ISO/TS 19130:2010

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
01-oktober-2010
Geografske informacije - Modeli zaznavanja podob za geopozicioniranje
Geographic information - Imagery sensor models for geopositioning
Information géographique - Modèles de capteurs d'images de géopositionnement
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/TS 19130:2010
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010

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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19130
First edition
2010-06-15

Geographic information — Imagery
sensor models for geopositioning
Information géographique — Modèles de capteurs d'images de
géopositionnement




Reference number
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010

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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
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ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Conformance .1
3 Normative references.2
4 Terms and definitions .2
5 Symbols and abbreviated terms .11
5.1 Abbreviated terms .11
5.2 Notation .13
6 Image geopositioning: overview and common elements .13
6.1 Introduction.13
6.2 Type of geopositioning information .14
6.3 Calibration data .15
6.4 Ground control points.16
7 Physical Sensor Models .19
7.1 Sensor types .19
7.2 Physical Sensor Model approach .23
7.3 Quality associated with Physical Sensor Models .29
7.4 Physical Sensor Model metadata .31
7.5 Location and orientation.32
7.6 Sensor parameters .37
8 True Replacement Models and Correspondence Models .43
8.1 Functional fitting .43
8.2 True Replacement Model approach.44
8.3 Quality associated with a True Replacement Model.50
8.4 Schema for True Replacement Model .52
8.5 Correspondence Model approach .53
8.6 Schema for Correspondence Models.56
Annex A (normative) Conformance and testing .57
Annex B (normative) Geolocation information data dictionary .60
Annex C (normative) Coordinate systems .77
Annex D (informative) Frame sensor model metadata profile supporting precise geopositioning .106
Annex E (informative) Pushbroom / Whiskbroom sensor model metadata profile.114
Annex F (informative) Synthetic Aperture Radar sensor model metadata profile supporting
precise geopositioning .128
Bibliography.140

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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In other circumstances, particularly when there is an urgent market requirement for such documents, a
technical committee may decide to publish other types of normative document:
⎯ an ISO Publicly Available Specification (ISO/PAS) represents an agreement between technical experts in
an ISO working group and is accepted for publication if it is approved by more than 50 % of the members
of the parent committee casting a vote;
⎯ an ISO Technical Specification (ISO/TS) represents an agreement between the members of a technical
committee and is accepted for publication if it is approved by 2/3 of the members of the committee casting
a vote.
An ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is reviewed after three years in order to decide whether it will be confirmed for a
further three years, revised to become an International Standard, or withdrawn. If the ISO/PAS or ISO/TS is
confirmed, it is reviewed again after a further three years, at which time it must either be transformed into an
International Standard or be withdrawn.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TS 19130 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
Introduction
The purpose of this Technical Specification is to specify the geolocation information that an imagery data
provider shall supply in order for the user to be able to find the earth location of the data using a Physical
Sensor Model, a True Replacement Model or a Correspondence Model. Detailed Physical Sensor Models are
defined for passive electro-optical visible/infrared (IR) sensors (frame, pushbroom and whiskbroom) and for an
active microwave sensing system (Synthetic Aperture Radar). A set of components from which models for
other sensors can be constructed is also provided. Metadata required for geopositioning using a True
Replacement Model, a Correspondence Model, or ground control points are also specified. The intent is to
standardize sensor descriptions and specify the minimum geolocation metadata requirements for data
providers and geopositioning imagery systems.
Vast amounts of data from imaging systems are collected, processed and distributed by government mapping
and remote sensing agencies and commercial data vendors. In order for this data to be useful in extraction of
geographic information, it requires further processing. Geopositioning, which determines the ground
coordinates of an object from image coordinates, is a fundamental processing step. Because of the diversity
of sensor types and the lack of a common sensor model standard, data from different producers can contain
different parametric information, lack parameters required to describe the sensor that produces the data, or
lack ancillary information necessary for geopositioning and analysing the data. Consequently, a separate
software package often has to be developed to deal with data from each individual sensor or data producer.
Standard sensor models and geolocation metadata allow agencies or vendors to develop generalized
software products that are applicable to data from multiple data producers or from multiple sensors. With such
a standard, different producers can describe the geolocation information of their data in the same way, thus
promoting interoperability of data between application systems and facilitating data exchange.
This Technical Specification defines the set of metadata elements specified for providing sensor model and
other geopositioning data to users. For the case where a Physical Sensor Model is provided, it includes a
location model and metadata relevant to all sensors; it also includes metadata specific to whiskbroom,
pushbroom, frame, and SAR sensors. It also includes metadata for functional fit geopositioning, where the
function is part of a Correspondence Model or a True Replacement Model. This Technical Specification also
provides a schema for all of these metadata elements.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010

