IEC 62899-202:2023

IEC 62899-202 ®
Edition 2.0 2023-05
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Printed electronics –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink

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IEC 62899-202 ®
Edition 2.0 2023-05
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Printed electronics –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 31.180; 87.080 ISBN 978-2-8322-6955-8

– 2 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 2
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Atmospheric conditions for evaluation and pre-conditioning . 11
5 Summary characteristics and evaluation method of conductive ink . 11
6 Evaluation of properties of conductive ink . 12
6.1 Specimen . 12
6.2 Contents . 12
6.2.1 Solid content . 12
6.2.2 Non-volatile content . 13
6.2.3 Ash content . 13
6.2.4 Foreign matter . 14
6.3 Physical properties . 14
6.3.1 Density . 14
6.3.2 Rheology . 15
6.3.3 Surface tension . 15
6.3.4 Size of conductive materials . 16
6.3.5 Flashpoint . 17
6.3.6 Evaporation rate . 18
6.3.7 Appearance of ink . 19
7 Evaluation of the properties of a conductive layer . 19
7.1 Test piece . 19
7.1.1 General . 19
7.1.2 Substrate . 19
7.1.3 Conductive ink . 19
7.1.4 Dimensions of test piece . 19
7.1.5 Preparation of test piece . 19
7.2 Electrical properties . 20
7.2.1 Volume resistivity . 20
7.2.2 Surface resistivity (based on the four-point probe method) . 24
7.2.3 Surface resistivity (based on the contactless method) . 25
7.3 Mechanical properties . 25
7.3.1 Bending test . 25
7.3.2 Abrasion resistance . 26
7.3.3 Adhesion strength . 27
7.4 Optical properties . 25
7.4.1 Overview . 27
7.4.2 Luminous transmittance . 27
7.4.3 Chromaticity . 28
7.4.4 Uniformity of colour . 28
7.4.5 Haze . 30
7.4.6 Refractive index . 30
8 Storage . 31
8.1 Storage conditions . 31

8.2 Method for measuring aged deterioration . 31
8.3 Report of the results . 31
Annex A (informative) Example of four-point probe for applying an appropriate weight . 32
A.1 Internal structure . 32
A.2 Example of the general overall view . 32
Annex B (informative) Formula of correction factor F . 33
B.1 General . 33
B.2 Conditions for correction factor F . 34
B.3 Formula of correction factor F . 34
Annex C (informative) Influence of the measuring position and size of the specimen on
resistance . 35
C.1 Influence of the measuring position on resistance . 35
C.2 Influence of the size of the specimen on resistance . 36
Bibliography . 37

Figure 1 – Example of four-point probe measurement . 20
Figure 2 – Example of four-probe measurement equipment . 20
Figure 3 – Measuring positions of resistance (Type A) . 22
Figure 4 – Measuring positions of resistance (Type B) . 22
Figure 5 – Measuring positions of resistance (Type C) . 23
Figure A.1 – Example of the internal structure of probe . 32
Figure A.2 – Example of the general overall view of the probe . 32
Figure B.1 – Schematic diagram of the geometry of the conductive layer and the
configuration of probes A, B, C and D . 33
Figure C.1 – Measurement model for the influence of the measuring position on sheet
resistance . 35
Figure C.2 – Model measurement of the influence of the specimen size . 36

Table 1 – Test methods for conductive inks used in PE. 11
Table 2 – Resistance range of the test piece and the applied current . 21
Table 3 – List of the size of the specimen . 22

– 4 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
PRINTED ELECTRONICS –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This redline version of the official IEC Standard allows the user to identify the changes made
to the previous edition IEC 62899-202:2016. A vertical bar appears in the margin wherever a
change has been made. Additions are in green text, deletions are in strikethrough red text.

