ISO/IEC 28360:2012

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 28360
Second edition
2012-02-15
Information technology — Office
equipment — Determination of chemical
emission rates from electronic equipment
Technologies de l'information — Équipement de bureau —
Détermination des taux d'émission chimique d'un équipement
électronique
Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2012
©  ISO/IEC 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1  Scope . 1
2  Conformance . 1
3  Normative references . 2
4  Terms and definitions . 2
5  Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
5.1  Abbreviated terms . 5
5.2  Symbols . 6
6  Method overview . 7
7  ETC requirements . 9
7.1  Construction materials . 9
7.2  Air tightness . 9
7.3  Air mixing efficiency . 9
8  Determination method . 9
8.1  Test conditions . 9
8.1.1  Operating temperature and relative humidity (rH) . 9
8.1.2  Air exchange rate (n) . 9
8.1.3  Air velocity . 9
8.1.4  Sampled air flow . 9
8.2  Handling of EUT and ETC . 9
8.2.1  ETC purging . 9
8.2.2  Background concentrations (C ) . 10
bg
8.2.3  EUT unpacking . 10
8.2.4  Preparation of the EUT before testing . 10
8.2.5  EUT installation . 11
8.2.6  EUT operation during test . 11
8.3  VOC, carbonyl compounds . 12
8.3.1  Sorbents . 13
8.3.2  Sample collection . 13
8.3.3  Emission rate calculation . 14
8.4  Ozone . 15
8.4.1  Analyser and sampling line requirements . 16
8.4.2  Monitoring . 16
8.4.3  Emission rate calculation . 16
8.5  Particulate matter . 17
8.5.1  Weighing and Filter conditioning . 17
8.5.2  Sampling . 17
8.5.3  Emission rate calculation . 18
8.6  Fine and Ultrafine Particles (FP and UFP) . 18
8.6.1  General Requirements for Aerosol Measuring Systems . 19
8.6.2  Measurement . 21
8.6.3  Calculation . 21
9  Test report . 24
Annex A (normative) Print Patterns . 27
A.1  Monochrome print pattern 5% coverage . 27
A.2  Colour print pattern, 20% coverage . 29
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved iii

Annex B (normative) Preparatory Aerosol Measuring System Test Procedures .30
B.1  Procedures for operational readiness of Aerosol Measuring System .30
B.1.1  Particle size range measurements .30
B.1.2  Particle number concentration range measurements .30
B.2  Procedures for Operational readiness test of Fast Aerosol Measuring System .31
B.2.1  Set up of instrument .31
B.2.2  Zero Check .32
B.2.3  Preparation for measurement .32
B.3  Procedures for Operational readiness test of CPC .33
B.3.1  Preparation .33
Annex C (informative) Emission rate model for EUT using consumables .35
C.1  Objective .35
C.2  Approach .35
C.3  General mass balance and concentration equations .35
C.4  Background SER.35
C.5  Emission during pre-operating phase .36
C.6  Emission during operating phase .36
C.7  Emission during post-operating phase .38
C.8  Special cases .40
C.9  Model for RAL-UZ 122 Option .40
Annex D (informative) Influence of EUT filtering on SER .43
O3
Bibliography .45

iv © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 28360 was prepared by Ecma International (as ECMA-328) and was adopted, under a special “fast-
track procedure”, by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, in parallel with its
approval by national bodies of ISO and IEC.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 28360:2007), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO/IEC 28360:2007/Cor.1:2008.

© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved v

Introduction
Globally, governmental agencies, academic institutions, environmental organizations and manufacturers have
developed methods to determine chemical emissions from electronic equipment. These attempts, however,
resulted in a range of tests, the results of which are not necessarily comparable, either qualitatively or
quantitatively.
Following the publications of the first edition of ECMA-328 and the “Test method for the determination of
emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), experts from the German Federal Institute for Materials
Research and Testing (BAM) and Ecma have collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the chemical
emission rates from information and communication technology (ICT) and consumer electronics (CE)
equipment in this second edition.
In addition to stricter test procedures, the second edition uses generalised emission formulae, and their
derivations developed in Annex C, to calculate emission rates from concentrations of analytes that are
measured in Emission Test Chambers (ETC).
The third edition of ECMA-328 was fully aligned with the first edition of ISO/IEC 28360, adopted under
ISO/IEC JTC 1's fast-track procedure and published in September 2007.
In addition, the fourth edition fixes a number of errata on ISO/IEC 28360:2007 that JTC 1/SC 28 identified.
Following the publications of the fourth edition of ECMA-328 and the “Test method for the determination of
emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), experts from the BAM, the Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI),
the Japan Business Machine and Information System Industries Association (JBMIA) and Ecma have
collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the fine particle (FP) and ultrafine particle (UFP) emissions
from hard copy devices in the fifth edition.

