ISO/TC 211/WG 6 - Imagery

This document defines a conceptual schema for coverages. A coverage is a mapping from a spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domain to attribute values sharing the same attribute type. A coverage domain consists of a collection of direct positions in a coordinate space that can be defined in terms of spatial and/or temporal dimensions, as well as non-spatiotemporal (in ISO 19111:2019, “parametric”) dimensions. Examples of coverages include point clouds, grids, meshes, triangulated irregular networks, and polygon sets. Coverages are the prevailing data structures in a number of application areas, such as remote sensing, meteorology and mapping of depth, elevation, soil and vegetation. This document defines the coverage concept including the relationship between the domain of a coverage and its associated attribute range. This document defines the characteristics of the domain. The characteristics of the attribute range are not defined in this document, but are defined in implementation standards. Consequently, the standardization target of this document consists of implementation standards, not concrete implementations themselves.

This document defines a coverage processing language for server-side extraction, filtering, processing, analytics, and fusion of multi-dimensional geospatial coverages representing, for example, spatio-temporal sensor, image, simulation, or statistics datacubes. Services implementing this language provide access to original or derived sets of coverage information, in forms that are useful for client-side consumption. This document relies on the ISO 19123-1 abstract coverage model. In this edition, regular and irregular multi-dimensional grids are supported for axes that can carry spatial, temporal or any other semantics. Future editions will additionally support further axis types as well as further coverage types from ISO 19123-1, specifically, point clouds and meshes.

The ISO 19124 series is focused on calibration and validation (Cal/Val) of remote sensing data, which are collected by a sensor on-board a platform in a mission, and products derived in part or whole from the data. The ISO 19124 series defines the metadata related to the calibration and validation process that has not been defined in other ISO/TC 211 International Standards. The metadata allows the data providers to provide a standardized description of the Cal/Val process they have applied to the data. It allows the data users to get the same forms of metadata from different data providers. This document addresses the overall framework and common calibration and validation processes related to Earth observation data and derived products from different types of remote sensors. Subsequent parts in the ISO 19124 series will target data from specific sensors, for example, infrared, ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared, microwave, or broadband, products derived from those data, and calibration and validation sites. Calibration addresses a geometric, radiometric, or spectral correction of the data. Validation addresses an evaluation of the quality and the accuracy of the data and the derived products.

This document defines the calibration of space-borne passive microwave radiometers and the validation of the calibrated information.

This document defines the XML Schema implementation of imagery sensor geopositioning models defined in ISO 19130-1 and ISO/TS 19130-2. It applies XML Schema inheritance and extension based on the OGC SensorML and OGC SWE Common Data Model. Instead of introducing an XML Schema based on the UML models defined in ISO 19130-1 and ISO/TS 19130-2, it leverages the existing OGC SensorML by first introducing a semantic mapping from the model elements defined in ISO 19130-1 and ISO/TS 19130-2 to OGC SensorML, and then defining the detailed schema inheritance and extensions based on OGC SensorML to fully support encoding of the imagery sensor models for geopositioning defined in ISO 19130-1 and ISO/TS 19130-2.

This document specifies an implementation schema based on the content models for geographic imagery and gridded thematic data defined in the ISO/TS 19163-1. This document defines a structure that is suitable for binding content components and specific encoding formats. It also provides an implementation schema for binding a concrete, implementable, conformance-testable coverage structure as defined in ISO 19123-2.

This document specifies a concrete[1] implementable, conformance-testable coverage structure based on the abstract schema for coverages defined in the ISO 19123 schema for coverage geometry. This document defines a structure that is suitable for encoding in many encoding formats. [1] "concrete" is used here as a contrast to "abstract" in the sense described in the Introduction.

This document identifies the information required to determine the relationship between the position of a remotely sensed pixel in image coordinates and its geoposition. It supports exploitation of remotely sensed images. It defines the metadata to be distributed with the image to enable user determination of geographic position from the observations. This document specifies several ways in which information in support of geopositioning can be provided. a) It may be provided as a sensor description with the associated physical and geometric information necessary to rigorously construct a PSM. For the case where precise geoposition information is needed, this document identifies the mathematical equations for rigorously constructing PSMs that relate 2D image space to 3D ground space and the calculation of the associated propagated errors. This document provides detailed information for three types of passive electro-optical/ IR sensors (frame, pushbroom and whiskbroom) and for an active microwave sensing system SAR. It provides a framework by which these sensor models can be extended to other sensor types. b) It can be provided as a TRM, using functions whose coefficients are based on a PSM so that they provide information for precise geopositioning, including the calculation of errors, as precisely as the PSM they replace. c) It can be provided as a CM that provides a functional fitting based on observed relationships between the geopositions of a set of GCPs and their image coordinates. d) It can be provided as a set of GCPs that can be used to develop a CM or to refine a PSM or TRM. This document does not specify either how users derive geoposition data or the format or content of the data the users generate.

