ISO 22932-8:2025

International
Standard
ISO 22932-8
First edition
Mining — Vocabulary —
2025-07
Part 8:
Extraction
Exploitation minière — Vocabulaire —
Partie 8: Extraction
Reference number
© ISO 2025
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General concepts related to surface mining and underground mining .1
3.2 Surface mining .3
3.3 Underground mining . 38
Bibliography .72
Index .73

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 82, Mining.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22932 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Introduction
The ISO 22932 series has been prepared in order to standardize and to co-ordinate the global use of
technical terms and definitions in mining, for the benefit of the experts working on different types of mining
activities.
The need for the ISO 22932 series arose from the widely varying interpretation of terms used within the
industry and the prevalent use of more than one synonym.

v
International Standard ISO 22932-8:2025(en)
Mining — Vocabulary —
Part 8:
Extraction
1 Scope
This document specifies the commonly used terms in mine extraction.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 22932-4, Mining — Vocabulary — Part 4: Prospecting and exploration
ISO 22932-5, Mining — Vocabulary — Part 5: Prospecting and exploration
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 22932-4 and ISO 22932-5 and the
following apply:
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General concepts related to surface mining and underground mining
3.1.1
location
physical space, where extraction is carried out
3.1.1.1
working
area of operation (3.1.2) in a mine or quarry (3.2.2.4.82)
Note 1 to entry: Working can be located elsewhere in the mine domain such as shaft, quarry, level, open cut, stope
and others.
3.1.1.1.1
worked out area
working (3.1.1.1) from which workable mineral had been extracted
3.1.1.2
free face
surface of rock that is free to move when a force is applied to it

3.1.1.3
confined area
closed or partially closed space within mine facility that presents specific characteristics
Note 1 to entry: A confined are that can represent negative effect on the safety and health of workers, including limited
access, insufficient ventilation and the presence of toxic, explosive or asphyxiating gases.
Note 2 to entry: These confined areas can be found in mining operations, as well as maintenance and/or repair
activities.
3.1.1.4
incline
roadway driven on a gradient
3.1.2
operation
activities of extraction
3.1.2.1
to break in
to advance part of the working (3.1.1.1) face on a narrow front
3.1.2.2
mucking out
to load out broken material in roadways, shafts and other locations (3.1.1)
3.1.2.3
dead signs
safety instruction and signaling about the authorization of people to get inside a working (3.1.1.1) area
3.1.2.4
degradation
inadvertent breakage of mineral in mining, handling, transportation or storage
3.1.2.4.1
grade control
blending of mineral to give a product a predetermined quality
3.1.2.5
recover
to restore to a working (3.1.1.1) condition a mine or a part of a mine that has been damaged by explosion,
fire, water, or other cause
3.1.3
outcome
result of extraction
3.1.3.1
debris
scattered fragments
3.1.3.1.1
ore
debris (3.1.3.1) of economic value

3.1.3.1.2
dirt
gangue
redd
refuse
rubbish
spoil
sterile
debris (3.1.3.1) associated with the mineral and extracted during extraction
Note 1 to entry: Dirt can be composed of hard rock, clay or other non-value mineral bearing materials.
3.1.3.1.3
waste
debris (3.1.3.1) without economic value in the current phase of extraction
3.1.3.2
grade
expected quality of mineral
3.1.3.3
run of mine
product of extraction before processing
3.1.3.4
tip
accumulation of deposit or refuse at the surface of the mine or quarry (3.2.2.4.82)
3.1.3.5
interburden
material of any nature that lies between two or more bedded ore (3.1.3.1.1) zones
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2 Surface mining
3.2.1
General terms
3.2.1.1
bank mining
surface mining (3.2.1.10) in which the material mined is removed from above the surrounding land surface
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.1.2
cable excavator
excavator having a wire-rope-operated upper structure designed primarily for excavation with a dragline
bucket, front shovel or grab
3.2.1.3
haulback mining
method of surface mining (3.2.1.10) in which the overburden is hauled from over the ore (3.1.3.1.1) or coal in
trucks to a holding area and hauled back after the ore (3.1.3.1.1) or coal has been removed
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.1.4
muck
unconsolidated soil, sand, clay, or loam encountered in surface mining (3.2.1.10); generally, earth which can
be moved without blasting bulk material that is being transported or processed, which can be either ore
(3.1.3.1.1) or waste (3.1.3.1.3)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.1.5
pass
complete excavation cycle in removing overburden
3.2.1.6
scraper
self-propelled or towed crawler or wheeled machine which has a bowl with a cutting edge positioned between
the axles, and which cuts, loads, transports, discharges and spreads material through its forward motion
Note 1 to entry: The loading through a forward motion can be assisted by a powered mechanism (elevator) fixed to the
scraper bowl.
