IWA 39:2022

INTERNATIONAL IWA
WORKSHOP 39
AGREEMENT
First edition
2022-07
Gap analysis for standardization
on sustainable and human-centred
societies enabled with cyber physical
systems
Reference number
© ISO 2022
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Overview . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Existing standardization . 3
4.3 Categories of standardization . 3
5 How human-centred aspects are impacted by CPS . 3
5.1 Relevant issues and practices . 3
5.2 Existing documents . 6
6 How sustainability (environmental and social) is impacted by CPS .8
6.1 Relevant issues and practices . 8
6.2 Existing documents . 11
7 What issue linkages are and how CPS can help .13
7.1 Relevant issues and practices . 13
7.2 Existing documents . 14
8 How CPS can be implemented to resolve the identified issues .15
8.1 Relevant issues and practices .15
8.2 Existing documents . 17
9 Gap analysis .22
10 Future standardization areas .23
Annex A (informative) Workshop contributors .26
Bibliography .29
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
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electrotechnical standardization.
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described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
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iso/foreword.html.
International Workshop Agreement IWA 39 was approved at a series of workshops hosted by the
Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC), in association with Japanese Standards Association
(JSA), held virtually in February 2021, May 2021, September 2021 and February 2022.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
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iv
Introduction
The seventeen UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a shared blueprint for peace and
prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. ISO, IEC and other standards development
organizations (SDOs) are making efforts to contribute to SDGs through the development of international
standards and deliverables.
Sustainability is important for many reasons including environmental quality; to have healthy
communities, clean air, natural resources, and a nontoxic environment. Sustainability is most often
defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet theirs. It has three main pillars: Economic, Environmental, and Social. These three pillars as
shown in Figure 1 are informally referred to as people, planet and profit. However, it refers to four
distinct areas: Human, Social, Economic and Environmental.
Three overlapping circles model Triple nested dependency model
Figure 1 — The triple nested dependency model of sustainability
In this triple nested dependency model, the three sectors are co-dependent and it is recognized that the
economy is a wholly owned subsidiary of the society which in turn is a wholly owned subsidiary of the
environment. They not only co-exist but interact. Rather than the three sectors competing, this model
reminds us that without clean water, fresh air and healthy ecosystems the society and the economy
cease to function.
The importance of environmental issues (e.g., climate action) is widely recognized around the world,
and many international standardization and international initiatives are trying to resolve these issues.
This, however, does not expand quickly since it requires fundamental behavioural changes which are
difficult to scale beyond individuals, and across organizations and nations. One of the major reasons
for this difficulty is that some of the actions for achieving sustainability goals have conflicts with each
other, which are called issue linkages, typically between human-centred aspects and environmental
sustainability aspects which need to be resolved and harmonized.
Human needs are a powerful explanation of human behaviour and social interaction. All individuals
have needs that they strive to satisfy.
Technologies such as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet of Things (IoT) have the potential
to help create a society in which people enjoy their lives without feeling any restrictions, while
contributing to the improvement of social, environmental and economic sustainability.
v
However, there is a concern that CPS can have adverse effects, which is an issue to be considered when
a CPS is introduced into society.
Issues related to human-centred aspects and other sustainability aspects have been discussed in
documents developed by ISO/TC 207, Environmental management, in International Standards such as
ISO 26000, and in initiatives led by international organizations such as the World Business Council
for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and the World Economic Forum (WEF). However, there is no
current area of standardization which addresses a holistic view of this landscape and how to resolve
those issues enabled by CPS, which also consider any adverse impacts.
Humans need to radically change our relationship, not just with the planet, but with the objects with
which we fill our lives to advance the progress we can make towards sustainability. We need to change
how we think about technology and innovation. Rather than allowing technological advancement to
steer our narratives, innovation and technology should help us build bridges between the worlds we
inhabit now and the ones we imagine for tomorrow.
This document was developed at a series of workshops whose participants conducted a gap analysis
between the existing areas of standardization and the goal of achieving human-centred sustainability.
