ISO 22932-1:2020

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22932-1
First edition
2020-06
Mining — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Planning and surveying
Exploitation minière — Vocabulaire —
Partie 1: Planification et levé
Reference number
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Planning . 1
3.1.1 General terms . 1
3.1.2 Prospecting . 2
3.1.3 Exploration . 3
3.1.4 Construction . 4
3.1.5 Mine closure . . 4
3.1.6 Exploitation . 5
3.1.7 Safety and rescue .13
3.1.8 Ventilation .13
3.2 Surveying .13
3.2.1 General terms .13
3.2.2 Reference .19
3.2.3 Measurement .28
3.2.4 Results .31
3.2.5 Errors .33
3.2.6 Chain surveying .35
3.2.7 Traverse .35
3.2.8 Angular measurement .38
3.2.9 Leveling and centering an instrument .42
3.2.10 Photogrammetry .45
3.2.11 Planimetry .45
3.2.12 Course determination . .46
3.2.13 Types of survey .52
3.3 Mapping .56
Bibliography .60
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www .iso .org/ directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www .iso .org/ patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 82, Mining.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22932 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

Introduction
The ISO 22932 series has been prepared in order to standardize and to co-ordinate the global use of
technical terms in mining, for the benefice of the experts working on different types of mining activities.
The need for the ISO 22932 series arose from the widely varying interpretation of terms used within
the industry and the prevalent use of more than one synonym.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22932-1:2020(E)
Mining — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Planning and surveying
1 Scope
This document specifies the commonly used terms in mine planning and surveying. Only those terms
that have a specific meaning in this field are included.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Planning
3.1.1 General terms
3.1.1.1
mining plan
integration of all information about a mining project, from geology, mining and metallurgy, to
environment, security, society, etc., with the specific goal to define a project’s feasibility
3.1.1.2
contingency plan
strategy and set of actions for responding to a specific situation in which something goes wrong (spill,
fire, natural disaster, and other emergencies)
Note 1 to entry: Contingency plans prepare companies to respond to all possible worst-case scenarios.
[SOURCE: Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs — Glossary, 2010]
3.1.1.3
plan
mostly large-scale drawing showing features, such as mine workings, geological structures, and outside
improvements, on a horizontal plane
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

3.1.1.4
planning
predesign of the detailed layout (3.1.4.2), main roadways (3.1.6.24), and workings of a mine or group
of mines
Note 1 to entry: The scheme usually involves the introduction of mechanical equipment for the working and
transport of the coal or mineral. The selection of mining methods and machines properly adapted to the local
conditions is part of planning.
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.1.5
planning engineer
mining engineer responsible for mine planning (3.1.1.4), who is attached to the planning department
of a large mine or a group of smaller mines and is qualified by training, experience, and technical
qualifications to envisage new development work and coordinate the ideas of other experts such as a
mechanization engineers, ventilation engineers, mining geologists
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.1.6
projection
plan (3.1.1.3) showing the proposed direction (3.2.12.7) and location of entries,
rooms, shafts, fans, and watercourses
Note 1 to entry: Such projections commonly cover the entire property to be worked.
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.1.7
project plans
series of plans of a proposed new colliery or reconstruction (3.1.6.23) which are drawn up for the
purpose of obtaining approval of the project
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.1.8
working papers
field and office notes and calculations relating to the plans, drawings and sections of a mine which are
required by law to be preserved
Note 1 to entry: The working papers are sent to the district inspector of mines on the abandonment (3.1.5.2) of
the mine.
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.2 Prospecting
3.1.2.1
adit
horizontal opening to an underground mine (3.1.6.32) from the surface
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 and 4.
[SOURCE: Glossary of Mining Terminology, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, 2007]
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