vi © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 28360:2012(E)

Information technology — Office equipment — Determination of
chemical emission rates from electronic equipment
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from
information and communication technology (ICT) and consumer electronics (CE) equipment during intended
operation in an Emission Test Chamber (ETC).
The methods comprise preparation, sampling (or monitoring) in a controlled ETC, storage and analysis,
calculation and reporting of emission rates.
This International Standard includes specific methods for equipment using consumables, such as printers, and
equipment not using consumables, such as monitors and PCs. 3HAnnex A specifies monochrome and colour
print patterns for use in the operating phase of EUT using consumables (e.g. paper).
The following are examples of EUT that do not use consumables:
 monitors and TV sets (CRT, plasma, LCD, rear projector, beamer);
 video (VCR, DVD player/recorder, camcorder);
 SAT receiver (Set-Top Box);
 audio units (CD player/recorder, home theatre systems, audio home systems, micro-/mini-, midi-systems,
amplifier, receiver);
 portable audio (CD player, MP 3 player, radio recorder, clock radio, etc.);
 computer (desktop, tower, server), portable computers (notebooks).
Emission rates from EUT using consumables may also be determined according to additional requirements
identified by “RAL-UZ 122 Option”.
Calculations use the generalised model and approximations thereof as developed in Annex C.
The emission rates determined with this method may be used to compare equipment in the same class.
Predictions of “real indoor” concentrations from the determined emission rates are outside the scope of this
International Standard.
2 Conformance
Determinations of emission rates and total number of emitted particles conform to this International Standard
when:
1. executed using a Quality Assurance Project Plan, Quality Assurance and Quality Control as specified in
ISO 16000-9;
2. tested in a controlled ETC as specified in Clause 7;
3. sampled/monitored and calculated as specified in Clause 8 and Annex B;
4. reported as specified in Clause 9.
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 1

For EUT using consumables, determinations according to additional requirements identified by “RAL-UZ 122
Option” herein conform to the RAL-UZ 122 Option [1].
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7779, Acoustics — Measurement of airborne noise emitted by information technology and
telecommunications equipment (ECMA-74)
ISO 554, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 13655, Graphic technology — Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts
images
ISO 16000-3, Indoor air — Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air
and test chamber air — Active sampling method
ISO 16000-6, Indoor air — Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air
by active sampling on TENAX TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS or MS-FID
ISO 16000-9, Indoor air — Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building
products and furnishing — Emission test chamber method
ISO 16017-1, Indoor, ambient and workplace air — Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by
sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography — Part 1: Pumped sampling
EN 55013:2001, Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment — Radio disturbance
characteristics — Limits and methods of measurement
rd
CIE 15:2004, Colorimetry, 3 edition, Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, ISBN: 9783901906336
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
aerosol
system of solid or liquid particles suspended in gas
[ISO 15900:2009]
4.2
Aerosol Measuring System
device for measuring the total number concentration of aerosol particles within a size range at a certain
frequency
4.3
air exchange rate
n
ratio of the volume of clean air brought into the Emission Test Chamber (ETC) per hour [m /h] to the unloaded
ETC volume [m ]
4.4
air velocity
air speed [m/s] measured in the unloaded Emission Test Chamber (ETC)
2 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