This document is the result of an open and transparent multi-stakeholder process involving experts
from different countries representing a variety of different perspectives. It is a voluntary guidance
document intended for global use.
vi
International Workshop Agreement IWA 39:2022(E)
Gap analysis for standardization on sustainable and
human-centred societies enabled with cyber physical
systems
1 Scope
This document provides a gap analysis between existing areas of standardization and the needs of
human-centred sustainable societies enabled by cyber physical systems. This document does not cover
the technical requirements of cyber physical systems.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
cyber physical system
CPS
system with digital, analogue, cyber, physical and human components interacting with each other,
engineered to function through integrated physics and logic
3.2
system of systems
SoS
set of operationally and managerially independent systems that coordinate their work together to
achieve one or more common stated purposes
Note 1 to entry: Each constituent is a useful system by itself, having its own management, goals, and resources,
and coordinates within the SoS to provide the unique capability of the SoS.
[SOURCE: IEC Electropedia, IEV 871-05-03, modified — The words “are operated together for a period
of time” have been replaced by “coordinate their work together” and the word “common” has been
added in the definition; the original Note 1 to entry has been replaced by a new Note 1 to entry adapted
from ISO/IEC/IEEE 24748-1:2018, 3.56.]
3.3
issue linkage
conflict between some of the actions for achieving different sustainability goals
3.4
human-centred sustainable society
society that is highly sustainable supporting human well-being and dignity
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the state of a human-centred sustainable society is referred to as “human-
centred sustainability”. Sustainability in a broader sense can include a part of human-centred aspects, however,
it does not cover all of them, and includes issue linkages (3.3) between human-centred aspects and others. For
this reason, the term “human-centred sustainability” is used in this document.
4 Overview
4.1 General
The society envisioned in this document is a human-centred sustainable society contributing to UN SDGs
and other relevant issues. This document focuses specifically on how human-centred sustainability and
other sustainability (e.g. environmental sustainability) is enabled or impacted by CPS (both beneficially
and adversely), and on how the issue linkages between SDGs and other relevant issues can be resolved
and harmonized by CPS.
Interactions between a physical (or real) space and cyberspace, beneficial or adverse, are intrinsic
properties of CPS. On the contrary, feedback from the real space to CPS in terms of human-centred and
other sustainability aspects are investigated in this document. If the CPS has a beneficial impact, the
feedback should be positive to enhance the impact even more, but if the impact is adverse, the feedback
should be negative to suppress the impact (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 — Perspectives of the gap analysis
This document outlines issues and practices and provides lists of related standards, based on the
following four perspectives:
— how human-centred aspects are impacted by CPS (see Clause 5);
— how sustainability (environment and society) is impacted by CPS (see Clause 6);
— what the issue linkages are and how CPS can help (see Clause 7);
— how CPS can be implemented to resolve the identified issues (see Clause 8).
Table 1 list issues and practices related to human-centred sustainability together with their relevance
to SDGs, indicating beneficial impacts or adverse impacts. Referenceable documents for subjects of
each perspective are listed in the subsequent tables, indicating the relevant SDGs and type of standards
defined in 4.3.
4.2 Existing standardization
A number of international standards have already been published by ISO, IEC and ITU-T on human-
centred sustainability and CPS. In addition to the published standards, this document also cites work
items under development for reference.
4.3 Categories of standardization
In this document, international standards published by ISO, IEC and ITU-T are categorized as follows
(see Figure 3).
— Type 1: Standardization addressing human-centred sustainability which apparently has a potential
relevance to CPS.
— Type 2: Standardization addressing CPS which apparently has a potential relevance to human-
centred sustainability.
— Type 3: Standardization addressing both human-centred sustainability and CPS.
Figure 3 — Existing standardization mapping on human-centred sustainability with CPS
The results of the gap analysis between fields of existing standardization and the goals of pursuing
sustainability and improvement for human-centred aspects are given in Clause 9.
5 How human-centred aspects are impacted by CPS
5.1 Relevant issues and practices
Human-centred aspects constitute a broad concept that includes many aspects of our daily lives.
It encompasses financial well-being, relationships with family and friends, harmony with nature,
emotional and physical health and spiritual wealth. It is relevant to activities at work and recreation,
how people feel about their community and personal safety.
By using a variety of technologies, e.g. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and IoT sensors, CPS supports the
automation of repetitive and cognitively difficult tasks across several activities, while also being
focused on delivering an improved society.
The new society envisioned is not intended to simply replace human beings with automation, but also
to create new and higher quality jobs. Automation is not intended to take the place of human beings but
to support them, using robots and other intelligent technology that interacts with people to prevent
them from carrying out activities that are dangerous or burdensome to the mental and physical health
of the individual.