Key
1 surface line
2 adit
3 shaft
NOTE SOURCE: Reference [22].
Figure 1 — Adit
3.1.2.2
isoresistivity plan
plan (3.1.1.3) showing lines of equal resistivity at a certain selected depth
Note 1 to entry: It is prepared from data obtained by the resistivity method of geophysical prospecting.
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.3 Exploration
3.1.3.1
bore journal
tabular record of the characteristics and thicknesses of strata intersected by a borehole
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.3.2
marketability test
test determining whether or not a discovered mineral deposit is “valuable” under the meaning of the
law, i.e. whether or not the mineral can be extracted and marketed at a profit
[SOURCE: Glossary of BLM surveying and mapping terms, 1980]
3.1.3.3
reserve
quantity of mineral calculated to lie within given boundaries and described as the total (or gross),
workable or probable working, depending on the application of certain arbitrary limits in respect of
deposit thickness, depth, quality, geological conditions and contemporary economic factors
Note 1 to entry: See also possible reserve (3.1.3.3.1), probable reserve (3.1.3.3.2) and proven reserve (3.1.3.3.3).
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.3.3.1
possible reserve
valuable mineralization not sampled enough to accurately estimate its tonnage and grade, or even to
verify its existence
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [20].
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

3.1.3.3.2
probable reserve
area of mineral believed to lie beyond the developed reserve but not yet proven by development
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [20].
3.1.3.3.3
proven reserve
reserves that have been sampled extensively by closely spaced diamond drill holes and developed by
underground workings in sufficient detail to render an accurate estimation of grade and tonnage
Note 1 to entry: See Reference [20].
3.1.3.4
sterilized coal
part of a coal seam which, for various reasons, is not mined
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.4 Construction
3.1.4.1
alignment
act of laying out or regulating by line, of adjusting to a line
Note 1 to entry: See also co-planning (3.2.3.8).
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.4.2
layout
design or pattern of the main roadways (3.1.6.24) and workings
Note 1 to entry: The proper layout of mine workings is the responsibility of the manager aided by the planning
(3.1.1.4) department
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.4.3
layout
diagram showing disposition of machines in a mill's flow line
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.5 Mine closure
3.1.5.1
abandoned mine
abandoned workings
area formerly used for mining or mineral processing where closure has not occurred or is incomplete
[SOURCE: ISO 20305]
3.1.5.2
abandonment
abandonment of a mining claim, that can be by failure to perform work, by conveyance, by absence, and
by lapse of time
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

3.1.5.3
mine closure planning
process that extends over the mine life cycle and that typically culminates in property relinquishment
including planning for decommissioning and reclamation
[SOURCE: ISO 20305]
3.1.6 Exploitation
3.1.6.1
barrier
mineral or ground left unworked so as to separate workings from each other or from a natural hazard
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.2
colliery plan
plan (3.1.1.3) of the mine workings, and sections of the shafts and seams being worked, which the
colliery manager must keep at the pithead office in accordance with the regulations
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.6.3
composite plan
mine plan (3.1.1.3) showing the working in more than one work station
Note 1 to entry: Different working activities are usually distinguished by colors.
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.4
contour plan
plan (3.1.1.3) drawn to a suitable scale showing surface contours or calculated contours of deposit
seams to be developed
Note 1 to entry: These plans are important during the planning stage of a project.
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.6.5
crosscut
small passageway driven at right angles to the main entry to connect it with a parallel entry or air
course (3.2.12.4)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 2 and 3.
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 5

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

Key
1 main shaft 4 crosscut 7 ore pass
2 ventilation shaft 5 ore body 8 waste pass
3 ramp 6 drifts 9 main level
NOTE SOURCE: Reference [23], reproduced with the permission of the authors.
Figure 2 — Crosscut
3.1.6.6
density
indication (3.2.3.3) of the spacing of seams in the strata
Note 1 to entry: The seam density is said to be high if the seams are close together, or low if they are widely
separated.
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.7
density
ratio of the sum of the thicknesses of a number of adjacent seams to the thickness
of an arbitrarily chosen sequence of strata
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.8
deputy’s district plan
plan (3.1.1.3) required by law showing the limits of each deputy’s district and the meeting stations
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.9
development plan
plan (3.1.1.3) showing the proposed development of the mine workings, kept for operational purposes
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

3.1.6.10
disused working
working which is no longer in operation but which is not classified as abandoned
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.11
drift
horizontal opening in or near a mineral deposit and parallel to the course (3.2.12.4) of the vein or long
dimension of the deposit
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
[11]
Note 2 to entry: Also an inclined haulage road to the surface .
[SOURCE: Surveying, theory and practice, Chapter 20: Mining surveys, 1966]
Key
1 vein outcrop 7 raise 13 pillar
2 drifts 8 hanging wall 14 stope
3 decline spiral (ramp) 9 footwall 15 crosscut
4 incline 10 loading pocket 16 shaft station
5 adit 11 sump 17 shaft collar
6 winze 12 ore pass
Figure 3 — Drift
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 7