3.2.1.7
spoil bank
term common in surface mining (3.2.1.10) to designate the accumulation of overburden
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.1.8
stripping
removal of earth or non-ore rock materials as required to gain access to the desired orebody or mineral
materials; the process of removing overburden or waste (3.1.3.1.3) material in a surface mining (3.2.1.10)
operation (3.1.2)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.1.9
subaqueous mining
surface mining (3.2.1.10) in which the material mined is removed from the bed (3.2.2.4.6) of a natural body
of water
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.1.10
surface mining
mining at or near the surface, which is generally done where the overburden can be removed without too
much expense
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2
Mechanical excavation
3.2.2.1
auger mining
3.2.2.1.1
auger
machine which excavates a mineral by the drilling of large diameter holes in the seam, and discharges the
mineral by way of a scroll
3.2.2.1.2
auger mining
auger head
means a method of mining coal at a cliff or highwall by drilling holes into an exposed coal seam from the
highwall and transporting the coal along an auger bit to the surface
Note 1 to entry: Augering is usually associated with contour strip-mining, recovering coal for a limited depth beyond
the point where stripping becomes uneconomical because the seam of coal lies so far beneath the surface.
3.2.2.1.3
breast auger
auger supported by a breastplate against a operators body that used for drilling holes in softer minerals
3.2.2.1.4
breastplate
slightly curved iron plate fastened to the end of a coal auger (3.2.2.1.5) to enable a miner to press the auger
forward using body pressure
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.1.5
coal auger
special type of continuous miner and consists essentially of a large diameter screw drill that cuts,
transports, and loads coal onto vehicles or conveyors, and is used for (1) winning opencast (3.2.2.3.16) coal
without stripping (3.2.1.8) overburden; (2) pillar-and-stall mining; and (3) extraction of pillars (3.3.2.3.10)
or percentage of pillars (3.3.2.3.10) that would otherwise be uneconomic to work
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.1.6
continuous-flight auger
drill rod with continuous helical fluting, which acts as a screw conveyor to remove cuttings produced by an
auger drill head
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.1.7
doughnut
cylinder of coal formed by a coal auger (3.2.2.1.5)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.1.8
large-diameter boring machine
auger-type coal-cutting machine, for use in anthracite mining that can drill holes 31 cm in diameter, 91 m
long, and larger holes for shorter distances
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.1.9
lengthening rod
screwed extension rod for prolonging a well-boring auger or bit
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.1.10
mud auger
diamond- point (3.2.2.4.78) bit with the wings of the point (3.2.2.4.78) twisted in a shallow, augerlike spiral
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.1.11
mole mining
method of working (3.1.1.1) coal seams about 76,2 cm thick, using a small continuous miner type of machine,
which is remotely controlled from the roadway and without any associated supports
Note 1 to entry: The machine is used to cut and extract sections of coal about 1,8 m wide for a distance of 91 m or
so from pillars alongside the roadway. Small ribs of coal, approximately. 1 to 2 m wide, are left between the sections
extracted by the machine. The accurate steering of the machine is a critical feature of this system of mining.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.2
Glory holing
3.2.2.2.1
glory hole
vertical pit (3.2.2.3.21), material from which is fed by gravity to hauling units in a shaft under the pit
(3.2.2.3.21) bottom
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.2.2
glory-hole system
milling system
method of mining using a system of haulageways beneath the block of ore, which has had its top surface
exposed by the removal of the overburden
Note 1 to entry: Over the haulageways are chutes that extend up to the surface, and are spaced at intervals of 15,2 m
or at any other convenient distance.
Note 2 to entry: The excavation of the ore begins at the top of the chute, and broken ore is removed by loading it out
from the chutes into cars on the haulage level. The ore block is worked from the top down. The method is similar in
principle to underhand stoping.