4.5
analyte
volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbonyl compounds, ozone, particulate matter, fine particles (FP) and
ultrafine particles (UFP)
4.6
averaged concentration time series
Simple Moving Average of total particle number concentration (Cp) over 31 ± 3 s
4.7
Condensation Particle Counter
CPC
instrument that measures the particle number concentration of an aerosol
NOTE 1 An Aerosol Measuring System consists of a flow meter, a particle counting device, a computer and suitable
software. An Aerosol Measuring System may also be equipped with a particle size classifier.
NOTE 2 For the purposes of this International Standard, a CPC is used as a standalone instrument which measures
the total particle number concentration within a device-dependent broad size range.
4.8
consumables
toner, ink, paper and ribbon
4.9
Emission Test Chamber
ETC
enclosure with controlled operational parameters for testing analyte mass emitted from Equipment Under Test
(EUT)
4.10
Equipment Under Test
EUT
functional and complete information and communication technology (ICT) and consumer electronics (CE)
equipment from which chemical emission rates are determined
4.11
Fast Aerosol Measuring System
Aerosol Measuring System with integrated particle size classifier
4.12
fine particles
FP
particles with particle size/diameter range between 0,1 μm and 2,5 μm
4.13
loading factor
ratio of the Equipment Under Test (EUT) volume to the volume of the unloaded Emission Test Chamber
4.14
Hard Copy Devices
class of Equipment Under Test (EUT) using consumables that includes printers, (photo)copiers and Multi
Functional Devices (MFD)
4.15
maximum usage time before testing
MUT
ratio between the total number of prints carried out by the EUT and the printing
speed of the EUT
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NOTE Maximum usage time is the maximum permitted time of operation before testing in order to consider the EUT
as newly manufactured equipment for testing purposes.
4.16
operating phase
phase in which the Equipment Under Test (EUT) is performing its intended functions
4.17
particle
tiny piece of solid or liquid matter with defined physical boundaries suspended in a gas
4.18
Particle Emission Rate
PER
averaged emission rate, i.e. total number of particles in a specified particle size range emitted during the
operating phase
4.19
Particle Emission Rate
PER(t)
time-dependent emission rate of particles in a specified particle size range after the start of the operating
phase
4.20
particle loss-rate coefficient
β
coefficient that describes the loss of particles in a specified particle size range in an Emission Test Chamber
(ETC)
4.21
particle size
particle diameter
measurement category to describe the physical dimension of a particle
NOTE The term particle size is often used as a synonym for particle diameter. The particle diameter is used to assign
a particle to a particle size class (e.g. ultrafine particles, UFP).
4.22
particulate matter
PM
quantity of particles measured by gravimetric methods
4.23
pre-operating phase
phase in which the Equipment Under Test (EUT) is connected to an electrical supply before it is able to enter
the operating phase
NOTE The pre-operating phase can include warming-up and energy saving modes.
4.24
post-operating phase
phase following the operating phase
NOTE The post-operating phase can include energy saving modes.
4.25
total number of emitted particles
TP
calculated total number of particles emitted in a specified particle size range
4 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

4.26
total particle number concentration
C
p
particle number concentration in a specified particle size range
4.27
total volatile organic compounds
TVOC
sum of the concentrations of identified VOC and the concentrations of the converted areas of unidentified
peaks using the toluene response factor
4.28
ultrafine particles
UFP
particles with particle diameter less than or equal 0,1 µm
4.29
unit specific emission rate
SER
mass, in micrograms, of a specific analyte emitted per hour
NOTE If more than one Equipment Under Test (EUT) is placed in the Emission Test Chamber, the determined SER
is divided by the number of EUTs to obtain the unit specific emission rate SERu.
4.30
Volatile Organic Compounds
VOC
compounds that elute between n-hexane and n-hexadecane on an unpolar GC-column
5 Symbols and abbreviated terms
5.1 Abbreviated terms
CE Consumer Electronics
CPC Condensation Particle Counter
DNPH 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
ETC Emission Test Chamber
EUT Equipment Under Test
FP Fine Particles
FID Flame Ionisation Detector
GC/MS Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry
ICT Information and Communication Technology
MFD Multi Functional Device
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethene
PVC Polyvinylchloride
rH Relative humidity
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 5