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

3.1.6.12
dust plan
plan (3.1.1.3) kept with the book in which stone-dust samples are recorded
Note 1 to entry: It shows the sampling zones in each roadway (3.1.6.24), distinguished by color, letter, number, or
mark, and identified with that roadway.
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.6.13
electrical plan
plan (3.1.1.3) required by law showing the position and details of certain electrical apparatus in the mine
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.14
end line
end lines of a claim, as platted or laid down on the ground, that mark its boundaries on
the shorter dimension, where it crosses the vein
Note 1 to entry: If the claim as a whole crosses the vein, instead of following its course (3.2.12.4), the end lines are
still the boundaries of the shorter dimension, even though they are along the course of the vein.
[SOURCE: Glossary of BLM surveying and mapping terms, 1980]
3.1.6.15.1
entry
coal heading
underground horizontal or near-horizontal passage used for haulage, ventilation, or as a main way
[SOURCE: Glossary of Mining Terms. Kentucky Mining Institute]
3.1.6.15.2
entry
gate
working place where the coal is extracted from the seam in the initial mining
Note 1 to entry: It is not in an ore to be removed.
[SOURCE: Glossary of Mining Terms. Kentucky Mining Institute]
3.1.6.16
heading
passage leading from the gangway, commonly at right angles
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.6.17
holing
thirling
meeting of two roadways (3.1.6.24) driven expressly to intersect each other
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.18
location plan
map (3.3.9.1), drawn to a suitable scale, showing the proposed mine development, shafts, works, etc., in
relation to existing surface features
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

3.1.6.19
manager’s plan
plan (3.1.1.3) of the workings kept at the office of the mine, in addition to the working plan (3.1.6.33), for
everyday use by the manager
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.20
pumping plan
plan (3.1.1.3) showing, in addition to the workings of a mine and the seam contours (3.1.6.25), the
position of pumps, dams and waterlogged areas
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.21
raise
secondary or tertiary inclined opening, vertical or near-vertical, driven upward from a level to connect
with the level above, or to explore the ground for a limited distance above one level
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.
[SOURCE: Glossary of Mining Terms. Kentucky Mining Institute]
3.1.6.22
ramp
secondary or tertiary inclined opening, driven to connect levels, usually driven in a downward direction
(3.2.12.7), and used for haulage
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 4.
[SOURCE: Glossary of Mining Terms. Kentucky Mining Institute]
Key
1 decline 4 haulage drift
2 ramp 5 drifting
3 crosscut 6 caved rock
NOTE SOURCE: Reference [23], reproduced with the permission of the authors.
Figure 4 — Ramp
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 9

---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

3.1.6.23
reconstruction
re-organization of the underground workings, improvement of surface facilities and/or re-equipment
of an existing colliery to improve its efficiency and/or increase output
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.24
roadway
road
gallery
underground passage driven and maintained to provide access to the mineral deposit or for haulage or
ventilation purposes, or for men to travel in the mine
[SOURCE: BS 3618-8:1974]
3.1.6.25
seam contour
line, drawn on a plan (3.1.1.3), joining points on the floor of a seam which have the same height above a
prescribed datum (3.2.2.12)
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.26
sketch plan
plan (3.1.1.3), required by law to be posted in covered accommodation at the mine, showing telephone
stations, means of egress from the workings to the surface, and the main roads
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.27
supplementary plans
plans that can be required by law to show in greater detail information not easily depicted on the
working plans (3.1.6.33)
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.28
surface mine
mine in which the ore lies near the surface and can be extracted by removing the covering layers of rock
and soil
[SOURCE: Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs — Glossary, 2010]
3.1.6.29
surface plan
plan (3.1.1.3) of the surface layout (3.1.4.2) of a mine
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.30
take
parcel
mineral bearing (3.2.8.6.1) area which a mine is permitted to work
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.6.31
unconsolidated surface deposits
surface deposits such as moss, peat, sand, gravel, silt or mud
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
10 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