Note 3 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.2.3
chute system
method of mining by which ore (3.1.3.1.1) is broken from the surface downward into chutes and removed
through passageways below
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3
Open pit mining
3.2.2.3.1
advance overburden
overburden in excess of the average overburden-to-ore ratio that must be removed in opencut (3.2.2.3.18) mining
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.2
bench face
generally steeply sloping mass of any earthy or rock material rising above the digging level (3.3.1.60) from
which the soil or rock is to be extracted from its natural or blasted position in an open-pit (3.2.2.3.21) mine
or quarry (3.2.2.4.82)
Note 1 to entry: Also is terracelike bench from which ore is obtained in an open-pit mine.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.3.3
bank slope
bench slope
angle, measured in degrees of deviation from the horizontal, at which the earthy or rock material will stand
in an excavated, terracelike cut in an open-pit (3.2.2.3.21) mine or quarry (3.2.2.4.82)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.4
bare
uncased portion of borehole
Note 1 to entry: Also called barefoot; blank; naked; open; open hole.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.5
bench
ledge that, in open-pit (3.2.2.3.21) mine and quarries, forms a single level (3.3.1.60) of operation (3.1.2) above
which minerals or waste (3.1.3.1.3) materials are excavated from a contiguous bank or bench face (3.2.2.3.2)
Note 1 to entry: The mineral or waste is removed in successive layers, each of which is a bench, several of which may
be in operation simultaneously in different parts of, and at different elevations in, an open-pit mine or quarry.
Note 2 to entry: Compare with berm.
Note 3 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.6
berm
horizontal shelf or ledge built into the embankment or sloping wall of an open pit (3.2.2.3.21) or quarry
(3.2.2.4.82) to break the continuity of an otherwise long slope and to strengthen its stability or to catch and
arrest slide material
Note 1 to entry: A berm may be used as a haulage road or serve as a bench above which material is excavated from a
bank or bench face.
Note 2 to entry: Compare with bench.
Note 3 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.7
berm interval
vertical distance from crest of berm (3.2.2.3.6) to its underlying toe (3.2.2.3.40), as in a bank or bench
(3.2.2.3.5)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.8
box-cut method
method of opencast (3.2.2.3.16) mining of coal - where the dip of the seam is relatively steep - which in a
boxlike excavation is made to the dip, or at an angle to it, and the coal seam is worked to the right and left
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.9
cross-pit conveyors
conveyor structure crossing the benches (3.2.2.3.5) of open pit (3.2.2.3.21) mines to reduce the haul
(3.2.2.4.48) distance across the pit (3.2.2.3.21) in terrace mining operations (3.1.2)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.3.10
drop cut
initial cut made in the floor of an open pit (3.2.2.3.21) or quarry (3.2.2.4.82) for the purpose of developing a
bench (3.2.2.3.5) at a level (3.3.1.60) below the floor
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.11
floating cone
method of designing optimum extraction sequences for an open pit (3.2.2.3.21) mine which in "Cones" of
material are built using an ore (3.1.3.1.1) block as a base and economic net value of the cone is calculated and
the process is repeated for each ore (3.1.3.1.1) block in a deposit, considering cone overlaps
Note 1 to entry: The term "floating" is derived from the "movement" of the cone throughout the model.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.12
gopherman
in metal mining, one who extracts ore (3.1.3.1.1) located in pockets or other parts not accessible for machine
drilling in an open pit (3.2.2.3.21) mine
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.13
horizontal borer
machine, making holes from 5,08 cm to 15,24 cm in diameter, used for drilling overburden at opencut
(3.2.2.3.18) coal mines
Note 1 to entry: Bits are of the auger or winged types.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.14
length of shot
distance from the first drill hole to the last drill hole along the bank
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.15
Lerchs-Grossmann optimization
mathematical method based on a block model of an orebody used for determining the most profitable
optimum shape for an open pit (3.2.2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.16
opencast
opencast mine
working (3.1.1.1) in which the mineral is exposed by removing the overburden
Note 1 to entry: Commonly called open pit.