IEC 62899-202 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 119: Printed electronics. It is
an International Standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2016. This
edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) definitions of conductive material, conductive ink and conductive layer have been revised;
b) a summary of test methods is added;
c) mechanical tests for conductive layer are added.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
119/423/FDIS 119/428/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62899 series, published under the general title Printed electronics,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

– 6 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
INTRODUCTION
The IEC 62899-20x series relates mainly to evaluation methods for materials of printed
electronics. The series also include storage methods, packaging and marking, and
transportation conditions.
The IEC 62899-20x series is divided into parts for each material. Each part is prepared as a
generic specification containing fundamental information for the area of printed electronics.
Printed electronics is a technology that spans the printing and electrical/electronic area, and it
provides a variety of products. Since participants in this industry come from different areas,
their backgrounds and customs can be barriers to smooth communication and transactions in
the supply chain. The printed electronics industry continues to grow, but many barriers still
remain. Particularly, the lack of standardised terms and evaluation methods is one of the major
factors that inhibit smooth communication.
This document focuses on measurement and evaluation methods for conductive inks and
provides tools to promote the smooth communication within the supply chain.
This document specifies the basic items to be communicated and their measurement or
evaluation methods. This document includes the measurement methods for the basic properties
of inks and electrical conductivity, which is obtained by the post treatment of inks. Additionally,
storage methods, packaging and marking, and transportation conditions are also included.
This document is part of the IEC 62899-202 series and similar documents are available for other
materials used in printed electronics.
The IEC 62899-20x series consists of the following parts:
IEC 62899-201: Materials – Substrates
IEC 62899-202: Materials – Conductive ink
IEC 62899-203: Materials – Semiconductor ink
IEC 62899-204: Materials – Insulator ink
(Subsequent parts will be prepared for other materials.)
Furthermore, sectional specifications, blank detail specifications, and detail specifications of
each material will follow these parts.
This part of IEC 62899 is prepared for conductive materials used in printed electronics and
contains the test conditions, the evaluation methods and the storage conditions.
_____________
Under consideration.
PRINTED ELECTRONICS –
Part 202: Materials – Conductive ink

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62899 defines the terms and specifies the standard test methods for
characterization and evaluation of conductive inks.
This International Standard is applicable to conductive inks and conductive layer that are made
from conductive inks.
This document also provides measurement methods for evaluating the properties of conductive
layers made both from an additive process using conductive inks and from a subtractive process
used in printed electronics.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 62899-202-3, Printed electronics – Part 202-3: Materials – Conductive ink – Measurement
of sheet resistance of conductive films – Contactless method
IEC 62899-202-5, Printed electronics – Part 202-5: Materials – Conductive ink – Mechanical
bending test of a printed conductive layer on an insulating substrate
ISO 5-2, Photography and graphic technology – Density measurements – Part 2: Geometric
conditions for transmittance density
ISO 5-3, Photography and graphic technology – Density measurements – Part 3: Spectral
conditions
ISO 124, Latex, rubber – Determination of total solids content
ISO 291, Plastics – Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 304, Surface active agents – Determination of surface tension by drawing up liquid films
ISO 489:19992022, Plastics – Determination of refractive index
ISO 758, Liquid chemical products for industrial use – Determination of density
at 20 degrees C
ISO 1183-1, Plastics – Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics – Part 1:
Immersion method, liquid pycnometer method and titration method
ISO 2409:2020, Paints and varnishes – Cross-cut test