SER Unit Specific Emission Rate
PER averaged Particle Emission Rate
PER(t) time-dependent Particle Emission Rate
TVOC Total Volatile Organic Compounds
UFP Ultrafine Particles
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
5.2 Symbols
–3
α factor in the exponential particle decay function [cm ]
–1
β particle loss-rate coefficient [h ]
–3
C average mass concentration [µg m ]
s
–3
C background mass concentration [µg m ]
bg
–3
C maximum ozone mass concentration [µg m ]
max
–3
C initial mass concentration [µg m ]
–3
C average mass concentration during pre-operating phase [µg m ]
pre
C average mass concentration during operating phase and optionally during post-operating
ope
–3
phase [µg m ]
–3
C total particle number concentration [cm ]
p
–3
Cp background particle number concentration [cm ]
,BG
d equivalent particle diameter [nm]
H’ ozone half-life [min]: the period of time for the ozone concentration to drop from C to
max
C /2
max
–1
k ozone decay constant, without ventilation [min ]
–1
k’ ozone decay constant with ventilation (k’ = k + n/60) [min ]
m sample filter mass [µg] after sampling
after
m sample filter mass [µg] before sampling
before
m sampled mass for chamber background [µg]
bg
m mass of particulate matter [µg] deposited on the filter
pm
m reference filter mass [µg] after sampling
ref-after
m reference filter mass [µg] before sampling
ref-before
m sampled mass [µg]
s
m sampled mass [µg] during pre-operating phase
pre
6 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

m sampled mass [µg] during operating and optionally post-operating phase
ope
–1
n air exchange rate [h ]
P atmospheric pressure [Pa]
–1
PER Particle Emission Rate [h ]
–1
SER background SER [µg h ]
bg
–1
SER SER during operating and optionally post-operating phase [µg h ]
ope
–1
SER SER for ozone [µg min ]
O3
–1
SER SER for particulate matter [µg h ]
pm
–1
SER SER during pre-operating [µg h ]
pre
–1 –1
SER SER per unit [µg h u ]
u
T ambient temperature [K]
TP total number of emitted particles
t operating phase duration [h]
ope
t Sampling time during operating and optionally post-operating phase [h]
G
t point in time marking the start of operating phase
start
t point in time marking the end of particle emission
stop
t pre-operating phase duration [h]
pre
∆t time-resolution of the UFP measurement [s]
u number of EUT units
V ETC volume [m ]
V sampled air volume [m ]
s
V sampled air volume [m ] for determination of C
bg bg
V sampled air volume [m ] in pre-operating phase
pre
V sampled air volume [m ] in operating and optionally post-operating phase
ope
6 Method overview
The flowchart in Figure 1 illustrates the method; clause numbers are indicated in brackets.
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 7

Figure 1 — Determination method overview
8 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

7 ETC requirements
7.1 Construction materials
ETC construction materials shall comply with ISO 16000-9.
7.2 Air tightness
The ETC air tightness shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.
7.3 Air mixing efficiency
The air mixing efficiency in the ETC shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.
8 Determination method
For the RAL-UZ 122 Option, tests should be executed within 10 working days after delivery of the EUT.
8.1 Test conditions
To meet the operational requirements specified herein, ETC parameters such as temperature, relative
humidity and supply airflow shall be controlled and measured at regular intervals and recorded in accordance
with ISO 16000-9 and shall be reported as specified in Clause 9.
8.1.1 Operating temperature and relative humidity (rH)
Tests shall be executed at (23  2) °C and (50  5)% rH according to ISO 554. For EUT used in alternative
climatic conditions, higher operating temperature and humidity conditions may be used as specified in
ISO 554.
Consult 8.2.6.2 for special requirements on rH for EUT using consumables.
8.1.2 Air exchange rate (n)
For unloaded ETCs with a volume larger than 5 m , n shall be in the range from 0,5 to 2,0. For unloaded
ETC's with a volume of 5 m or smaller, n shall be in the range from 0,5 to 5,0.
8.1.3 Air velocity
The air velocity in the unloaded ETC shall be in the range from 0,1 to 0,3 m/s.
8.1.4 Sampled air flow
The sum of sampled airflow shall be less than 80% of the inlet airflow into the ETC.
8.2 Handling of EUT and ETC
EUT shall be selected from normal manufactured batches or shall be a prototype that is representative for
EUT from such batches. For determinations using the RAL-UZ 122 Option, EUT shall be stored in an air-
conditioned room (23 °C, 50% rH) in its original packaging.
To ensure detection of a minimum emission within a practicable time, the ETC with capabilities as specified
in 7 shall be selected such that the loading factor is in the range of 1:4 to 1:100.
8.2.1 ETC purging
The selected ETC shall be unloaded and its interior walls shall be cleaned as described in ISO 16000-9.
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 9