3.2.2.3.17
opencast method
mining method consisting of removing the overlying strata or overburden, extracting the coal, and then
replacing the overburden
Note 1 to entry: When the overlying material consists of earth or clay it can be removed directly by scrapers or
excavators, but where rock is encountered it is necessary to resort to blasting to prepare the material into suitable
form for handling by the excavators.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.3.18
opencut
open hole
surface working (3.1.1.1) in which the working (3.1.1.1) area is kept open to the sky
Note 1 to entry: Commonly called open pit.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.19
opencut mine
excavation for removing minerals which is open to the weather
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.20
open pit mining
form of operation (3.1.2) designed to extract minerals that lie near the surface which in waste (3.1.3.1.3), or
overburden, is first removed, and the mineral is broken and loaded, as in a stone quarry (3.2.2.4.82)
Note 1 to entry: Important chiefly in the mining of ores of iron and copper.
Note 2 to entry: The mining of metalliferous ores by surface-mining methods is commonly designated as open pit
mining as distinguished from the strip mining of coal and the quarrying of other nonmetallic materials such as
limestone, building stone, etc.
Note 3 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.21
pit
mine, quarry (3.2.2.4.82), or excavation worked by the open-cut method to obtain material of value
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.22
pit limit
either the vertical or lateral extent to which the mining of a mineral deposit by open pitting is economically
feasible
Note 1 to entry: The cost of removing overburden or waste material versus the minable value of the ore so exposed is
usually the factor controlling the limits of a pit.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.23
pit mining
surface mining (3.2.1.10) in which the material mined is removed from below the surrounding land surface
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.24
pit slope
angle at which the wall of an open pit (3.2.2.3.21) or cut stands as measured along an imaginary plane
extended along the crests of the berms (3.2.2.3.6) or from the slope crest to its toe (3.2.2.3.40)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.25
rock navvy
cranelike loading machine used at opencast (3.2.2.3.16)pits (3.2.2.3.21) and quarries
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.3.26
rooter
towed scarifier (3.2.2.3.27), sometimes used to break up a hard surface and prior to the use of bulldozers in
removing overburden at quarries and opencast (3.2.2.3.16)pits (3.2.2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.27
scarifier
machine with downward projecting teeth for breaking hard soil at quarries and opencast (3.2.2.3.16)pits
(3.2.2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: It may be self-propelled or attached to another vehicle.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.28
single-row blasting
drilling, charging, and firing of a single row of vertical holes along a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or opencast
(3.2.2.3.16) face
Note 1 to entry: The holes may be fired simultaneously or by delay detonators to give a peeling action starting at one
end of the face.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.29
skimming
removal of the top layer of soil or of irregularities in the ground surface at new mine or opencast (3.2.2.3.16) sites
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.30
slope stability
resistance of any inclined surface, as the wall of an open pit (3.2.2.3.21) or cut, to failure by sliding or
collapsing
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.31
spiral system
haul (3.2.2.4.48) road arranged spirally along the perimeter walls of the pit (3.2.2.3.21) so that gradient of
road is more or less uniform from the bottom to the top of the pit (3.2.2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.32
spiral track
track layout for rail or road transport from large opencast (3.2.2.3.16)pits (3.2.2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: The track is arranged spirally along the steep rise from the coal or ore benches so that the gradient is
moderate throughout.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.33
steam shovel
excavating machine in which a large dipper is operated by steam power
Note 1 to entry: This machine is used for stripping purposes and in open-pit mining, esp. for iron and coal. A similar
shovel is now operated by electricity, gasoline, and diesel engines.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.3.34
steam shovel mine
opencut (3.2.2.3.18) mine in which steam shovels (3.2.2.3.33) or other power shovels are used for loading cars
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.35
strike working
opencast working
where the dip of the coal seam is about 1 in 10 or less, the opencast method (3.2.2.3.17) of working (3.1.1.1)
usually employed is to excavate along lines parallel to the outcrop
Note 1 to entry: This is termed the strike or opencast method.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.36
strip-borer drill
skid- or crawler-mounted drill operated by electric motor or diesel engine
Note 1 to entry: It is used at quarry or opencast sites for drilling horizontal blast holes 7,6 to 15,2 cm in diameter, and
up to 30 m in length, without the use of flush water. It cannot penetrate strong strata.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.37
surface reinstatement
restoration of the surface after opencast (3.2.2.3.16) mining operations (3.1.2) have been completed
Note 1 to entry: The work may involve leveling the hill-and-dale formation, drainage, and relaying of the original