– 8 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
ISO 2471, Paper and board – Determination of opacity (paper backing) – Diffuse reflectance
method
ISO 2555, Plastics – Resins in the liquid state or as emulsions or dispersions – Determination
of apparent viscosity by the Brookfield Test using a single cylinder type rotational viscometer
method
ISO 2592, Petroleum and related products – Determination of flash and fire points – Cleveland
open cup method
ISO 2719, Determination of flash point – Pensky-Martens closed cup method
ISO 2811-1, Paints and varnishes – Determination of density – Part 1: Pycnometer method
ISO 2811-2, Paints and varnishes – Determination of density – Part 2: Immersed body (plummet)
method
ISO 2884-1, Paints and varnishes – Determination of viscosity using rotary viscometers – Part 1:
Cone-and-plate viscometer operated at a high rate of shear
ISO 3219, Plastics – Polymers/resins in the liquid state or as emulsions or dispersions –
Determination of viscosity using a rotational viscometer with defined shear rate
ISO 3251, Paints, varnishes and plastics – Determination of non-volatile-matter content
ISO 3451-1, Plastics – Determination of ash – Part 1: General methods
ISO 3664, Graphic technology and photography – Viewing conditions
ISO 3679, Determination of flash no-flash and flash point – Rapid equilibrium closed cup
method
ISO 4576, Plastics – Polymer dispersions – Determination of sieve residue (gross particle and
coagulum content)
ISO 9276-6, Representation of results of particle size analysis – Part 6: Descriptive and
quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology
ISO 11664-4, Colorimetry – Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* colour space
ISO 13319, Determination of particle size distributions – Electrical sensing zone method
ISO 13320, Particle size analysis – Laser diffraction methods
ISO 13321, Particle size analysis – Photon correlation spectroscopy
ISO 13322-1, Particle size analysis – Image analysis methods – Part 1: Static image analysis
methods
ISO 13468-1:19962019, Plastics – Determination of the total luminous transmittance of
transparent materials – Part 1: Single beam instrument
ISO 13468-2:19992021, Plastics – Determination of the total luminous transmittance of
transparent materials – Part 2: Double-beam instrument

ISO 13655, Graphic technology – Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for
graphic arts images
ISO 14488, Particulate materials – Sampling and sample splitting for the determination of
particulate properties
ISO 14782, Plastics – Determination of haze for transparent materials
ISO 14887, Sample preparation – Dispersing procedures for powders in liquids
ISO 15212-1, Oscillation-type density meters – Part 1: Laboratory instruments
ISO 18947-1:2021, Imaging materials and prints – Abrasion resistance – Part 1: General rub
testing methods
ISO 20379, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) – Measurement
of thixotropic behaviour of ceramic slurry by use of a rotational viscometer
ISO 20998-1, Measurement and characterization of particles by acoustic methods – Part 1:
Concepts and procedures in ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
NOTE Words in italics are defined within Clause 3.
3.1
conductive material
ingredient of a printing or coating material, which itself is electrically conductive or becomes
electrically conductive by post treatment such as heating component with intrinsic property
providing electrical conductivity
Note 1 to entry: The ingredient can be one or more small molecules, precursors, polymers, or particles.
Note 2 to entry: The ingredient can require post treatment to provide electrical conductivity
3.2
conductive ink
fluid in which one or more small molecules, polymers, or particles are dissolved or dispersed,
and which becomes an electrically conductive layer (3.3) by post treatment such as heating
fluid in which one or more conductive materials (3.1) are dissolved or dispersed, and which is
used to form an electrically conductive structure
3.3
conductive layer
film-like electrically conductive body made of conductive ink (3.2), which is printed or coated on
a substrate, followed as necessary by post treatment such as heating
film-like structure formed by printing or coating and post treatment (3.4) of conductive ink (3.2)
on a substrate, which is electrically conductive

– 10 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
3.4
post treatment
process step following the deposition of ink to generate the intended functionality
Note 1 to entry: Process steps can be evaporation, annealing, curing or sintering
3.5
conductive film
substrate (sheet or roll) with conductive layer (3.3)
3.6
solid content
mass fraction of an ingredient which effectively functions as a conductive substance, in
conductive ink (3.2)
3.7
non-volatile content
mass fraction of residue obtained by evaporation of the volatile solvent under specific conditions,
in conductive ink (3.2)
3.8
ash content
mass fraction of residue in conductive ink (3.2) excluding ingredients which are combusted or
carbonised by pyrolysis
3.9
foreign matter
substances and/or, particles of aggregated grains, filmed solidified ingredients of ink and
ingredients which do not function as a part of conductive ink (3.2)
3.10
spherical particle
particle with three approximately equal dimensions of length, width and height
3.11
rod
substance with thin elongated cylindrical shape
3.11
wire
substance with thin long fibre-like shape having electrically conductive or semi-conductive
property
3.12
wire
flexible cylindrical conductor, with or without an insulating covering, the length of which is large
with respect to its cross-sectional dimensions
Note 1 to entry: The cross-section of a wire may have any shape, but the term "wire" is not generally used for
ribbons or tapes.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-151:2001, 151-12-28]
3.13
tube
substance with fiber-like hollow cylindrical shape