-1
k’ shall be less than 0,0693 [min ], which corresponds to an ozone half-life of greater than 10 minutes, when
n = 1.
-1
The ozone half-life of the chamber has to be checked at an air exchange rate of n = 1 h by introducing a
concentration of 0,1 to 0,2 ppm to the chamber.
Thereafter, the ETC shall be purged with 4 ETC volumes of clean air.
8.2.2 Background concentrations (C )
bg
Following purging, the C of analyte in the unloaded ETC shall be determined and recorded.
bg
NOTE C may stem from e.g. emissions from the ETC itself and sampling tubes or filters.
bg
The C values at n = 1, shall be below the limits in Table 1.
bg
Table 1 — Background concentrations
Analyte Limit
VOC and carbonyl compounds 2 [µg/m ] for any analysed substance
TVOC 20 [µg/m ]
Ozone 4 [µg/m ]
PM 10 [µg/m ]
–3
FP and UFP C = 2000 [cm ]
p
8.2.3 EUT unpacking
Emissions from packaging may influence measurements considerably; in addition packaging itself may emit
VOCs that are not representative for EUTs in typical use. Therefore, the EUT to be tested shall be removed
from the shipping containers and all protective shipping packaging such as spacers, film wrapping and any
other shipping/packaging elements before preparation (as specified in 8.2.4).
NOTE After unpacking, installation (step 8.2.5) may precede the preparation step (8.2.4).
8.2.4 Preparation of the EUT before testing
8.2.4.1 EUT not using consumables
Newly manufactured equipment is known to emit higher levels in the first days of use, which is not
representative for the normal emissions over the intended lifetime.
For newly manufactured equipment, one of the following preparatory operations shall be executed:
a) The EUT shall not be operated before testing; testing shall start within 24 hours after unpacking.
b) The EUT shall have been in operation for a maximum of three days or equivalent before the start of
testing.
For other equipment, that may have been operated longer than three days, no preparation shall be executed;
in this case, the number of days that the EUT has been in operation shall be recorded, if known, otherwise
“not known” shall be reported.
NOTE Typical treatment conditions for types of EUT are:
PCs and ICT & CE equipment: 8 hours operation in idle mode for three days at 8 hours per day which is equivalent to
24 hours of continuous operation.
10 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