topsoil, also known as resoiling.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.38
switchback
zigzag arrangement of a roadway (or rail tracks) for surmounting the grade (3.1.3.2) of a steep hill or the
slope wall of a surface or open pit (3.2.2.3.21) mine, common in mountainous mining districts
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.39
terrace
bench (3.2.2.3.5) in quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or opencast (3.2.2.3.16) mining
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.40
toe
base of the coal, ore, or overburden face in a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or opencast (3.2.2.3.16) mine
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.41
transport controller
person stationed in a central position, at a large opencast (3.2.2.3.16)pit (3.2.2.3.21) or quarry (3.2.2.4.82), to
observe all the excavations
Note 1 to entry: By means of signals, the individual is informed when and where vehicles or cars are required and can
instruct the lorry or locomotive drivers accordingly.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.3.42
toehole
blasting hole, usually drilled horizontally or at a slight inclination into the base of a bank, bench (3.2.2.3.5),
or slope of a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or open pit (3.2.2.3.21) mine
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.43
track-moving machine operator
track-laying machine operator
hydraulic jack operator
in metal mining, one who operates a machine that moves and lays track mechanically in open pit (3.2.2.3.21)
mines, picking up a section of track and moving and laying it in the desired position without having to detach
rails from ties
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.44
wheel excavator
large-capacity machine for excavating loose deposits, particularly at opencast (3.2.2.3.16) coalpits
Note 1 to entry: It consists of a large digging wheel that rotates on a horizontal axle and carries large buckets on its rim.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.3.45
working gullet
immediate excavation needed for opencast (3.2.2.3.16)working (3.1.1.1) of ore
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4
Quarrying
3.2.2.4.1
backs
quarryman's term for one set of joints traversing the rock, the other set being known as cutters
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.2
balance car
car loaded with iron or stone and connected by means of a steel cable with a channeling machine operating
on an inclined track
Note 1 to entry: Its purpose is to counteract the force of gravity and thus enable the channeling machine to operate
with equal ease uphill and downhill.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.3
barer
worker who removes surface soil or overburdens in a quarry (3.2.2.4.82)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.4
barge loader
laborer who controls the movement of a barge in a river as it is loaded with
crushed rock
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.4.5
base fracture
used to describe the condition of the base after a blast
Note 1 to entry: It may be a good or bad base fracture.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.6
bed
portion of an outcrop or face of a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) that occurs between two bedding (3.2.2.4.7) planes
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.7
bedding
quarry (3.2.2.4.82) term for a structure occurring in granite and other crystalline rocks that tend to split in
well-defined planes more or less horizontal or parallel to the land surface
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.8
bird's-eye slate
quarryman's term for slate containing abundant deformed or squeezed concretions
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.9
block structure
used in quarrying (3.2.2.4.88) to describe granite that has three sets of joints occurring at right angles to
each other
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.10
bottom break
break or crack that separates a block of stone from a quarryfloor (3.2.2.4.87)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.11
boulder motion
surface quarry (3.2.2.4.82) worked only in detached masses of rock overlying the solid rock; sometimes
contracted to motion
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.12
boulder quarry
quarry (3.2.2.4.82) in which the joints are numerous and irregular, so that the stone has been broken
naturally into comparatively small blocks
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.13
box loader
one who loads broken rock into a large box, placed on a small truck running on a narrow gauge track, to be
hoisted out of the quarry (3.2.2.4.82)pit (3.2.2.3.21)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.4.14
bulled hole
quarry (3.2.2.4.82) blasting hole, the bottom of which has been enlarged or chambered to receive a heavy
explosive charge
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.15
butt
butt of a slate quarry (3.2.2.4.82) is where the overlying rock comes in contact with an inclined stratum of
slate rock
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.16
camouflet
quarry (3.2.2.4.82) blasting hole enlarged by chambering
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.17
canch
part of a bed (3.2.2.4.6) of stone worked by quarrying (3.2.2.4.88)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.18
casting over
quarryman's term for an operation (3.1.2) consisting of making a cut with a steam shovel (3.2.2.3.33), which,
instead of loading the material on cars, moves it to one side, forming a long ridge
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.19
cavil
type of heavy sledge with one blunt and one pointed end