This document defines a reference model for standardization in the field of geographic imagery processing. This reference model identifies the scope of the standardization activity being undertaken and the context in which it takes place. The reference model includes gridded data with an emphasis on imagery. Although structured in the context of information technology and information technology standards, this document is independent of any application development method or technology implementation approach.

This document defines the calibration of SAR/InSAR sensors and validation of SAR/InSAR calibration information. This document addresses earth based remote sensing. The specified sensors include airborne and spaceborne SAR/InSAR sensors. This document also addresses the metadata related to calibration and validation.

ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 defines the data capture method, the relationships between the coordinate reference systems and their parameters, as well as the calibration of airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) sensors. ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 also standardizes the service metadata for the data capture method, the relationships between the coordinate reference systems and their parameters and the calibration procedures of airborne lidar systems as well as the associated data types and code lists that have not been defined in other ISO geographic information international standards.

ISO/TS 19163-1:2016 classifies imagery and regularly spaced gridded thematic data into types based on attribute property, sensor type and spatial property, and defines an encoding-neutral content model for the required components for each type of data. It also specifies logical data structures and the rules for encoding the content components in the structures. The binding between the content and a specific encoding format will be defined in the subsequent parts of ISO 19163. ISO/TS 19163-1:2016 does not address LiDAR, SONAR data and ungeoreferenced gridded data. The logical data structures and the rules for encoding the content components will be addressed in the subsequent parts of ISO 19163.

ISO/TS 19159-1:2014 defines the calibration and validation of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing imagery sensors. The term "calibration" refers to geometry, radiometry, and spectral, and includes the instrument calibration in a laboratory as well as in situ calibration methods. The validation methods address validation of the calibration information.

ISO/TS 19130-2:2014 supports exploitation of remotely sensed images. It specifies the sensor models and metadata for geopositioning images remotely sensed by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), LIght Detection And Ranging (lidar), and SOund Navigation And Ranging (sonar) sensors. The specification also defines the metadata needed for the aerial triangulation of airborne and spaceborne images. ISO/TS 19130-2:2014 specifies the detailed information that shall be provided for a sensor description of SAR, InSAR, lidar, and sonar sensors with the associated physical and geometric information necessary to rigorously construct a physical sensor model. For the case where precise geoposition information is needed, this Technical Specification identifies the mathematical formulae for rigorously constructing physical sensor models that relate two-dimensional image space to three-dimensional ground space and the calculation of the associated propagated error. ISO/TS 19130-2:2014 does not specify either how users derive geoposition data or the format or content of the data the users generate.

ISO/TS 19129:2009 defines the framework for imagery, gridded and coverage data. This framework defines a content model for the content type imagery and for other specific content types that can be represented as coverage data. These content models are represented as a set of generic UML patterns for application schemas.

ISO/TS 19130:2010 identifies the information required to determine the relationship between the position of a remotely sensed pixel in image coordinates and its geoposition. It supports exploitation of remotely sensed images. It defines the metadata to be distributed with the image to enable user determination of geographic position from the observations. ISO/TS 19130:2010 specifies several ways in which information in support of geopositioning may be provided. It may be provided as a sensor description with the associated physical and geometric information necessary to rigorously construct a Physical Sensor Model. For the case where precise geoposition information is needed, ISO/TS 19130:2010 identifies the mathematical formulae for rigorously constructing Physical Sensor Models that relate two-dimensional image space to three-dimensional ground space and the calculation of the associated propagated errors. ISO/TS 19130:2010 provides detailed information for three types of passive electro-optical/infrared (IR) sensors (frame, pushbroom and whiskbroom) and for an active microwave sensing system [Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)]. It provides a framework by which these sensor models can be extended to other sensor types. It may be provided as a True Replacement Model, using functions whose coefficients are based on a Physical Sensor Model so that they provide information for precise geopositioning, including the calculation of errors, as precisely as the Physical Sensor Model they replace. It may be provided as a Correspondence Model that provides a functional fitting based on observed relationships between the geopositions of a set of ground control points and their image coordinates. It may be provided as a set of ground control points that can be used to develop a Correspondence Model or to refine a Physical Sensor Model or True Replacement Model. ISO/TS 19130:2010 does not specify either how users derive geoposition data or the format or content of the data the users generate.

ISO 19115-2:2009 extends the existing geographic metadata standard by defining the schema required for describing imagery and gridded data. It provides information about the properties of the measuring equipment used to acquire the data, the geometry of the measuring process employed by the equipment, and the production process used to digitize the raw data. This extension deals with metadata needed to describe the derivation of geographic information from raw data, including the properties of the measuring system, and the numerical methods and computational procedures used in the derivation. The metadata required to address coverage data in general is addressed sufficiently in the general part of ISO 19115.

ISO 19101 defines a reference model for standardization in the field of geographic imagery processing. This reference model identifies the scope of the standardization activity being undertaken and the context in which it takes place. The reference model includes gridded data with an emphasis on imagery. Although structured in the context of information technology and information technology standards, ISO/TS 19101-2:2008 is independent of any application development method or technology implementation approach.