In addition to protecting human beings from harmful activities, CPS allows the accumulation of societal
knowledge which can be used to establish a collective intelligence and be made available to society for
the purpose of solving various problems.
While CPS has a great potential to be beneficial to human-centred aspects in society, it also creates
concerns because of its adverse impacts or issues related to basic human rights.
Table 1 shows examples of how human-centred aspects are impacted by CPS. Even though the CPS issues
and practices can be seen to deliver beneficial impact for the SDGs listed below, the CPS perspective
also gives a holistic view of the impact and issues of technology in terms of both beneficial and adverse
effects on other SDGs.
— SDG 3 Good health and well-being
— SDG 4 Quality education
— SDG 5 Gender equality
— SDG 7 Affordable and clean energy
— SDG 8 Decent work and economic growth
— SDG 9 Industry, innovation and infrastructure
— SDG 10 Reduced inequalities
— SDG 12 Responsible consumption and production
— SDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
Ethical concerns and the impact on privacy are also included in the CPS perspective. This is important
as ethical concerns and any unintended consequences which can result are not explicitly included in
the seventeen SDGs but will have a social impact on how human-centred sustainable initiatives are
impacted by CPS.
Table 1 — Issues and practices impacted by CPS
Issues/practices SDGs with benefi- SDGs with adverse
cial impact impact
Avatars SDG 3 SDG 16
With the declining birth-rate and increasing aging population, it is Good health and Peace, justice and
expected that the growth of the working population will decline in the well-being strong institutions
future. By utilizing avatars, it is possible to carry out dangerous work
SDG 5 Gender equal-
or manage labour shortages. In addition, it is expected that AI will
ity
improve performance across economies. Robots can use AI without
any human intervention, whilst the use of avatars is a human-centred
SDG 8
approach which it is hoped will extend or enhance human capabilities.
Decent work and eco-
Currently society is restricted to using technology which depends on
nomic growth
physical locations where people live, but avatars can be used to access
any location.
The presence of avatars in the Metaverse has the potential to overcome
gender differences, the presence or absence and degree of disabilities.
Cyborgs SDG 3
Cyborg technology (e.g., next-gen prosthesis) can benefit humans (SDG Good health and
3 and SDG 8) because it can restore/enhance/complement the body’s well-being
functions.
Table 1 (continued)
Issues/practices SDGs with benefi- SDGs with adverse
cial impact impact
Brain machine interface SDG 4 SDG 3
The level that a brain machine interface can alter the data in the brain. Quality education Good health and
Brain machine interface can boost education by installing new knowl- well-being
edge (SDG 4.), but overuse of it can cause an altered personality.
Proton Beam Therapy SDG 3
The new particle accelerator for Proton Beam Therapy (PBT) will be Good health and
smaller than the synchrotron already in use in healthcare. It will be well-being
connected to a mechanical structure that allows the proton beams to
rotate around the patient and to remove a tumour from multiple direc-
tions. Utilizing sensing data from multiple installed devices as well as
3D real-time modelling of the precise shape of the target tumour, this
treatment is particularly suitable for tumours that are inoperable or
that are located near delicate organs and structures such as the brain,
heart, head, neck, prostate and spinal cord.
Measurement of happiness SDG 3
A large amount of data related to body movements replaced by 0s and Good health and
1s was collected from thousands of people. Various questions were well-being
asked to determine if they were experiencing happiness. AI was used
to analyse the correlation between the data on body movements and
happiness. As a result, a complex but unique array of 0s and 1s which
appears to show how people experience happiness was discovered.
AI service for mental health SDG 3
This is a new approach to using the new provisions for Age-Appropriate Good health and
Design under the UK General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to well-being
create an AI service which helps young people understand the impact
on their mental health. They are designing the service using regulations
not applying the regulations after the technology is built. Building in
safety into an AI service which has the concerns and the safety of the
citizens at the core.
Estate and Building service with CPS SDG 9
This service uses CPS technology to ensure buildings are Covid safe, Industry, Innovation
including protecting arriving visitors and personnel working within and Infrastructure
buildings on all floors, and in meeting rooms. It can be directly connect-
ed to all building management and room booking systems to always
ensure the safety and well-being of all visitors and occupants.
