ISO 21214:2006

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21214
First edition
2006-07-01
Intelligent transport systems —
Continuous air interface, long and
medium range (CALM) — Infra-red
systems
Systèmes intelligents de transport — Interface d'air continue, gamme
longue et moyenne (CALM) — Systèmes à infrarouges

Reference number
©
ISO 2006
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©  ISO 2006
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ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Dedication
Exceptionally this International Standard is dedicated to the late Dipl. Ing. Helmut Strasser in grateful
recognition of his leadership as the editor and project leader of ISO 21214, and for his commitment and
services over more than a decade to meet the challenges of international standardization in the rapidly
changing arena of ITS technology.
Contents Page
Dedication . iii
Foreword. vii
Introduction . viii
1 Scope. 1
2 Conformance . 2
3 Normative references . 2
4 Terms and definitions. 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Optical parmeters. 4
5 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 8
6 Requirements: transmitter and receiver parameters . 10
6.1 Transmitter wavelengths and bandwidths . 10
6.2 Radiated power . 10
6.2.1 Radiated power limits . 10
6.2.2 Transmitter classes . 11
6.3 Receiver wavelengths and bandwidths. 11
6.4 Receiver class . 12
7 Modulation and coding. 13
7.1 Generic modulation parameters. 13
7.1.1 Wake-up signal. 13
7.1.2 Transmitter generic modulation parameters. 13
7.1.3 Receiver generic modulation parameters . 13
7.2 Communications profiles . 13
7.3 Profile 0 (base profile) and profile 1 (default profile) modulation. 14
7.4 Profiles 2 to 6. 15
8 Directivity and communication zones . 16
8.1 Directivity parameters . 16
8.2 Communication zones. 17
8.2.1 Basic beam . 17
8.2.2 Communication zone construction. 17
8.2.3 Communication zone shortcuts . 18
9 Frames and windows. 20
9.1 General structure . 20
9.2 Frame. 20
9.2.1 Frame structure. 20
9.2.2 Frame synchronisation signal (F-Sync). 21
9.3 Windows. 21
9.3.1 Window structure and types. 21
9.3.2 Window synchronisation (W-Sync). 22
9.3.3 Management window . 22
9.3.4 Private window . 24
9.3.5 Broadcast window . 25
9.3.6 Multicast window . 26
9.3.7 Spare window . 27
9.3.8 Compatibility window . 27
9.3.9 Wake-up window . 27
9.4 Command alert (CA) . 27
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