8.2.4.2 EUT using consumables
2 2
For EUT using paper consumables, a 60 g/m to 80 g/m A4 paper with water content between 3,8% and
5,6%, and printing the patterns as specified in Annex A.1 and A.2 are appropriate for the following preparatory
operation. The maximum duration of the operating phase shall be determined. Thereafter, lightness (L*) and
colour values (L*, a*, b*), as appropriate shall be determined from the printouts according to CIE 15:2004 and
ISO 13655.
Before testing the EUT may be used up to the duration of the MUT. The MUT (as duration of the total
operating cycles) is 120 minutes.
One to two 10-minutes operating cycles outside or inside the ETC shall be performed at least one day before
the UFP test in order to determine the print speed, to ensure the proper operation and to avoid influence on
emissions due to unstable UFP emission which sometimes may occur in operation after long-term disuse of
the EUT.
For the RAL-UZ 122 option one or two 10-minute operating cycles or at most 1000 printed pages are
acceptable for the purpose of EUT function testing and measuring of print speed and no further preparation
and/or usage shall be executed unless required due to malfunction of the EUT.
Treatment conditions shall be recorded in the test report.
8.2.5 EUT installation
8.2.5.1 EUT not using consumables
The EUT shall be installed while executing its intended function(s) as specified in ISO 7779, using suitable
test signals as specified in chapter 5.2 of EN 55013:2001 or another appropriate standard or specification.
To avoid contamination, the EUT shall be installed in the middle of the ETC as fast as possible and all
operators shall leave the ETC immediately thereafter.
8.2.5.2 EUT using consumables
Before installation, the EUT shall have sufficient consumables to complete the operations. In case of paper
2 2
consumables, 60 g/m to 80 g/m A4 paper with water content from 3,8% to 5,6% shall be used.
To avoid contamination, the powered-off EUT shall be installed in the middle of the ETC as fast as possible
and all operators shall leave the ETC immediately thereafter.
The EUT shall remain powered-off until the emission test as specified in 8.2.6, requires the EUT to be
powered-on.
For the determination of FP and UFP specified in 8.6 and/or for the RAL-UZ 122 option the EUT shall
be installed on the day before the emission test.
The ETC shall remain closed until all sampling and or monitoring is completed.
The installation date and time shall be recorded.
Emission testing, as specified in 8.2.6, shall not begin within at least 3 air exchanges following installation.
8.2.6 EUT operation during test
The start of the operation of the EUT shall be recorded as the time t
0.
The start and duration of the operating phases shall be recorded.
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8.2.6.1 EUT not using consumables
For this class of EUT, VOC and carbonyl compounds as specified in 8.3 shall be determined and ozone as
specified in 8.4 should be determined while continuing to execute its intended functions as initiated during
installation (see 8.2.5.1).
The used test standard or specification shall be reported, preferably by referring to a standard.
8.2.6.2 EUT using consumables
To avoid condensation due to vaporisation of water from paper during the operating phase, incoming air with
rH of at most 10% may be inserted in the ETC before the operating phase. In addition, the air exchange rate
(n) may have to be increased to avoid such condensation. Increase of humidity during the operating phase
also depends on the ETC volume. Condensation of water vapour (i.e. rH > 85%) on the ETC walls invalidates
the test.
For this class of EUT, VOC and carbonyl compounds as specified in 8.3; ozone as specified in 8.4; particulate
matter as specified in 8.5 and FP and UFP as specified in 8.6 shall be determined while the EUT being
controlled from outside the ETC.
8.2.6.2.1 Pre-operating phase
To enter the pre-operating phase, the EUT shall be powered-on and remain in this phase between 1 and 4 air
exchanges. For the determination of FP and UFP as specified in 8.6, particle counting shall be started from
the start of the pre-operating phase because particle emission is observed for some EUTs soon after they are
powered-on.
8.2.6.2.2 Operating phase
The Hard Copy Device class of EUT shall operate at nominal speed. Operating may include colour-, and/or
dual sides printing. The monochrome and colour print patterns specified in Annex A.1 and A.2 respectively
shall be used for EUT using paper consumables.
Enter the operating phase by starting copying or printing. The output of the first printed page marks the start of
the operating phase. It ends with the output of the last printed page.
In conjunction with other parameters such as n, ETC volume and the use of a post-operating phase, the
duration shall be such that quantitative analysis is ensured.
The duration of the operating phase shall be planned as follows:
First priority: The duration shall be at least 10 minutes.
Second priority: If 10 minutes duration is technically not feasible the operational phase shall be as long as
possible. The number of printed pages should not fall below 150. The maximum duration possible and the
number of printed pages have to be checked prior to testing and have to be documented in the test protocol.
8.2.6.2.3 Post-operating phase
The post-operating phase starts when the operating phase ends, and may last up to four air exchanges.
8.3 VOC, carbonyl compounds
The flow chart in Figure 2 illustrates the determination method for VOC, carbonyl compounds.
12 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

Figure 2 — Determination method for VOC, carbonyl compounds

8.3.1 Sorbents
VOC sampling and analysis shall be performed using the sorbents as specified in ISO 16017-1, with the
exception of Chromosorb and Porapack due to their high blank values: Tenax TA™ shall be conditioned and
analysed according to ISO 16000-6 to minimise the production of artefacts, especially benzene.
For the RAL-UZ 122 Option, Tenax tubes shall be spiked with an internal standard such as cyclodecane or
deuterated toluene.
For carbonyl compounds, DNPH cartridges shall be used as sorbent material.
8.3.2 Sample collection
For VOC, duplicate samples shall be taken, and for carbonyl compounds at least one sample shall be taken.
Individual VOCs, carbonyl compounds with a concentration ≥ 1,0 μg/m and, under the RAL-UZ 122 Option,
benzene with a concentration ≥ 0,25 μg/m , shall be detected.
8.3.2.1 Sample collection from EUT not using consumables
Sampling shall start at 3 and end no later than 4 air exchanges after t .
In addition, Carbonyl compounds sampling shall be conducted as specified in ISO 16000-3.
8.3.2.2 Sample collection from EUT using consumables
Sampling shall be performed during:
i. The pre-operating phase, starting at the beginning of this phase, or, under the RAL-UZ-122 Option, with a
sample flow of 100 to 200 ml/min, from 20 minutes before the end until the end of the one-hour pre-
operating phase; and
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 13