3.14
dispersion
heterogeneous system in which fine separated materials are distributed uniformly in other
materials
system consisting of two or more phases one of which is continuous and at least one other is
finely dispersed
[SOURCE: IEC 62899-101:2019, 3.31]
3.15
flash point
lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off
vapours in quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-212:2010, 212-18-05]
4 Atmospheric conditions for evaluation and pre-conditioning
The standard atmosphere for evaluation (test and measurement) and storage of the specimen
shall be a temperature of 23 °C ± 2 °C and relative humidity of (50 ± 10) %, conforming to
standard atmosphere class 2 specified in ISO 291. If a polymer substrate is used for a test
piece coated with a conductive layer, the standard atmosphere for evaluation shall be a
temperature of 23 °C ± 1 °C and relative humidity of (50 ± 5) %, conforming to standard
atmosphere class 1 specified in ISO 291. Atmospheric pressure in test and measurement may
be specified in a prior agreement of trade partners, but it shall be reported.
If pre-conditioning is necessary, the same standard atmosphere specified above shall apply.
5 Summary characteristics and evaluation method of conductive ink
The conductive inks used in printed electronics shall be tested in accordance with the methods
specified in Table 1. Unless there is a prior agreement between the user and supplier these test
methods shall be applied without modification. In cases where the test has been modified, the
changed condition shall be described in the report.
Table 1 – Test methods for conductive inks used in PE
Items Standards for each test method
Non-volatile content ISO 3251
Ash content ISO 3451-1 method A
Foreign matter ISO 4576
Pyknometer (specified in ISO 758, ISO 1183-1
or ISO 2811-1)
Oscillation-type density meters (specified in
Density
ISO 15212-1)
Immersed body (plummet) method (specified in
Ink properties ISO 2811-2)
Brookfield type rotational viscometer (specified
in ISO 2555)
Rheology (viscosity) Cone-and-plate viscometer (specified in
ISO 2884-1)
Rotational viscometer (specified in ISO 3219)
Rheology (thixotropic index) ISO 20379 using rotational viscometers
Liquid film (Wilhelmy) method (specified in
Surface tension
ISO 304)
– 12 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
Items Standards for each test method
Electric sensing zone method (specified in
ISO 13319)
Laser diffraction method (specified in
Size of conductive materials ISO 13320)
(spherical particles) Photon correlation method (specified in
ISO 13321)
Ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy method
(specified in ISO 20998-1)
Size of conductive materials
Static image analysis method (specified in
ISO 13322-1)
(rods, wires and tubes)
Size of conductive materials
ISO 9276-6
(other shapes)
Open system; ISO 2592
Flashpoint
Closed system; ISO 2719, ISO 3679
Evaporation rate Subclause 6.3.6 in this document
Absorbance is measured by equipment
Appearance of ink
specified in ISO 13468-1 or ISO 13468-2.
Four-point probe method (7.2.1 in this
Volume resistivity
document)
Properties of a
Surface resistivity (four-point
conductive layer
Subclause 7.2.2 in this document
probe method)
(Electrical properties)
Surface resistivity (contactless
IEC 62899-202-3
method)
Bending test IEC 62899-202-5
Properties of a
conductive layer
Abrasion resistance ISO 18947-1
(Mechanical properties)
Adhesion strength ISO 2409
Opacity ISO 2471 (diffuse reflectance)
Single-beam method (specified in ISO 13468-1)
Luminous transmittance
Double-beam method (specified in
ISO 13468-2)
Properties of a
Presented as the CIE (1976) L*a*b* (according
conductive layer
Chromaticity
to ISO 11664-4)
(Optical properties)
Measure of the chromaticity at 10 points and
Uniformity of colour
express with colour difference
Haze ISO 14782
Refractive index ISO 489 method A