9.5 Summary. 29
10 MAC commands. 31
10.1 General. 31
10.2 MAC commands related to the frame and window organisation. 31
10.2.1 frame organisation table (MC-FOT). 31
10.2.2 When generated . 32
10.2.3 Effect on receipt. 32
10.2.4 frame organisation table update (MC-FOT U) . 33
10.2.5 frame organisation table steady (MC-FOT S). 34
10.2.6 Broadcast (MC-BRC) . 34
10.2.7 Re-establish session (MC-REST) . 35
10.2.8 Session re-establishment confirmed (MC-RESC) . 35
10.2.9 Session re-establishment denied (MC-RESD) . 36
10.2.10 Kill all (MC-KIA) . 36
10.2.11 Kill slave (MC-KIS) . 37
10.2.12 De-register (MC-DREG) . 37
10.2.13 Suspend all (MC-SUA). 38
10.2.14 Suspend slave (MC-SUS) . 39
10.2.15 Free airtime (MC-FAT) . 39
10.3 MAC commands related to flow control. 40
10.3.1 Command not supported (MC-CNS) . 40
10.3.2 Token (MC-TKN). 40
10.3.3 Block start (MC-BLS). 41
10.3.4 Control channel block start (MC-CCBS). 41
10.3.5 IEEE-frame block start (MC-FBS). 42
10.3.6 Start of MAC control block (MC-SMC) . 42
10.3.7 Packet start (MC-PAS). 43
10.3.8 Packet end (MC-PAE) . 43
10.3.9 Block end (MC-BLE) . 44
10.3.10 Transmission acknowledged (MC-TAck). 44
10.3.11 Transmission acknowledged & (MC-TAck&) . 45
10.3.12 Transmission not acknowledged (MC-TNAck) . 45
10.3.13 Transmission not acknowledged & (MC-TNAck&) . 46
10.3.14 Retransmission request (MC-RTQ). 46
10.3.15 Block acknowledge (MC-BAck) . 47
10.4 MAC commands related to the registration process . 47
10.4.1 Registration enable (MC-REN). 47
10.4.2 Registration request (MC-RRQ). 48
10.4.3 Identifier request (MC-IDQ) . 49
10.4.4 Identifier response (MC-IDP) . 49
10.4.5 Registration confirmation (MC-REC) . 50
10.5 MAC commands related to the physical layer parameters. 50
10.5.1 Profiles request (MC-PRQ). 50
10.5.2 Profiles response (MC-PRP) . 51
10.5.3 Request new profile (MC-RNP). 52
10.5.4 Set profile (MC-SPR). 52
10.5.5 Set profile confirmation (MC-SPC). 53
10.5.6 Set multicast profile (MC-SMP) . 53
10.6 MAC commands related to test and services . 54
10.6.1 Status request 1 (MC-SRQ1). 54
10.6.2 Status request 2 (MC-SRQ2). 55
10.6.3 Status request 3 (MC-SRQ3). 56
10.6.4 Status request 4 (MC-SRQ4). 56
10.6.5 Status response 1 (MC-SR1). 57
10.6.6 Status response 2 (MC-SR2). 58
10.6.7 Status response 3 (MC-SR3). 59
10.6.8 Status response 4 (MC-SR4). 60
10.6.9 Echo alert (MC-EA) . 61
10.6.10 Echo request (MC-ERQ) . 62
10.6.11 Echo (MC-ECH). 62
10.7 MAC command set overview . 63
11 Registration procedure. 66
11.1 General . 66
11.2 Normal registration procedure . 66
11.3 Sequence of the registration procedure without collision . 67
11.4 Sequence of the registration procedure with collision. 67
11.4.1 Both signals appear with equal signal strength . 67
11.4.2 Both signals appear with different signal strength . 68
11.4.3 Identical TempIDs .68
11.5 Handover and re-registration. 68
11.5.1 Cancel TempID . 69
11.5.2 Advise adjacent masters. 69
11.6 Registration process timers. 69
12 Window management . 70
12.1 General . 70
12.2 Window allocation by frame organisation tables . 70
12.3 Spare windows . 70
12.4 Windows for isochronous services . 71
13 Infra-red management entity. 72
13.1 General . 72
13.2 MAC command not supported. 72
13.3 Communication profiles . 72
13.4 Equipment status . 72
13.5 Testing. 72
13.6 Registration . 72
13.7 Session management . 73
13.8 Communication . 73
13.8.1 Organisation of IR communication . 73
13.8.2 Unique block number reference . 74
13.9 Window management . 74
13.10 MAC tunnel . 74
14 Adaptation. 75
14.1 Architecture . 75
14.2 IR-CAL . 75
14.2.1 Communication SAP. 75
14.2.2 Communication types. 76
14.2.3 WLAN functionality . 77
14.2.4 MAC addresses . 79
14.2.5 Fragmentation and defragmentation . 80
14.3 IR-MAE. 80
15 Adoption of other standards and internationally adopted practices. 81
16 Marking and labelling . 82
17 Declaration of patents and Intellectual Property . 83
Annex A (normative) Coding and error correction of profiles 0 and 1 and of commands . 86
Annex B (normative) Coding and modulation of profiles 2 to 6 . 88
Annex C (informative) Link power budget . 95
Annex D (informative) Link directivity considerations . 101
Annex E (informative) Compatibility of CALM and non-CALM infra-red systems . 103
Bibliography . 106

vi © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 21214 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems.