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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)

Geographic information — Imagery sensor models for
geopositioning
1 Scope
This Technical Specification identifies the information required to determine the relationship between the
position of a remotely sensed pixel in image coordinates and its geoposition. It supports exploitation of
remotely sensed images. It defines the metadata to be distributed with the image to enable user determination
of geographic position from the observations.
This Technical Specification specifies several ways in which information in support of geopositioning may be
provided.
a) It may be provided as a sensor description with the associated physical and geometric information
necessary to rigorously construct a Physical Sensor Model. For the case where precise geoposition
information is needed, this Technical Specification identifies the mathematical formulae for rigorously
constructing Physical Sensor Models that relate two-dimensional image space to three-dimensional
ground space and the calculation of the associated propagated errors. This Technical Specification
provides detailed information for three types of passive electro-optical/infrared (IR) sensors (frame,
pushbroom and whiskbroom) and for an active microwave sensing system [Synthetic Aperture Radar
(SAR)]. It provides a framework by which these sensor models can be extended to other sensor types.
b) It may be provided as a True Replacement Model, using functions whose coefficients are based on a
Physical Sensor Model so that they provide information for precise geopositioning, including the
calculation of errors, as precisely as the Physical Sensor Model they replace.
c) It may be provided as a Correspondence Model that provides a functional fitting based on observed
relationships between the geopositions of a set of ground control points and their image coordinates.
d) It may be provided as a set of ground control points that can be used to develop a Correspondence
Model or to refine a Physical Sensor Model or True Replacement Model.
This Technical Specification does not specify either how users derive geoposition data or the format or
content of the data the users generate.
2 Conformance
This Technical Specification specifies four conformance classes. There is one conformance class for each of
the methods specified for providing geopositioning information. Any set of geopositioning information claiming
conformance to this Technical Specification shall satisfy the requirements for at least one conformance class
as specified in Table 1. The requirements for each class are shown by the presence of an X in the boxes for
all clauses in the application test suite (ATS) required for that class. If the requirement is conditional, the box
contains a C.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
Table 1 — Conformance classes
Subclause
A.1 A.2.1 A.2.2 A.3.1 A.3.2 A.3.3 A.3.4 A.3.5 A.4 A.5 A.6
Correspondence Model X X X   X X
Physical SAR X  X X X X
Sensor
electro- X  X X X X
Model
optical
True Replacement Model X    X X
GCP Collection X X X C C C C C C C C

3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/TS 19103:2005, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19107, Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19108, Geographic information — Temporal schema
ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information — Metadata
ISO 19115-2:2009, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data
ISO 19123, Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions
ISO/TS 19138:2006 Geographic information — Data quality measures
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
active sensing system
sensing system that emits energy that the sensor uses to perform sensing
4.2
adjustable model parameters
model parameters that can be refined using available additional information, such as ground control points,
to improve or enhance modelling corrections
4.3
along-track
direction in which the sensor platform moves
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Conformance Class