CPS to protect human rights SDG 3
A considerable amount of the world's economies are still exploiting Good health and
forced labour, child labour, human trafficking and modern slavery. Key well-being
reasons for this are the pressure to compete on price for products, the
SDG 10
lack of visibility of the entire value chain and in particular the multiple
jurisdictions that are used to 'hide' these practices. Information transfer
Reduced inequalities
to support eradication of these practices has been difficult but CPS can
SDG 16
help. CPS can support collaboration across nations using the data created
in a CPS enabled value chain to provide transparent and trustworthy
Peace, justice and
information exchanges across multiple jurisdictions. CPS can be used
strong institutions
to identify victims and support investigations and prosecutions.
An example use case - The use of AI to find signatures of trafficking
with the CPS value chain. Often these are images which contain par-
ticular objects with the addition of a specific tattoo that traffickers
use to brand their victims.
Table 1 (continued)
Issues/practices SDGs with benefi- SDGs with adverse
cial impact impact
Blockchain Traceability Platform to combat child labour SDG 8 SDG 12 Responsible
consumption and
This Platform equips businesses and other stakeholders with tools Decent work and eco-
production
to trace their supply chains by blockchain technology, thereby sup- nomic growth
porting the business sector’s efforts to source materials untainted
by child labour.
Hearing aid used as connected device SDG 3
The Hearing Aid not only compensates the hearing ability of persons Good health and
with hearing difficulties but provides them with more convenience well-being
in their life than persons without hearing difficulties; with the
Hearing Aid, for example, they can connect wirelessly to any modern
smartphone and get access to our wide range of accessories with
direct streaming of stereo sound.
Côte d’Ivoire data system for traceability SDG 8
A pilot project aimed at building data systems that are owned by the Decent work and
cooperatives themselves, provide important information about where economic growth
their cocoa comes from, and strengthen their position as trading partners.
There is a gap between advanced economies and developing countries. SDG 8
This gap suggests the need to address the following issues.
Decent work and
—  How will the transition of societies like the ones of developing economic growth
countries take place and how much resource will it take?
—  Millions of people in the developing world will be left without jobs
and incomes as they are mainly groups of manual workers, unskilled
farmers and unskilled industrial workers.
—  Will they be trained? Will they be subsidized? How will they adapt
so that they can cope?
—  How policymaking will be affected by the human-centred sustain-
ability enabled by CPS?
5.2 Existing documents
Tables 2 to 7 list existing documents related to following topics, categorized as follows:
a) Human and organizational aspects (see Table 2)
b) Health and well-being (see Table 3)
c) Education (see Table 4)
d) Water service (see Table 5)
e) Industry and innovation (see Table 6)
f) Ethical concerns and trustworthiness (see Table 7)
The documents that are not, for the moment, directly relevant to CPS are included if their subjects can
potentially be impacted by CPS in the future (i.e. Type 1).
Table 2 — Existing documents related to Human and organizational aspects
Document Title Committee SDG Type
SDG 8
The human-centred organization —
ISO 27501:2019 ISO/TC 159/SC 1 1
Decent work and economic
Guidance for managers
growth
Table 2 (continued)
Document Title Committee SDG Type
SDG 8
Security and resilience — Business
ISO 22301:2019 continuity management systems — ISO/TC 292 1
Decent work and economic
Requirements
growth
Basic human rights and
ISO 26000:2010 Guidance on social responsibility ISO 1
ethical concerns
SDG 8 1
Human resource management — Guide-
ISO 30414:2018 lines for internal and external human ISO/TC 260
Decent work and economic
capital reporting
growth
Table 3 — Existing documents related to Health and well-being
Document Title Committee SDG Type
Air quality — Definition and determi- SDG 3
ISO 9169:2006 nation of performance characteristics ISO/TC 146/SC 4 3
Good health and well-being
of an automatic measuring system
Health informatics — Information se- SDG 3 3
curity management for remote mainte-
Good health and well-being
nance of medical devices and medical
ISO/TR 11633-2:2021 ISO/TC 215
information systems — Part 2: Imple-
mentation of an information security
management system (ISMS)
SDG 3 3
ISO/IEEE 11073 (all Health informatics — Personal health
ISO/TC 215
parts) device communication
Good health and well-being
Medical electrical equipment — Part SDG 3 3
2-77: Particular requirements for the
IEC 80601-2-77: 2019 IEC/TC 62 Good health and well-being
