ISO 2822-1:1998

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2822-1
First edition
1998-11-01
Raw cattle hides and calf skins —
Part 1:
Descriptions of defects
Peaux brutes de bovidés —
Partie 1: Descriptions des défauts
A
Reference number
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented
on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
a vote.
International Standard ISO 2822-1 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 120, Leather, Subcommittee SC 1, Raw hides and skins, including
pickled pelts.
ISO 2822 consists of the following parts, under the general title Raw cattle
hides and calf skins:
 Part 1: Descriptions of defects
 Part 2: Guidelines for grading on the basis of mass and size
 Part 3: Guidelines for grading on the basis of defects
©  ISO 1998
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Genève 20 • Switzerland
Internet iso@iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD  © ISO ISO 2822-1:1998(E)
Raw cattle hides and calf skins —
Part 1:
Descriptions of defects
1 Scope
This part of ISO 2822 describes the defects which may occur on raw cattle hides and calf skins intended for
tanning.
It is applicable to fresh and cured raw cattle hides and calf skins, but not to casualty hides and skins.
2 Normative reference
The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of
ISO 2822. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision, and
parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 2822 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent edition of the standard indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid
International Standards.
ISO 2820:1974, Leather — Raw hides of cattle and horses — Methods of trim.
3 Terms relating to defects in raw cattle hides and calf skins
The defects on raw cattle hides and skins referred to in this part of ISO 2822 are divided into three categories:
a) ante-mortem defects;
b) post-mortem defects; and
c) preserving defects.
3.1 Causes and types of ante-mortem defects
3.1.1 Abscess
Cutaneous abscesses, formed by the pyogenic organisms of different genera affecting either the grain or flesh side
of the skins or even hydrolysing skin proteins leading to perforations.
3.1.2 Blind warble hole
Defect formed by the warble larva (Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum) in the skin of the living animal, but with
no actual perforation.
© ISO
3.1.3 Brand mark
Man-made mark on cattle hides and skins, generally used for identification and made with either a hot or cooled iron
or chemical products.
3.1.4 Demodex bovis
Both the grain and flesh sides of cattle hides are greatly affected by Demodectic mange (follicular mange) mites.
These mites may appear in the following forms:
a) nodular;
b) squamous; and
c) acute.
The mite occurring in cattle is known as Demodex bovis.
Raised nodules of varying size (several mm to more than 5 cm) are visible on the flesh side of cattle hides and
skins. The small nodules are not altered by beamhouse operations and appear on tanned hides as hardening of the
tissues. If they measure more than 1 cm, they can form a pit by splitting the grain, or even make a hole.
3.1.5 Dung damage
Dung causes damage to the hide and skin by provoking an irritation resulting in coarsening of the grain. Dung also
causes staining on hides.
3.1.6 Eczema
Eczema, caused either by fungal infection or allergic response to insects, chemicals, stress etc., is confined to face,
lips, ears and vulva areas but does not materially degrade skin quality.
3.1.7 Fat wrinkles
Also known as grain wrinkles or neck wrinkles, fat wrinkles are associated with the twitch muscles. These muscles
are striated, sheathed voluntary muscles that cause temporary folds in the grain. Removal of these muscles allows
the accentuated grain wrinkles in the skin to spread out.
3.1.8 Goad mark
The use of goading sticks on cattle can affect the quality of their hides. Patches containing prick holes are found on
many hides on the buttocks. Some goad marks are considerably larger than a prick hole.
3.1.9 Horn mark
Damage to the grain caused by animal horns.
3.1.10 Hump
Owing to the hump present in the hides of certain breeds of cattle (Bos indicus), the quality of the hide pattern in this
area is poor and makes its subsequent processing difficult.
3.1.11 Hump sore
The disease in cattle caused by nematode Stephanofilaria assamensis results in the formation of scab and crusts,
loosening of the hair and thickening of the hide. The lesion spreads in the hump region.
3.1.12 Lice
Owing to the irritation caused by biting or sucking types of lice, the animals scratch the affected parts of the body,
leading to wounds and bruises. Louse species belonging to the genus Linognathus are common to cattle, but
species of other genera are also found to cause these defects.
© ISO
3.1.13 Pox mark
Hard, circular, lesion based defects leaving scar marks on the grain and at times even found penetrating the full
thickness of the hides.
3.1.14
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