3.1.6.32
underground mine
mineral extraction project where ore is extracted from the subsurface via underground mine workings
such as adits (3.1.2.1), shafts, drifts (3.1.6.11), stopes.
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
Note 2 to entry: An underground mine’s ore is removed mechanically and transferred by shuttle car or conveyor
to the surface.
[SOURCE: Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs — Glossary, 2010]
a)  Underground mine
Key
1 bench 4 soil 7 ore pass
2 glory hole 5 ore 8 adit haulage way
3 broken ore 6 raise 9 wall rock

© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 11

---------------------- Page: 16 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

b) Cross section of an underground mine
Key
1 outcrop 9 adit 17 level 2
2 drift 10 portal 18 level 3
3 crosscut 11 vein 19 raise
4 sump 12 hoist house 20 drift
5 inclined shaft 13 head frame 21 massive or deposit
6 undiscovered ore 14 collar of shaft 22 winze
7 footwall 15 vertical shaft 23 stope
a
8 hanging wall 16 level 1 Dip.
NOTE SOURCE: Reference [14].
Figure 5 — Underground mine
3.1.6.33
working plan
plan (3.1.1.3) required by law showing all the current, disused or abandoned workings (3.1.5.1) within
the boundaries of the mine and within a stipulated zone adjacent thereto
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
12 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 17 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

3.1.7 Safety and rescue
3.1.7.1
cautionary zone
zone in which unworked coal lies at a specified distance or less from unconsolidated deposits or other
sources of danger
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.7.2
firefighting plan
plan (3.1.1.3) or chart showing the positions of items of firefighting equipment
Note 1 to entry: Separate plans are used for surface buildings and underground workings.
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.1.7.3
rescue plans
sets of plans required by law that are suitable for use by rescue workers
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.7.4
warning line
line drawn on working plans (3.1.6.33) to indicate the limit beyond which workings should not extend,
e.g. because of the proximity of disused or abandoned workings (3.1.5.1)
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.8 Ventilation
3.1.8.1
ventilation plan
plan (3.1.1.3) or drawing required by law showing the ventilation air currents in a mine and the means
of controlling them
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.1.8.2
ventilation planning
plans for a new projected mine or a new seam to be worked from an existing mine, showing the
proposed ventilating system, including the quantities of air and pressures and the principal appliances
to control and distribute the air
Note 1 to entry: Investigations and calculations are made to select a fan of the necessary type and size for the
ventilation required.
[SOURCE: Dictionary of Mining, Mineral and Related Terms, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1996]
3.2 Surveying
3.2.1 General terms
3.2.1.1
approved survey
survey (3.2.1.31.1) that has the field notes (3.2.1.11) approved and the plat (3.2.1.20) accepted by the
organization official that has been delegated the authority for such action
Note 1 to entry: The terms “approved survey” and “official survey” are often incorrectly used as being synonymous
with “accepted survey.”
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 13

---------------------- Page: 18 ----------------------
ISO 22932-1:2020(E)

[SOURCE: Glossary of BLM surveying and mapping terms, 1980]
3.2.1.2
check survey
verification survey
survey (3.2.1.31.1) made to confirm the positions of established survey stations
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.2.1.3
colliery surveyor
surveyor appointed to carry out surveying (3.2.1.32) work and to prepare plans and sections of a mine,
but who is not the surveyor for the mine
[SOURCE: BS 3618-1:1969]
3.2.1.4
compass survey
survey (3.2.1.31.1) executed using the magnetic compass
[SOURCE: Glossary of BLM surveying and mapping terms, 1980]
3.2.1.5
conflicting evidence
contradiction or disagreement of the actual ground conditions compared to the record, usually
regarding topographic calls or characteristics of corner (3.2.2.8) monumentation
[SOURCE: Glossary of BLM surveying and mapping terms, 1980]
3.2.1.6
control lines
primary control of the surveys consisting of baselines (3.2.11.1), standard parallels, principal meridians
(3.2.2.31.1) and guide meridians
Note 1 to entry: Among field surveyors a control line is a survey (3.2.1.31.1) line to the nearest identified corner
(3.2.2.8) in directions (3.2.12.7) necessary for restoration of a corner.
[SOURCE: Glossary of BLM surveying and mapping terms, 1980]
3.2.1.7
control survey
survey (3.2.1.31.1) that provides horizontal or vertical position data for subordinate surveys or mapping
[SOURCE: Glossary of BLM
...