ISO/TS 19159-4:2022

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19159-4
First edition
2022-11
Geographic information — Calibration
and validation of remote sensing
imagery sensors and data —
Part 4:
Space-borne passive microwave
radiometers
Information géographique — Calibration et validation de capteurs de
télédétection —
Partie 4: Radiomètres spatiaux à micro-onde passive
Reference number
© ISO 2022
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols, abbreviated terms and conventions .12
4.1 Abbreviated terms .12
4.2 Symbols .12
4.3 Conventions . 15
5 Conformance .15
6 Notation .16
6.1 UML notation. 16
6.2 Identifiers . 16
7 General microwave radiometer sensor and data calibration and validation model .16
7.1 Introduction . 16
7.2 Top-level model . 18
7.3 Sensor calibration . 19
7.3.1 General description . . 19
7.3.2 Geometric position . 19
7.3.3 TA calibration .20
7.3.4 Antenna pattern calibration . 22
7.4 Auxiliary data . 23
7.5 TB calibration/validation . 24
7.5.1 TB calibration/validation class diagram . 24
7.5.2 TB calibration/validation methods . 26
7.5.3 TB true value class diagram . 27
7.6 Satellite microwave radiometer .29
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .30
Annex B (normative) Data dictionary .33
Annex C (informative) XML schema implementation .47
Annex D (informative) Formula for specification calculation .48
Bibliography .50
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19159 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Imaging sensors are one of the major data sources for geographic information. The image data captures
spatial and spectral measurements and has numerous applications ranging from road/town planning
to geological mapping. Typical spatial outcomes of the production process are vector maps, digital
elevation models and 3-dimensional city models.
In each case the quality of the end products fully depends on the quality of the measuring instruments
that have originally sensed the data. The quality of measuring instruments is determined and
documented by calibration.
Calibration is often a costly and time-consuming process. Therefore, a number of different strategies
are in place that combine longer time intervals between subsequent calibrations with simplified
intermediate calibration procedures that bridge the time gap and still guarantee a traceable level of
quality.
This document standardizes the calibration of remote sensing imagery sensors and the validation of the
calibration information and procedures. It does not address the validation of the data and the derived
products.
Many types of imagery sensors exist for remote sensing tasks. In addition to the different technologies,
the need for standardization of the various sensor types takes into account different priorities. In order
to meet such needs, the ISO 19159 series has been split into several parts. ISO/TS 19159-1 addresses
the optical sensors. ISO/TS 19159-2 addresses the airborne lidar (light detection and ranging)
sensors. ISO/TS 19159-3 addresses synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and interferometric SAR (InSAR).
ISO/TS 19159-4 (this document) covers space-borne passive microwave radiometers.
In accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, 2018, Rules for the structure and drafting of
International Standards, in International Standards the decimal sign is a comma on the line. However,
the General Conference on Weights and Measures (Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures) at its
meeting in 2003 passed unanimously the following resolution:
“The decimal marker shall be either a point on the line or a comma on the line.”
In practice, the choice between these alternatives depends on customary use in the language concerned.
In the technical areas of geodesy and geographic information it is customary for the decimal point
always to be used, for all languages. That practice is used throughout this document.
v
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19159-4:2022(E)
Geographic information — Calibration and validation of
remote sensing imagery sensors and data —
Part 4:
Space-borne passive microwave radiometers
1 Scope
This document defines the calibration of space-borne passive microwave radiometers and the validation
of the calibrated information.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO/TS 19159-1, Geographic information — Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors
and data — Part 1: Optical sensors
ISO/TS 19159-2, Geographic information — Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors
and data — Part 2: Lidar
ISO/TS 19159-3, Geographic information — Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors
and data — Part 3: SAR/InSAR
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
antenna beam width
half-power full width
half-power beam width
full angle at which the antenna's pattern (in power units) is at half its maximum value
Note 1 to entry: In engineering convention, this is also known as the "3 dB beam width."
3.2
antenna main-beam efficiency
η
M
fraction of the total radiant energy that is received from the main beam (3.29), which is defined as the
ratio of the power received within the "main lobe" to that of the total power received by the antenna
Note 1 to entry: η is calculated using the following formula:
M
Fdθφ, Ω
()
n
∫∫
Y
η =
M
Fd()θφ, Ω
4π n
∫∫
where
F is the antenna pattern;
n
θ is the elevation angle;
ϕ is the azimuth angle;
dΩ is the differential solid angle;
Y is the main lobe value.
Note 2 to entry: Main beam (3.29) is also referred as main lobe.
3.3
antenna output temperature
T
A,out
physical temperature of correctional impedance that delivers to the receiver the same noise power as
t
...