basic safety and essential performance of
robotically assisted surgical equipment
SDG 3 3
Interoperability design guidelines for
ITU-T H.810 (all parts) ITU-T/ SG 16
personal health systems
Good health and well-being
Table 4 — Existing documents related to Education
Document Title Committee SDG Type
SDG 4 1
Education and learning services — Re-
ISO 29994:2021 ISO/TC 232
quirements for distance learning
Quality education
Table 5 — Existing documents related to Water service
Document Title Committee SDG Type
Service activities relating to drinking SDG 6 3
water supply, wastewater and storm-
Clean water and sanitation
water systems — Guidelines for the im-
ISO/TS 24541:2020 plementation of continuous monitoring ISO/TC 224
systems for drinking water quality and
operational parameters in drinking
water distribution networks
Table 6 — Existing documents related to Industry and innovation
Document Title Committee SDG Type
SDG 9
Innovation management — Innovation
ISO 56002:2019 ISO/TC 279 1
Industry, innovation and
management system — Guidance
infrastructure
SDG 9
Service excellence — Designing excellent
ISO/TS 24082:2021 service to achieve outstanding customer ISO/TC 312 1
Industry, innovation and
experiences
infrastructure
SDG 9
ISO/CD 32111
Transaction assurance in e-commerce
ISO/TC 321 1
Industry, innovation and
— Principles and framework
[Under development]
infrastructure
Table 7 — Existing documents related to Ethical concerns and trustworthiness
Document Title Committee SDG Type
Information technology — Artificial Ethical concerns and trust- 3
ISO/IEC TR ISO/IEC JTC1/
intelligence — Overview of trustwor- worthiness
24028:2020 SC 42
thiness in artificial intelligence
6 How sustainability (environmental and social) is impacted by CPS
6.1 Relevant issues and practices
Table 8 shows how sustainability (environmental and social) is impacted by CPS with a focus on the
SDGs listed below, in terms of beneficial contribution and adverse side-effects on other SDGs.
— SDG 10 Reduced inequalities
— SDG 11 Sustainable cities and communities
— SDG 12 Responsible consumption and production
— SDG 13 Climate action
— SDG 14 Life below water
— SDG 15 Life on land
— SDG 16 Peace, justice and strong institutions
— SDG 17 Partnerships for the goals
In addition to these SDGs, ethical concerns such as privacy are included, though they are not explicitly
included in SDGs.
Table 8 — Relevant issues and practices
Issues/practices SDGs with benefi- SDGs with adverse
cial impact impact
General CPS’s adverse impact on ethical, legal and social issues SDG 10, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, and ethical
There are significant ethical, legal and social issues related to the de-
concerns
ployment of CPS technology which need to be considered.
Table 8 (continued)
Issues/practices SDGs with benefi- SDGs with adverse
cial impact impact
Energy harvesting SDG 7 Affordable and
clean energy
To ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy
services, human beings continue to need an increasing supply of ener-
gy, which increases climate impact and results in climate change. The
need to implement IoT devices which do not require batteries in society
is a necessary action to prevent the increase of energy consumption.
Sensing technology to enable infrastructure monitoring to facilitate a
resilient society also requires battery-less IoT devices.
AI and CO2 emissions using computing power SDG 9 SDG 12
AI consumes a huge amount of electricity in the compute power it uses, Industry, innovation Responsible con-
which leads to a large amount of CO2 emissions. and infrastructure sumption and pro-
duction
SDG 13
Climate action
Cryptocurrency CO2 emission SDG 8 SDG 13
A particular cryptocurrency has a carbon footprint comparable to that Decent work and eco- Climate action
of New Zealand, producing 36,95 megatons of CO2 annually. Crypto- nomic growth
currency consumes more electricity than the entire annual energy
consumption of the Netherlands.
Energy systems transition towards green energy SDG 9
Climate change, the need for decarbonization, as well as increasing Industry, innovation
energy demand, together with the massive penetration of renewable and infrastructure
energy resources, are creating many challenges for the current and
SDG 11
future systems. A major challenge is the difficulty to maintain the
stability in the power grid due to a large fluctuation of renewable Sustainable cities and
power sources. communities
In general, the integration of intelligent CPS in energy systems can SDG 13
improve their design and operation as well as contribute to their
Climate action
transition in many ways; examples of such intelligent CPS benefits
include energy efficiency enhancements, operational flexibility in a
dynamic environment, resilience of critical infrastructure, supply
and demand matching, and the stability enhancement of the total
grid.
