is one dimension of
linguistic variation for each relevant major type of external properties of idiolects (such as: properties
referring to geographical space, properties referring to time, etc.).
The conceptual framework developed in this document for dealing with linguistic variation respects the
major approaches represented in the linguistic literature without simply reproducing them. The
framework is closest though in general orientation and in a number of details, such as the role assigned
[17]
to idiolects, to work of a type represented by Lieb (1993) .
4.2 Dimensions of linguistic variation
Linguistic manifestations such as language resourcesLRs and the events of language use themselves can
be characterized according to the following dimensions of linguistic variation (cf. Part 1, clausesee
ISO 21636-1:—, 3.3):
1a) Spacespace dimension;
2b) Timetime dimension;
3c) Socialsocial group dimension;
4d) Mediummedium dimension;
5e) Situationsituation dimension;
6f) Individualindividual speaker dimension;
7g) Proficiencyproficiency dimension;
8h) Communicativecommunicative functioning dimension.
This document characterizes each of the dimensions and their respective varieties in a general manner;
instructions on how to identify and indicate the respective varieties belonging to each of these
dimensions are given in Part 3 of ISO 21636-3. The structure of these two Parts (2 and 3) ofthis document
and ISO 21636-3 is strictly parallel so that the reader can easily compare the general discussion and the
instructions.
Although there can be interferences between some dimensions, the dimensions of linguistic variation are
in principle independent of one another. A complete characterization of any given language use event and
any language resourceLR with regard to linguistic variation would identify the respective varieties to
which the event or resource belongs in all and each of these eight dimensions of linguistic variation. In
practice, a description can focus only on a few salient or relevant dimensions of linguistic variation, and
(perhaps tacitly) assume default values for other dimensions of linguistic variation.
It should be noted that, forFor reasons of readability, “speaker” is always used generically in this
document, covering also more specific concepts such as ‘writer’, ‘signer’, and so forth.“writer”, “signer”,
etc. Equally, other comments referring to properties specific to speaking always hold analogously for the
other language modalities.
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Language varieties of some dimensions of linguistic variation can have sub-varieties, usually of the same
dimension, such that a given language use event or a given language resourceLR can have more than one
value with respect to a dimension of linguistic variation. Where two varieties of the same dimension
apply, usually one variety is more specific and the other broader. For instance, a recording of a speaker
using a Norfolk dialect can also be characterized as belonging to the broader East Anglian dialect of
English.
There are even examples for sub-varieties of different dimensions. For instance, the middle Bavarian
period of the Bavarian dialect of German is different from the Bavarian dialect combined with the middle
German period. Such cases are not further addressed in this document.
There can also be mixed events of language use or language resourcesLRs that contain several events of
language use that belong to different varieties according to the same dimension of linguistic variation.
For instance, a dialogue between speakers uses different dialects, or a dictionary covers several dialects,
sociolects, etc. of an individual language. In such cases, all respective (groups of) language varieties will
have to be identified, and if possible, the respective parts of such a language resourceLR will have to be
related to their respective language varieties,; for instance, according to the different participants and to
the different time segments of such a dialogue, or to the different entries in such a dictionary.
Another special case involves language resourcesLRs where the language use is “non-native” in the sense
that a speaker is deliberately imitating a language variety different from his/her own variety. For
instance, a speaker of a dialect X imitates speech of another dialect Y, or a speaker imitates another
speaker, or an author makes use, for example as a stylistic device, of linguistic expressions as conceived
as typical for a certain historical language period, or of a certain social group to which the writer does not
belong. In such cases, it is advisable to state the fact that the variety in question is being imitated. (In
[11]
general, such cases can be dealt with in a way compatible with Extension T of IETF BCP 47 .)
4.3 The space dimension and its varieties
With respect to the space dimension, an individual language can be differentiated into dialects (and these
into sub-dialects) and sometimes also a supra-regional standard variety. This is often the most complex
and differentiated kind of linguistic variation.
EXAMPLE 1 (English dialect): East Anglian.
EXAMPLE 2 (supra-regional standard variety): United Kingdom Standard English.
When determining the dialect of a speaker, the factor that is mainly considered is the geographical region
of the socialization of the speaker, that is, where the speaker grew up and also where the speaker’s
parents grew up. If these factors are heterogeneous, for example due to migration or due to parents from
different regions, sociolinguists try to identify the major dialect which the language use of the speaker
most strongly resembles. In such cases, also minor dialectal influences can be indicated, for instance from
the region of [(one of]) the speaker’s parents, or of a region where the speaker moved to in a later phase
of his or her life. The geographical region of an individual language can cover several countries and
continents, giving rise to new dialects.
EXAMPLE 3 : “Western American English with influence from southern British English”.
The names given to individual dialects are often traditional and usually refer to the geographical region
where the dialect is spoken. When appropriate, the ISO 3166 series can be applied for countries and
established regions, or ISO 19111 and ISO 19112 for spatial referencing. How many and which dialects
are to be distinguished on a given level of specificity is often debated between specialists, and so are the
names and the borders of the dialects.
Most major and also many smaller, well-researched individual languages are characterized by a finite
number of established major dialects. In the case of little known or disputed language varieties, the
identification of a dialect can be supported by a reference to some scholarly work where the dialect is
established or identified.
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EXAMPLE 4 Cheshire English [cf. Leigh E. Introduction in: A Glossary of Words Used in the Dialect of Cheshire
(Hamilton, Adams, and Co./Minshull and Hughes; 1877)].
Dialect areas can overlap and often can best be defined by similarity with some prototypical core variety.
Hence, belonging to a certain dialect can be a question of degree for an idiolect and does not necessarily
exclude it from also being acceptable as a member of another dialect to a certain degree.
In individual languages used in a larger geographical area, there is often one variety, usually based on one
specific traditional dialect or a group of dialects, that is recognized as “standard” by most or all speakers
across the whole or a larger part of the geographical area of the individual language. The standard variety
is often characterized by a high degree of normalization and is used in official communication. In such
cases, many speakers can use both a local dialect and the standard variety. Again, in the case of the
standard variety, often the influence of a local dialect is still evident (for instance as an “accent”), even
with speakers who do not have strong mastery in the original local dialect.
EXAMPLE 5 High German with a Bavarian accent.
In the case of individual languages with a very broad geographical coverage, especially those used in
different countries (e.g.,. German) and continents (in particular Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, French,
Portuguese, and Spanish) there can be more than one standard variety.
A special case is posed by diaspora varieties spoken in a geographical region where other individual
languages are more strongly present. Usually the influence of the dominant language is evident in the
individual language in such a situation. This again can influence the native individual language of
speakers who live for a while in such an area, even when they speak their original dialect.
EXAMPLE 6 Urdu spoken in London (with influence from English).
When speakers speak several dialects and/or the standard variety more or less fluently, it is possiblycan
be necessary to determine which of the dialects or standard variety has been used in each language use
event. For some purposes, it can additionally be useful to indicate which other individual languages and
which other dialects of the individual language in question the speakers are able t
...