Introduction
This International Standard is part of a family of International Standards for CALM (continuous air interface,
long and medium range) which determine a common architecture, network protocols and air-interface
definitions for wireless communications using cellular second generation, cellular third generation, 5 GHz,
millimetre, and infra-red communications. Other air interfaces may be added at a later date. These air
interfaces are designed to provide parameters and protocols for broadcast, point/point, vehicle/vehicle, and
vehicle/point communications in the ITS sector.
This International Standard determines the air interface using infra-red systems operating in the wavelength
range at 850 nm.
The fast movement of information across the longer distances using wireless technology is functionally very
different from the requirements definition for dedicated short range communication (DSRC). High volumes of
data are required for purposes such as traffic information and management, video downloads to vehicles for
tourist information and entertainment and navigation system updates, etc.
In order to support such services, transmitters need to be able to operate over long or medium range, and to
be able to hand over a session from one transmitter to another.
These International Standards are designed to enable quasi-continuous communications, or communications
of protracted duration, between vehicles and service providers, or between vehicles. As such they are
complementary to dedicated short range, single point, technologies standardised in various regions of the
world.
The CALM concept supports multiple bearer types (such as cellular, microwave, infra-red), where an option is
proposed to offer user selection of preferred media, and to enable resumption of session interruptions
(whether to change bearer media, service provider, or because of signal interruption or interference).
Some applications will have the requirement that communication sessions set up in a first communication
zone may be continued in following communication zones; therefore “handover mechanisms” are included.
Handover mechanisms need to be defined at two levels:
⎯ Firstly, handover mechanisms within the same technology and service provider. These handover
mechanisms are defined within the frequency-specific CALM International Standards.
⎯ Secondly, handover mechanisms at the application level, for use where either the technology or the
service provider changes. These handover mechanisms will be defined within the CALM architecture
International Standard (ISO 21217), within the CALM networking protocols International Standard
(ISO 21210) and within the CALM lower layer SAP International Standard (ISO 21218).
Applications include the update of roadside telemetry and messaging, internet, image and video transfer,
infotainment, traffic management, monitoring and enforcement in mobile situations, route guidance, car-to-car
safety messaging, maintenance management, and “yellow page” services. For medium- and long-range high-
speed roadside/vehicle transactions such as on-board web access, broadcast and subscription services,
entertainment, yellow page and booking transactions, etc., the functional characteristics of such systems
require contact over significantly longer distance than is feasible or desirable for DSRC, and often for
significantly longer connection periods – in some circumstances, continuous communication.
viii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21214:2006(E)

Intelligent transport systems — Continuous air interface, long
and medium range (CALM) — Infra-red systems
1 Scope
This International Standard determines the air interface using infra-red systems at 820 nm to 1 010 nm.
It provides protocols and parameters for medium-range, medium- to high-speed wireless communications in
the ITS sector using infra-red systems.
Such links are required for quasi-continuous, prolonged or short communications
⎯ between vehicles and the roadside,
⎯ between vehicles, and
⎯ between mobile equipment and fixed infrastructure points,
over medium and long ranges.
Vehicles may be moving or stationary.
Wherever practicable, this International Standard has been developed by reference to suitable extant
International Standards, adopted by selection. Required regional variations are provided.
Due account is given to, and use made of, any relevant parts of appropriate communications systems, such
as global positioning systems (GPS), digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting (DVB), radio
local area networks (RLANs), digital data broadcasting (DDB), TETRA, FM subcarrier, mobile broadband
systems (MBS, W-ATM), internet protocols, and dedicated short range communication (DSRC).
The International Standard:
⎯ supports data rates of 1 Mbit/s up to 128 Mbit/s (it may support higher data rates);
⎯ supports vehicle speeds up to a minimum of 200 km/h (closing speeds could be double this value);
⎯ defines or references environmental parameters relevant to link operation;
⎯ supports communication distances up to 100 m (it may support longer communication distances of 300 m
to 1 000 m);
⎯ supports latencies and communication delays in the order of milliseconds;
⎯ is compliant to regional/national regulatory parameters;
⎯ may support other regional/national parameters as applicable.
Application-specific requirements are outside the scope of this International Standard. These requirements will
be defined in the CALM management and upper layer standards and in application standards.
Application-specific upper layers are not included in this International Standard, but will be driven by
application standards (which may not be technology specific).
2 Conformance
Systems claiming conformance with this International Standard shall meet the specifications herein.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 8802-11, Information technology — Telecommunications and information exchange between
systems — Local and metropolitan area networks — Specific requirements — Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium
Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications
IEC 60050-845, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary. Lighting
IEC 60825-1, Safety of laser products — Part 1: Equipment classification, requirements and user’s guide
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1 General
4.1.1
broadcast window
BcW
window used to broadcast information to slaves, even to those which have not yet performed the “registration
process”
4.1.2
chip
smallest information unit communicated over the link
NOTE Depending on the chosen coding, one information bit may be represented by one or more consecutive chips.
4.1.3
communication profile
specific set of data rate, modulation and flow control
4.1.4
communication zone
spatial zone in which two CALM-IR units are able to communicate with acceptable performance
4.1.5
compatibility window
CmpW
enables non-CALM-IR systems that follow certain rules to co-exist with a CALM-IR system without harmful
interference
4.1.6
default data rate
data rate used in the “default communications profile”
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