Note 1 to entry: Used for rough shaping stone at a quarry.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.20
channeler
powerful quarrying (3.2.2.4.88) machine capable of cutting slots in stone at any angle
Note 1 to entry: It is used for cutting dimension stone off the quarry face without explosives.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.21
chats
quarrying (3.2.2.4.88) term for cherty rock used as an abrasive
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.22
chute loader
one who loads crushed rock from bins into trucks or railroad cars by opening and closing the chute or bin
gates by hand or by means of a lever
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.4.23
columnar charge
continuous charge in a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) borehole
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.24
commercial quarry
term that includes quarries for aggregate and quarries for the production of limestone for industrial and
agricultural purposes
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.25
concentrated charge
heavy explosive charge loaded into the enlarged chamber at the bottom of a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) blasthole
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.26
control on fracture
based on the experimental determination of the type and the grade (3.1.3.2) of explosive, the loading ratio
(3.2.2.4.63) and the pattern of boreholes
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.27
coping
process of cutting one slab into two without regard to the finish of the edges
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.28
coyote hole
small tunnel driven horizontally into the rock at right angles to the face of the quarry (3.2.2.4.82)
Note 1 to entry: It has two or more crosscuts driven from it parallel to the face. It is in the ends of these crosscuts that
the explosive charge is generally placed, and the remaining space in the tunnel is filled up with rock, sand, timbers, or
concrete, to act as stemming or tamping.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.29
cricks
vertical joints affecting only the lower strata in a quarry (3.2.2.4.82)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.30
crushed stone
term applied to irregular fragments of rock crushed or ground to smaller sizes after quarrying (3.2.2.4.88)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.31
crusher rock
term used in quarrying (3.2.2.4.88) to describe the weathered overlying rock that occurs at most quarry
(3.2.2.4.82)operations (3.1.2) and which is sold for use as road base
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.4.32
cutoff
quarry (3.2.2.4.82) term for the direction along which granite must be channeled, because it will not split
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.33
doubleheader
applied to quarry (3.2.2.4.82) equipment consisting of two independent channeling machines on a single
truck, operated by one person
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.34
drop ball
method of breaking oversize stones left after quarry (3.2.2.4.82) blasting which in the balls weigh from 30
1,360 kg to 1,800 kg t are dropped from a crane on to the oversize stone
Note 1 to entry: The drop height varies from about 6,1 m to 10,1 m. The method is economical and avoids secondary
blasting.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.35
drop weights
method of breaking oversize stones after primary blasting at a quarry (3.2.2.4.82)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.36
face height
vertical height of a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or opencast (3.2.2.3.16) face from top to toe (3.2.2.3.40); i.e. the height
of overburden and coal, ore, or stone
Note 1 to entry: A face height is chosen that can be reached by the excavator so that all scaling of loose material can be
accomplished by the machine, thus eliminating the necessity for workers to go over the face on ropes to bar off loose ground.
Note 2 to entry: Where the height exceeds this figure, a form of benching may be adopted.
Note 3 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.37
falling-pin seismometer
limit recorder of the intensity of ground vibrations initiated by a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or opencast (3.2.2.3.16) blast
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.38
false cleavage
quarrying (3.2.2.4.88) term for minor cleavage in a rock, such as slip cleavage, to distinguish it from the
dominant cleavage
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.39
floor break
break or crack that separates a block of stone from the quarryfloor (3.2.2.4.87)
Note 1 to entry: See also floor cut.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.4.40
floor cut
cut by means of which a block of stone is separated from the quarryfloor (3.2.2.4.87)
Note 1 to entry: See also floor break.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.41
full-face blast
standard type of heading blast (3.2.2.4.49) consists of a straight in or main drive, at right angles to the rock
face, and a back drive at right angles to the main drive and parallel to the face
Note 1 to entry: The main drive is normally driven at quarry floor level to a depth of 0,6 times the height of rock above
the back drive.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.42
gadder
gadding machine
small car or platform carrying a drilling machine, so as to make a straight line of holes along its course in
excavation out dimension stone
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.43
gritting
process that gives a smoother surface than rubbing
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
Note 2 to entry: It is accomplished with silicon carbide or aluminum oxide abrasive bricks attached to revolving
buffer heads.