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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
4.4
ARP
aperture reference point
3D location of the centre of the synthetic aperture
NOTE It is usually expressed in ECEF coordinates in metres.
4.5
attitude
orientation of a body, described by the angles between the axes of that body’s coordinate system and the
axes of an external coordinate system
[ISO 19116:2004, definition 4.2]
4.6
attribute
named property of an entity
[ISO/IEC 2382-17:1999, definition 17.02.12]
NOTE In this Technical Specification, the property relates to a geometrical, topological, thematic, or other
characteristic of an entity.
4.7
azimuth resolution
〈SAR〉 resolution in the cross-range direction
NOTE This is usually measured in terms of the impulse response of the SAR sensor and processing system. It is a
function of the size of the synthetic aperture, or alternatively the dwell time (i.e. a larger aperture results in a longer dwell
time results in better resolution).
4.8
beam width
〈SAR〉 useful angular width of the beam of electromagnetic energy
NOTE Beam width is usually measured in radians and as the angular width between two points that have 50 % of the
power (3 dB below) of the centre of the beam. It is a property of the antenna. Power emitted outside of this angle is too
little to provide a usable return.
4.9
broadside
〈SAR〉 direction orthogonal to the velocity vector and parallel to the plane tangent to the Earth's ellipsoid at
the nadir point of the ARP
4.10
calibrated focal length
distance between the perspective centre and the image plane that is the result of balancing positive and
negative radial lens distortions during sensor calibration
4.11
coordinate
one of a sequence of n numbers designating the position of a point in n-dimensional space
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.5]
NOTE In a coordinate reference system, the coordinate numbers are qualified by units.
4.12
coordinate reference system
coordinate system that is related to an object by a datum
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.8]
NOTE For geodetic and vertical datums, the object will be the Earth.
4.13
coordinate system
set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.10]
4.14
Correspondence Model
functional relationship between ground and image coordinates based on the correlation between a set of
ground control points and their corresponding image coordinates
4.15
cross-track
perpendicular to the direction in which the collection platform moves
4.16
data
reinterpretable representation of information in a formalised manner suitable for communication, interpretation,
or processing
[ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, definition 01.01.02]
4.17
datum
parameter or set of parameters that define the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a
coordinate system
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.14]
4.18
detector
device that generates an output signal in response to an energy input
4.19
Doppler angle
〈SAR〉 angle between the velocity vector and the range vector
4.20
Doppler shift
wavelength change resulting from relative motion of source and detector
NOTE In the SAR context, it is the frequency shift imposed on a radar signal due to relative motion between the
transmitter and the object being illuminated.
4.21
ellipsoid
surface formed by the rotation of an ellipse about a main axis
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.17]
NOTE The Earth ellipsoid is a mathematical ellipsoid figure of the Earth which is used as a reference frame for
computations in geodesy, astronomy and the geosciences.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
4.22
ellipsoidal coordinate system
geodetic coordinate system
coordinate system in which position is specified by geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude and (in the three-
dimensional case) ellipsoidal height
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.18]
4.23
ellipsoidal height
geodetic height
h
distance of a point from the ellipsoid measured along the perpendicular from the ellipsoid to this point,
positive if upwards or outside of the ellipsoid
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.19]
NOTE Only used as part of a three-dimensional ellipsoidal coordinate system and never on its own.
4.24
error propagation
process of determining the uncertainties of derived quantities from the known uncertainties of the quantities on
which the derived quantity is dependent
NOTE Error propagation is governed by the mathematical function relating the derived quantity to the quantities from
which it was derived.
4.25
external coordinate reference system
coordinate reference system whose datum is independent of the object that is located by it
4.26
fiducial centre
point determined on the basis of the camera fiducial marks
NOTE When there are four fiducial marks, fiducial centre is the intersection of the two lines connecting the pairs of
opposite fiducial marks.
4.27
fiducial mark
index marks, typically four or eight rigidly connected with the camera body, which form images on the film
negative and define the image coordinate reference system
NOTE When a camera is calibrated the distances between fiducial marks are precisely measured and assigned
coordinates that assist in correcting for film distortion.
4.28
frame sensor
sensor that detects and collects all of the data for an image (frame / rectangle) at an instant of time
4.29
geodetic datum
datum describing the relationship of a two- or three-dimensional coordinate system to the Earth
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.24]