4.1.7
default communications profile
communications profile used unless another communications profile is successfully negotiated
4.1.8
flush byte
8 bit sequence used to denote the end of the main body of the information to be transmitted using the
HHH(1,13) coding procedure
4.1.9
forward direction
communication flow from master to slave
EXAMPLES forward link, forward window
4.1.10
frame length indicator
Flen
indicator is used to calculate the frame length from the last “slot index”
4.1.11
frame organisation table
FOT
table which carries all organisation data of the TDMA frame
4.1.12
free airtime indicator
FATI
indicator which signals that “free airtime” follows the current frame
NOTE This airtime may be used by units not being a slave of the current master to establish “secondary mastership”.
4.1.13
guard time
T
G
time period preceding a “command alert” (CA) in certain cases in order to allow the automatic gain control of
the receivers to resettle
4.1.14
HHH(1,13) code
special run length limited code with d = 1 and k = 13 used in the CALM-IR communications profiles 2 to 6
4.1.15
management window
first window in a CALM-IR frame, which carries all organisation information for the current frame
4.1.16
master identifier
MID
code which uniquely identifies a CALM-IR master
4.1.17
multicast window
McW
window used for communication from master to multiple slaves, forward direction only
4.1.18
private window
window which carries the information exchange between a master and a specific slave
4.1.19
registration phase
phase during which a master identifies devices newly entering its communication zone
4.1.20
slave
device that is under the control of another device
4.1.21
spare window
SpW
window, not allocated to a slave, which reserves airtime for any slaves registering during the current frame in
order to enable the master to instantly allocate them a private window without the need for frame
reorganisation
4.1.22
slot index
index used to count time slots
4.1.23
TDMA frame
time (division multiple access) structure based on a train of consecutive time slots (at least one)
4.1.24
time slot
subunit of a TDMA frame
4.1.25
temporary identifier
TempID
identifier used for addressing the slave device while it resides in the communication environment of the master
NOTE Each time the slave registers in a communication zone, a new TempID is created.
4.1.26
wake-up window
WuW
special case of a broadcast window which is used to “wake-up” sleeping units entering the communication
zone of an active master
4.1.27
window
smallest addressable time span of a CALM-IR frame which may consist of one or multiple time slots
4.2 Optical parmeters
4.2.1
radiant power
radiant flux
Φ
e
power emitted, transmitted or received in the form of radiation
NOTE 1 The unit is the watt (W).
NOTE 2 Adapted from IEC 60050 (845-01-24).
4 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