ii. The operating phase, starting at beginning of this phase, and may continue into the post-operating phase.
Under the RAL-UZ 122 Option, sampling shall continue for one air exchange in the post-operating phase,
with a sample flow of 100 to 200 ml/min.
Loaded samples shall be stored and analysed as specified in ISO 16000-3 and ISO 16000-6.
Identified VOCs shall be quantified using absolute response factors, determined by calibration. Unidentified
VOCs shall be quantified using the toluene equivalents as a relative response factor.
When benzene is detected, this shall be verified and quantified by analysing a sample on alternate
carbonaceous sorbent such as Carbotrap/Carbopack type materials.
When in doubt, positive findings of benzene are to be verified via a second independent sampling (e.g. using
Carbotrap/Carbopack™ or activated carbon type materials).
8.3.3 Emission rate calculation
This Clause specifies formulae that apply to practical situations that are special cases of the general case (as
developed in Annex C).
Concentrations shall be determined, using the following equations:
m m
ms
ope pre mbg
(1)
C  C  C  C 
s ope pre bg
Vs V V Vbg
ope pre
8.3.3.1 EUT not using consumables
The SER for EUT not using consumables is:
(C C ) nV
bg
SER  (2)
u
u
8.3.3.2 EUT using consumables
The Background emission rates are:
SER  C  nV (3)
bg bg
a) Emissions in the pre-operating phase
Assuming constant emission rates during the pre-operating phase, emission rates shall be calculated as
follows.
1. If a sample is taken from the beginning of this phase:
C  C  n V t
pre bg pre
(4)
SER 
pre
exp(n t )1 n t
pre pre
2. RAL-UZ 122 Option
SER  C nV (5)
pre pre
b) Emissions in the operating and post-operating phase
1. General case
Emission rates in these phases shall be determined using the following general formula:
14 © ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved

  exp( ( )) ( ) 1 (1 exp( )) (1 exp( ))
C C n Vt SER [ n t t n t t    nt   nt ]
ope bg G pre G ope G ope pre G
SER  (6)
ope
exp(nt )exp[n(t t )]nt
G G ope ope
2. Special cases
Consult Annex C for more detail on special cases.
If there is no post-operating phase (t =t ), then:
G ope
 
C  C  n V t  SER [(1 exp(nt ))(1 exp(n t ))]
ope bg G pre pre G
SER  (7)
ope
exp(n t )1 nt
G G
If the post-operating phase is relatively long ( nt  3):
G
C C n Vt SER [nt exp(nt ))]
ope bg G pre G pre
SER  (8)
ope
nt
ope
3. RAL-UZ 122 Option
For the RAL-UZ 122 Option the post-operating phase shall last one air exchange and the following
approximate formula shall be used for the calculation of SER (i.e. (B.28) as derived in Annex C.9):
ope
C  n V t  SER  nt
ope G pre G
SER  (9)
ope
exp(nt ) exp[n(t  t )] nt
G G ope ope
8.3.3.3 TVOC (RAL-UZ 122 Option)
The TVOC value shall be calculated as the sum of the concentrations of all identified and unidentified
substances, eluting between n-hexane and n-hexadecane and resulting in emission rates above the following
values:
 For measurements in ETCs ≤ 5 m : SER ≥ 0,005 mg/h and SER ≥ 0,05 mg/h;
pre opr
 For measurements in ETCs > 5 m : SER ≥ 0,02 mg/h and SER ≥ 0,2 mg/h.
pre opr
8.4 Ozone
The flowchart in Figure 3 illustrates the determination method for ozone.
© ISO/IEC 2012 – All rights reserved 15

Analyser and lines
meet (8.4.1)
requirements
Start operating
EUT (8.2.6),
monitoring and
analysis (8.4.2)
Emission Ozone
Model Concentration
Calculate
(8.4.3)
Emission
Rate
Figure 3 — Determination method for ozone

8.4.1 Analyser and sampling line requirements
Ozone analysers shall at least have:
3 3
 The capability to detect concentrations between 4 µg/m and 1 mg/m ;
 A precision of 2 µg/m ;
 A sampling rate (may be important for small ETCs) of  2 l/min.
To prevent loss of ozone
...