However, changes in production and consumption result in differ-
ent flows of energy within the smart grid. Furthermore, the grid
structure itself can be physically changed through reconfiguration.
Different flows also result in different currents, voltage levels and
differences in the physical operation of the grid and its assets.
Circular economy SDG 12
A circular economy aims to redefine growth, focusing on positive so- Responsible con-
ciety-wide benefits. It entails gradually decoupling economic activity sumption and pro-
from the consumption of finite resources and designing waste out of duction
the system. Underpinned by a transition to renewable energy sources,
SDG 13
the circular model builds economic, natural, and social capital.
Climate action
Table 8 (continued)
Issues/practices SDGs with benefi- SDGs with adverse
cial impact impact
Sharing economy SDG 8 SDG 10
The sharing economy is an economic model that creates opportunities Decent work and eco- Reduced Inequalities
to match individuals and/or organizations with unused assets and nomic growth
skills with those who want to use them through digital platforms. It
SDG 11
enables services and products to reach a wider range of consumers,
supports entrepreneurship, and creates new business opportunities Sustainable cities and
with a flexible working style. In addition, the shift from owning assets communities
to sharing them through this model enables better resource optimiza-
SDG12
tion and is expected to contribute to the resolution of environmental
issues. However, monetization of data has led to significant ethical,
Responsible con-
legal and social issues.
sumption and pro-
duction
Food tech SDG 12 Responsible
consumption and
While the world's population continues to grow, the world produces
production
approximately 4 billion tons of food each year. One-third of that pro-
duction is discarded. AI can be used to solve the food waste problem.
For example, by utilizing various data such as weather, day of the week,
and temperature, it is possible to deliver demand forecasting which
would reduce food loss.
Food Trust - food safety SDG 2 SDG 12 Responsible
consumption and
Improving food safety across the supply chain. A platform looks to Zero hunger
production
achieve new levels of trust and transparency, making food safer and
SDG 3
smarter from farm to fork. This is Blockchain for the food system which
requires significant energy to deliver the service.
Good health and
well-being
Biodiversity and ecosystems SDG 14
There have been conventions on biological diversity led by UN which Life below water
pursue the current overarching framework, Strategic Plan for Biodi-
SDG 15
versity 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Governments are
in the process of developing a post-2020 global biodiversity framework Life on Land
that will guide actions in the decades to come.
There are already existing relevant documents published by UN, OECD,
and WBCSD. ISO has recently started its new TC on biodiversity (ISO/
TC 331). These issues regarding the degradation of biodiversity and
ecosystems will be largely mitigated and adapted using CPS.
The demand adjustment service of renewable energy supply SDG 7
The service controls the amount of electricity used nationwide according Affordable and clean
to the amount of electricity generated by power sources whose output energy
fluctuates depending on the weather conditions and time of day, such
SDG 11
as solar power generation and wind power generation.
Sustainable cities and
Specifically, the service automatically and accurately ascertains the
communities
quantity and status of operation of the equipment of large electric
power for consumers nationwide and power generation equipment SDG 13
(solar panels, windmill turbines, etc.) through the IoT network.
Climate action
Table 8 (continued)
Issues/practices SDGs with benefi- SDGs with adverse
cial impact impact
Local district energy management SDG 7
The distributed micro grid application of energy management has Affordable and clean
great potential for enhancing resilience against natural disasters energy
as well as utilizing renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic
SDG 11
generators. It is also expected to utilize fully the storage capacity of
electric cars. The implementation of this future scenario is highly Sustainable cities and
dependent on CPS enablement. communities
SDG 13
Climate action
Personal Electric Vehicle( PEV) SDG 11 SDG 15
The use of Personal Electric Vehicle (PEV) would significantly con- Sustainable cities and Life on land
tribute to the creation of a more sustainable transportation system communities
that is affordable, convenient, addresses air pollution, and reduces
SDG 13
greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate action
Compared to purchasing an automobile, which usually costs more than
10k USD, or daily payment of public transportation fees, using PEVs as
a means of transportation is more affordable for the user, because the
cost of the PEVs is about equal to a year of public transportation fees.
In addition, PEVs can shorten the time of transportation compared to
public transportation, as users can directly travel to their destinations
without any waiting time for changing the transports. PEVs will not emit
greenhouse gasses but they also have 2-3 times higher energy efficiency
than electric cars and are therefore more environmentally friendly.