4.2.2
radiant intensity
I
e
quotient of the radiant flux dΦ leaving the source and propagated in the element of solid angle dΩ containing
e
the given direction, by the element of solid angle
dΦ
e
I =
e
dΩ
NOTE 1 Unit: W/sr (watts per steradian).
NOTE 2 Adapted from IEC 60050 (845-01-30).
4.2.3
irradiance
E
e
quotient of the radiant flux dΦ incident on an element of a surface containing a given point divided by the
e
area dA of that element
NOTE 1 Unit: W/m .
NOTE 2 Equivalent definition. Integral, taken over the hemisphere visible from the given point, of the expression
L⋅⋅cosθ dΩ , where L is the radiance at the given point in the various directions of the incident elementary beams of
e
e
solid angle dΩ, and θ is the angle between any of these beams and the normal to the surface at the given point.
dΦ
e
E== Ld⋅cosθ⋅Ω
∫
ee2sπ r
dA
NOTE 3 Adapted from IEC 60050 (845-01-37).
4.2.4
radiant exitance
M
e
quotient of the radiant flux dΦ leaving an element of a surface containing a given point divided by the area dA
e
of that element
NOTE 1 Unit: W/m .
NOTE 2 Equivalent definition. Integral, taken over the hemisphere visible from the given point, of the expression, where
L⋅⋅cosθ dΩ is the radiance at the given point in the various directions of the emitted elementary beams of solid angle
e
dΩ, and θ is the angle between any of these beams and the normal to the surface at the given point.
dΦ
e
M== Ld⋅cosθ⋅Ω
∫
ee2sπ r
dA
NOTE 3 Adapted from IEC 60050 (845-01-47).
4.2.5
radiance
L
e
quantity (in a given direction, at a given point of a real or imaginary surface) (L ; L) defined by the formula
e
dΦ
e
L =
e
dA⋅⋅cosθ dΩ
where
dΦ is the radiant flux transmitted by an elementary beam passing through the given point and
e
propagating in the solid angle dΩ containing the given direction;
dA is the area of a section of that beam containing the given point;
θ is the angle between the normal to that section and the direction of the beam.
NOTE 1 Unit: W/sr.m .
NOTE 2 Adapted from IEC 60050 (845-01-34).
4.2.6
radiant intensity
I
e
quotient of the radiant flux dΦ leaving the source and propagated in the element of solid angle dΩ containing
e
the given direction divided by the element of solid angle
NOTE Adapted from IEC 60050 (845-01-30).
4.2.7
steradian
sr
dimensionless SI unit of solid angle
NOTE 1 The steradian is the solid angle of a cone which, having its vertex in the centre of a sphere, cuts off on the
surface of the sphere an area equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.
[ISO 31-1:1992, 1-2.a]
NOTE 2 Usually the abbreviation “sr” is appended, although mathematically this is incorrect.
EXAMPLE
The unity solid angle, in terms of geometry, is the angle subtended at the centre of a sphere by an area on its surface
numerically equal to the square of the radius (see Figure 1). Other than the figure might suggest, the shape of the area
does not matter at all. Any shape on the surface of the sphere that holds the same area will define a solid angle of the
same size.
Figure 1 — Solid angle
6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Relation between distance r, irradiance E and intensity I
e e
Using a single radiation point source, we get the following relation:
dIΦ⋅dΩI⎡⎤W
ee e
E== = ;
e
⎢⎥
dA dA
rm⎣⎦
NOTE 3 Adapted from IEC 60050 (845-01-20).
4.2.8
luminous flux
Φ
v
quantity derived from radiant flux Φ by evaluating the radiation according to its action upon the CIE standard
e
photometric observer, for photopic vision
∞
dΦ ()λ
e
Φ= K ⋅Vd()λ⋅ λ
vm
∫
dλ
where
dΦ ()λ
e
dλ
is the spectral distribution of the radiant flux and V(λ) is the spectral luminous efficiency
NOTE 1 For the values K (photopic vision) and K′ (scotopic vision), see IEC 60050 (845-01-56).
m m
NOTE 2 Adapted from IEC 60050 (845-01-25).
4.2.9
luminous efficacy of radiation
K
quotient of the luminous flux Φ divided by the corresponding radiant flux Φ
v e
Φ
v
K=
Φ
e
NOTE 1 When applied to monochromatic radiation, the maximum value of K(λ) is denoted by the symbol K :
m
−1 12
K = 683 lm.W for v = 540 × 10 Hz (λ ≈ 555 nm) for photopic vision.
m m m
−1
K′ = 1700 lm.W for λ′ ≈ 507 nm for scotopic vision.
m m
For other wavelengths, K(λ) = K′ V(λ) and K′(λ) = K′ V′(λ).
m m
NOTE 2 Adapted from IEC 60050 (845-01-55).
5 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
BcW broadcast window
CALM continuous air interface, long and medium range
CFA CALM-fast application
CME CALM management entity
CmpW compatibility window
CRC cyclic redundancy check
D beam axis, “bore-sight direction”
DAB digital audio broadcasting
DDB digital data broadcasting
DVB digital video broadcasting
DSRC dedicated short range communication
E irradiance
e
E illuminance
v
FATI free airtime indicator
FB flush byte
FCIR fast-CALM infra-red packet format
FM frequency modulation
IPv6 internet protocol version 6
MID frame length indicator
FOT frame organisation table
F-Sync frame synchronisation signal
HHH Hirt, Hassner, Heise (inventors of the HHH(1,13) code)
I radiant intensity
e
IR-CAL infra-red communication adaptation layer
IR-MAE infra-red management adaptation entity
IR-ME infra-red management entity
K luminous efficacy of radiation
L radiance
e
LLC logical link control
MAC medium access control (sometimes used as a synonym for MAC layer)
McW multicast window
M radiant exitance
e
MID master identifier
MnW management window
N number of time slots in a CALM-IR frame
frame
N maximum number of time slots in a CALM-IR frame
frame,max
N minimum number of timeslots in a CALM-IR frame
frame,min
OBU on-board unit
8 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

PA preamble
PL payload
PP preamble period
PDU protocol data unit
PrW private window
RLL run length limited code
RSU roadside unit
SAP service access point
SpW spare window
sr steradian
STA start flag
STO stop flag
T bit time (duration of one bit)
bit
T chip time (duration of one chip)
chip
T waiting time of the slave for a reply to a proposed TempID
CWAIT
TDMA time division multiple access
T registration time-out
DREG
TempID tempor
...