NOTE In most cases, the geodetic datum includes an ellipsoid description.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
4.30
geodetic latitude
ellipsoidal latitude
ϕ
angle from the equatorial plane to the perpendicular to the ellipsoid through a given point, northwards treated
as positive
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.25]
4.31
geodetic longitude
ellipsoidal longitude
λ
angle from the prime meridian plane to the meridian plane of a given point, eastward treated as positive
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.26]
4.32
geoid
equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field which is everywhere perpendicular to the direction of gravity
and which best fits mean sea level either locally or globally
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.27]
4.33
geographic information
information concerning phenomena implicitly or explicitly associated with a location relative to the Earth
[ISO 19101:2002, definition 4.16]
4.34
geolocating
geopositioning an object using a Physical Sensor Model or a True Replacement Model
4.35
geolocation information
information used to determine geographic location corresponding to image location
[ISO 19115-2:2009, definition 4.11]
4.36
geopositioning
determining the geographic position of an object
NOTE While there are many methods for geopositioning, this Technical Specification is focused on geopositioning
from image coordinates.
4.37
georeferencing
geopositioning an object using a Correspondence Model derived from a set of points for which both ground
and image coordinates are known
4.38
gimbal
mechanical device consisting of two or more rings connected in such a way that each rotates freely around an
axis that is a diameter of the next ring toward the outermost ring of the set
NOTE An object mounted on a three-ring gimbal will remain horizontally suspended on a plane between the rings
regardless as to the stability of the base.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
4.39
grazing angle
〈SAR〉 vertical angle from the local surface tangent plane to the slant range direction
4.40
grid
network composed of two or more sets of curves in which the members of each set intersect the members of
the other sets in an algorithmic way
[ISO 19123:2005, definition 4.1.23]
NOTE The curves partition a space into grid cells.
4.41
grid coordinates
sequence of two or more numbers specifying a position with respect to its location on a grid
[ISO 19115-2:2009, definition 4.16]
4.42
ground control point
point on the earth that has an accurately known geographic position
[ISO 19115-2:2009, definition 4.18]
4.43
ground range
〈SAR〉 magnitude of the range vector projected onto the ground
NOTE Ground range of an image is represented by the distance from the nadir point of the antenna to a point in the
scene. Usually measured in the horizontal plane, but can also be measured as true distance along the ground, DEM,
geoid or ellipsoid surface.
4.44
GRP
ground reference point
3D position of a reference point on the ground for a given synthetic aperture
NOTE It is usually the centre point of an image (Spotlight) or an image line (Stripmap). It is usually expressed in
ECEF coordinates in metres.
4.45
ground sampling distance
linear distance between pixel centres on the ground
NOTE This definition also applies for water surfaces.
4.46
gyroscope
device consisting of a spinning rotor mounted in a gimbal so that its axis of rotation maintains a fixed
orientation
NOTE The rotor spins on a fixed axis while the structure around it rotates or tilts. In airplanes, the pitch and
orientation of the airplane is measured against the steady spin of the gyroscope. In space, where the four compass points
are meaningless, the gyroscope’s axis of rotation is used as a reference point for navigation. An inertial navigation system
includes three gimbal-mounted gyroscopes, used to measure roll, pitch, and yaw.
4.47
image
gridded coverage whose attribute values are a numerical representation of a physical parameter
[ISO 19115-2:2009, definition 4.19]
NOTE The physical parameters are the result of measurement by a sensor or a prediction from a model.
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SIST-TS ISO/TS 19130:2010
ISO/TS 19130:2010(E)
4.48
image coordinate reference system
coordinate reference system based on an image datum
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.30]
4.49
image datum
engineering datum which defines the relationship of a coordinate system to an image
[ISO 19111:2007, definition 4.31]
4.50
image distortion
deviation between the actual location of an image point and the location that theoretically would result from
the geometry of the imaging process without any errors
4.51
image formation
〈SAR〉 process by which an image is generated from collected Phase History Data in a SAR system
4.52
image-identifiable ground control point
ground control point associated with a marker or other object on the ground that can be recognized in an
image
NOTE The ground control point may be marked in the image, or the user may be provided with an unambiguous
description of the ground control point so that it can be found in the image.
4.53
image plane
plane behind an imaging lens where images of objects within the depth of field of the lens are in focus
4.54
image point
point on the image that uniquely represents an object point
4.55
imagery
representation of phenomena as images produced by electronic and/or optical techniques
[ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, definition 4.14]
NOTE In this Technical Specification, it is assumed that the phenomena have been sensed or detected by one or
more devices such as radars, cameras, photomet
...