3.2.2.4.44
grout
applied to waste (3.1.3.1.3) material of all sizes obtained in quarrying (3.2.2.4.88) stone
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.45
grow-on
quarrymen's term to designate the place where the sheet structure dies out, or the place where two sheets
appear to grow onto one another
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.46
guttering
process of quarrying (3.2.2.4.88) stone in which channels, several inches wide, are cut by hand tools, and the
stone block detached from the bed (3.2.2.4.6) by pinch bars
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.47
hard way
term used in slate quarrying (3.2.2.4.88) to describe the third direction at right angles to both slaty cleavage
and rift (3.2.2.4.99), in which there is no tendency to split
Note 1 to entry: It is known as the hard way and designated locally as the sculp.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.4.48
haul
distance from the coal face to pit (3.2.2.3.21) bottom or surface; the distance quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or opencast
(3.2.2.3.16) products must be moved to the treatment plant or construction site; the distance from the shaft
or opencast (3.2.2.3.16)pit (3.2.2.3.21) to spoil dump
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.49
heading blast
method of quarry (3.2.2.4.82) blasting in which the explosive is confined in small tunnel chambers inside the
quarry (3.2.2.4.82) face
Note 1 to entry: The charges are placed at suitable intervals according to the burden to be blasted. In large blasts,
several tunnels and cross tunnels may be employed.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.50
heugh
steep face of a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or other excavation
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.51
hillside quarry
quarry (3.2.2.4.82) cut into and along the hillside; may comprise a single face or a series of benches (3.2.2.3.5)
Note 1 to entry: If the depth of face is not more than about 9 m it can be worked in one cut, but deeper faces are usually
worked in two or more benches.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.52
hole layout
arrangement consisting of a combination of vertical and horizontal holes
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.52.1
initial face
face formed by the blasting of the slope
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.53
jointing
process of cutting to specified sizes and shapes, with smooth unchipped edges
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.54
key blocks
first blocks that are removed in opening up a new quarryfloor (3.2.2.4.87)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.55
knobbing
act of roughdressing stone in the quarry (3.2.2.4.82) by knocking off the projections and points (3.2.2.4.78)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.4.56
knots
quarrymen's term for dark gray to black masses, more or less oval or circular in cross section, which are
segregations of biotite or hornblende in granite
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.57
lander
top hooker
in the quarry (3.2.2.4.82) industry, one who supervises and assists in guiding, steadying, and loading, on
trucks or railroad cars, blocks of stone hoisted from the quarryfloor (3.2.2.4.87)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.58
ledge
quarry (3.2.2.4.82) exposure or natural outcrop of a mineral deposit
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.59
ledge
bed (3.2.2.4.6) or several beds in a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or natural outcrop, particularly those
projecting in a steplike manner
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.60
lift
plane approximately parallel with the floor of the quarry (3.2.2.4.82), along which the stone is usually split
in quarrying (3.2.2.4.88)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.61
lift joint
horizontal tension fracture observed in massive rocks, such as granite; thought to originate from the
removal of load in quarrying (3.2.2.4.88)
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.62
line drilling
method of drilling and broaching for the primary cut which in deep holes are drilled close together in a
straight line by means of a reciprocating drill mounted on a bar
Note 1 to entry: The webs between the holes are removed with a drill or a flat broaching tool; thus a narrow continuous
channel cut is made.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.63
loading ratio
powder factor
number of tons of rock blasted per 0,454 kg of explosive
Note 1 to entry: The harder the rock, the lower the ratio.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].

3.2.2.4.64
maintaining levels
consists of the removal by blasting of rock protruding above the level (3.3.1.60) of the quarryfloor (3.2.2.4.87)
or bench (3.2.2.3.5), to allow the movement of loading and transport equipment
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.65
mill
usually applied to the finishing plant where blocks are sawed into slabs; all other manufacturing processes
are classed as shop work
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.66
monoclinic block
quarryman's term for blocks with two parallel sets of sides at right angles and one parallel set not at right angles
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.67
multiple-bench quarrying
method of quarrying (3.2.2.4.88) a rock ledge in a series of successive benches (3.2.2.3.5) or steps
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.68
multiple-row blasting
drilling, charging, and firing of several rows of vertical holes along a quarry (3.2.2.4.82) or opencast
(3.2.2.3.16) face
Note 1 to entry: The holes may be spaced in the square pattern with delay detonators in the rows as well as row by
row. The spacing of the holes will vary according to their depth, diameter, and the type of rock.
Note 2 to entry: See Reference [1].
3.2.2.4.69
oblique block
quarry (3.2.2.4.82) term applied to a block of stone bounded by 3 pairs of parallel faces--4 of the 12 interfacial
angles being right angles, 4 obtuse, and 4 acute
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [1].
...