Legalization of the PEVs is currently being discussed in Japan, but some
oppose it because PEVs can cause more traffic accidents. However,
standardization of the PEVs friendly society is desired to achieve SDGs.
6.2 Existing documents
Tables 9 to 12 list existing documents related to following topics, categorized as follows:
a) Environment (see Table 9)
b) Food (see Table 10)
c) Smart cities and communities (see Table 11)
d) Energy supply (see Table 12)
The documents that are not, for the moment, directly relevant to CPS are included if their subjects can
potentially be impacted by CPS in the future (i.e. Type 1).
Table 9 — Existing documents related to Environment
Document Title Committee SDG Type
SDG 12 1
Responsible consump-
ISO/WD 59010
Circular economy — Guidelines on busi-
tion and production
ISO/TC 323
ness models and value chains
[Under development]
SDG 13
Climate action
ITU-T SDG 13 3
Energy efficiency, smart energy and
ITU-T SG5
green data centres
L.1300- L.1399 Climate action
Table 9 (continued)
Document Title Committee SDG Type
ITU-T SDG 13
Assessment methodologies of ICTs and
ITU-T SG 5 3
CO2 trajectories
L.1400- L.1499 Climate action
Table 10 — Existing documents related to Food
Document Title Committee SDG Type
Social responsibility and sustainable ISO / TC 34 SDG 12 Responsible con- 1
ISO/TS 26030:2019 development — Guidance on using ISO sumption and production
26000:2010 in the food chain
Table 11 — Existing documents related to Smart cities and communities
Document Title Committee SDG Type
Sustainable development in communities 1
SDG 11
— Management system for sustainable
ISO 37101:2016 ISO/TC 268
Sustainable cities and com-
development — Requirements with
munities
guidance for use
SDG 11 1
Sustainable cities and communities —
ISO 37120:2018 Indicators for city services and quality ISO/TC 268
Sustainable cities and com-
of life
munities
SDG 11 1
Sustainable cities and communities —
ISO 37122:2019 ISO/TC 268
Sustainable cities and com-
Indicators for smart cities
munities
SDG 11 1
Sustainable cities and communities —
ISO 37123:2019 ISO/TC 268
Sustainable cities and com-
Indicators for resilient cities
munities
SDG 11 1
Sustainable cities and communities —
ISO/TS 37107:2019 Maturity model for smart sustainable ISO/TC 268
Sustainable cities and com-
communities
munities
Security and resilience — Emergen- SDG 11 1
cy management — Part 1: General
Sustainable cities and com-
ISO 22328-1:2020 guidelines for the implementation of a ISO/TC 292
munities
community-based disaster early warn-
ing system
Table 12 — Existing documents related to Energy supply
Document Title Committee SDG Type
SDG 7 1
Marine energy — Wave, tidal and other
water current converters — Part 2: Affordable and clean en-
IEC TS 62600-2:2019 IEC/TC 114
Marine energy systems — Design re- ergy
quirements
SDG 13 Climate action
SDG 7 1
Photovoltaic system performance — Part Affordable and clean en-
IEC TS 61724-3:2016 IEC/TC 82
3: Energy evaluation method ergy
SDG 13 Climate action
Table 12 (continued)
Document Title Committee SDG Type
SDG 7 3
Wind energy generation systems — Part
25-1: Communications for monitoring
Affordable and clean en-
IEC 61400-25-1:2017 and control of wind power plants — IEC/TC 88
ergy
Overall description of principles and
models SDG 13 Climate action
SDG 7 3
Solar energy — Specification and clas-
sification of instruments for measuring Affordable and clean en-
ISO 9060:2018 ISO/TC 180/SC 1
hemispherical solar and direct solar ergy
radiation
SDG 13 Climate action
7 What issue linkages are and how CPS can help
7.1 Relevant issues and practices
Conflicts are intrinsically embedded in SDGs such as between the ones related to human-centred
aspects and the others related to environmental and other sustainability as shown in Figure 4. Some
conflicts are not necessarily limited to SDGs but include other well-being or social issues such as an
ethical concern.
Figure 4 — Intrinsic issue linkages in SDGs
Table 13 shows relevant issues and practices with conflicting SDGs or other issues.
Table 13 — Relevant issue
...