ISO/TS 19159-1:2014

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19159-1
First edition
2014-07-15
Geographic information — Calibration
and validation of remote sensing
imagery sensors and data —
Part 1:
Optical sensors
Information géographique — Calibration et validation de capteurs de
télédétecion —
Partie 1: Capteurs optiques
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
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ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions . 1
5 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 8
5.1 Abbreviated terms . 8
5.2 Symbols .10
5.3 Variable names of the Jacobsen model .10
5.4 Conventions .10
6 Calibration .11
6.1 Project .11
6.2 Package OpticsSensor, Geometry .16
6.3 Package OpticsSensor, Radiometry .25
6.4 Package OpticsCalibrationFacility, Geometry .35
6.5 Package OpticsCalibrationFacility, Radiometry .41
6.6 Package OpticsValidation .45
7 Documentation .46
7.1 Semantics .46
7.2 Package Documentation .47
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .49
Annex B (normative) Data dictionary .54
Annex C (normative) Self calibration models .85
Annex D (informative) Calibration and validation quality measures .94
Bibliography .100
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
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on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
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For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
ISO 19159 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information — Calibration
and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors:
— Part 1: Optical sensors
Part 2 is planned to cover laser scanning, also known as light detection and ranging (LIDAR), SAR/InSAR
(RADAR) and SONAR (sound). Parts 3 and 4 are planned to cover RADAR (radio detection and ranging)
with the subtopics SAR (synthetic aperture radar) and InSAR (interferometric SAR) as well as SONAR
(sound detection and ranging) that is applied in hydrography
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Imaging sensors are one of the major data sources for geographic information. Typical spatial outcomes
of the production process are vector maps, Digital Elevation Models, and three-dimensional city models.
There are typically two streams of spectral data analysis, that is, the statistical method, which includes
image segmentation, and the physics-based method, which relies on characterization of specific spectral
absorption features.
In each of the cases, the quality of the end products fully depends on the quality of the measuring
instruments that has originally sensed the data. The quality of measuring instruments is determined
and documented by calibration.
A calibration is often a costly and time-consuming process. Therefore, a number of different strategies are
used that combine longer time intervals between subsequent calibrations with simplified intermediate
calibration procedures that bridge the time gap and still guarantee a traceable level of quality. Those
intermediate calibrations are called validations in this part of ISO 19159.
This part of ISO 19159 standardizes the calibration of remote sensing imagery sensors and the validation
of the calibration information and procedures. It does not address the validation of the data and the
derived products.
Many types of imagery sensors exist for remote sensing tasks. Apart from the different technologies, the
need for a standardization of the various sensor types has different levels of priority. In order to meet
those requirements, ISO 19159 has been split into more than one part. Part 1 covers optical sensors, i.e.
airborne photogrammetric cameras and spaceborne optical sensors. Part 2 is intended to cover laser
scanning, also known as LIDAR (Light detection and ranging).
Parts 3 and 4 are planned to cover RADAR (radio detection and ranging) with the subtopics SAR
(synthetic aperture radar) and InSAR (interferometric SAR) as well as SONAR (sound detection and
ranging) that is applied in hydrography.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)
Geographic information — Calibration and validation of
remote sensing imagery sensors and data —
Part 1:
Optical sensors
1 Scope
This part of ISO 19159 defines the calibration and validation of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing
imagery sensors.
The term “calibration” refers to geometry, radiometry, and spectral, and includes the instrument
calibration in a laboratory as well as in situ calibration methods.
The validation methods address validation of the calibration information.
This part of ISO 19159 also addresses the associated metadata related to calibration and validation
which have not been defined in other geographic information International Standards.
The specified sensors include optical sensors of the frame camera and line camera types (2D CCD
scanners).
2 Conformance
This part of ISO 19159 standardizes the service metadata for the calibration procedures of optical remote
sensing sensors as well as the associated data types and code lists. Therefore conformance depends on
the type of entity declaring conformance.
Mechanisms for the transfer of data are conformant to this part of ISO 19159 if they can be considered to
consist of transfer record and type definitions that implement or extend a consistent subset of the object
types described within this part of ISO 19159.
Details of the conformance classes are given in the Abstract test suite in Annex A.
3 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable to its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19115-2:2009, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data
ISO/TS 19130:2010, Geographic information — Imagery sensor models for geopositioning
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
blooming
overflow of an over-saturated signal of one pixel to the neighbouring pixel
4.2
calibration
process of quantitatively defining a system’s responses to known, controlled signal inputs
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, 4.2]
Note 1 to entry: A calibration is an operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a
relationship between indications (with associated measurement (4.16) uncertainties) and the physical quantity
(4.27) values (with measurement uncertainties) provided by measurement standards.
4.3
calibration curve
expression of the relation between indication and corresponding measured quantity (4.27) value
Note 1 to entry: A calibration curve expresses a one-to-one relation that does not supply a measurement (4.16)
result as it bears no information about the measurement uncertainty (4.38).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.31]
4.4
calibration validation
process of assessing the validity of parameters
Note 1 to entry: With respect to the general definition of validation the “calibration validation” does only refer to
a small set of parameters (attribute values) such as the result of a sensor (4.32) calibration.
4.5
correction
compensation for an estimated systematic effect
Note 1 to entry: See ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 3.2.3, for an explanation of “systematic effect”.
Note 2 to entry: The compensation can take different forms, such as an addend or a factor, or can be deduced from
a table.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.53]
4.6
dark current
output current of a photoelectric detector (4.9) (or of its cathode) in the absence of incident radiation
Note 1 to entry: For calibrat
...