6 Evaluation of properties of conductive ink
6.1 Specimen
The specimen for evaluation shall be prepared in accordance with ISO 14488 or an equivalent
method. If necessary, dilution by a compatible solvent may be is allowed.
6.2 Contents
6.2.1 Solid content
6.2.1.1 Determination of solid content
Solid content of conductive materials and non-conductive materials shall be determined by the
theoretical mass fraction (expressed as a percentage) of functional ingredients to the total ink
mass. Functional ingredients include conductive materials, their precursors or binders, or any
additives.
6.2.1.2 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) unique specimen identification;
b) atmospheric conditions of test;
c) solid content;
d) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.2.2 Non-volatile content
6.2.2.1 Principle
Non-volatile content is determined by measuring the mass of residue after evaporation of the
volatile ingredients and calculating the mass fraction (expressed as a percentage) to the total
ink mass.
6.2.2.2 Test method
The test method shall be as specified in ISO 1625 ISO 3251 with the following exceptions:
a) Air pressure: 86 kPa to 106 kPa.
b) If specified by the manufacturer, the test may be performed under reduced pressure. The
conditions and procedures for reducing the pressure shall be as specified in ISO 124 or by
the manufacturer.
c) Materials which do not react with the ink during an examination shall be used.
d) Repeat the test until the weight becomes constant within 5 %.
6.2.2.3 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen identification;
b) test conditions (air pressure if reduced, drying temperature and time);
c) specimen mass;
d) results;
e) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.2.3 Ash content
6.2.3.1 Test method
The test method shall be as specified in ISO 3451-1, method A, with the following exceptions:
a) If appropriate for the properties of the ink, a calcination temperature other than that specified
in ISO 3451-1 may be used.
b) If the ash content is very low, considering weighing accuracy, a specimen mass other than
that specified in ISO 3451-1 may be used.
The detailed product specifications shall specify the applicable calcination temperature and
specimen mass.
6.2.3.2 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen identification;
b) calcination temperature;
– 14 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
c) specimen mass;
d) results and variation;
e) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.2.4 Foreign matter
6.2.4.1 Principle
Foreign matter is determined by measuring the mass of filtration residue and calculating the
mass fraction (expressed as a percentage) to the total ink mass.
6.2.4.2 Test method
The test method shall be as specified in ISO 4576, with the following exceptions:
a) The specimen mass shall be 1 g to 10 g.
b) For filtration of the specimen, a membrane filter with appropriate pore size shall be used
instead of a metal sieve. The pore size of the filter shall be as specified by the manufacturer.
c) For diluting the specimen or cleaning the filtration residue, a solvent appropriate for the
properties of the ink shall be used.
d) Prior to filtering, the specimen may be diluted by an appropriate solvent if necessary. No
other treatment shall be allowed.
e) The drying temperature for the filter and filtration residue may be different from that specified
in ISO 4576.
f) The test shall be conducted until the difference between the results of two consecutive tests
is not more than 20 %; the higher result shall be used for the report.
6.2.4.3 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen identification;
b) test conditions (filter pore size, drying temperature and filter type (material));
c) results;
d) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.3 Physical properties
6.3.1 Density
6.3.1.1 Measurement method
The measurement method shall either be the pyknometer method as specified in ISO 758,
ISO 1183-1 and ISO 2811-1, the method using oscillation-type density meters as specified in
ISO 15212-1, or the immersed body (plummet) method as specified in ISO 2811-2. The detailed
product specifications shall specify the measurement method to be used.
6.3.1.2 Equipment
Equipment shall be as specified in the measurement method (see 6.3.1.1) or shall be equipment
considered equivalent or superior.
6.3.1.3 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen identification;
b) measurement method;
c) measurement atmosphere (temperature and relative humidity);
d) results;
e) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.3.2 Rheology
6.3.2.1 Measurement method for viscosity
Viscosity shall be measured using a Brookfield type rotational viscometer as specified in
ISO 2555, cone-and-plate viscometer as specified in ISO 2884-1, or rotational viscometer as
specified in ISO 3219.
The detailed product specifications shall specify the measurement method and measuring
temperature to be used.
6.3.2.2 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) standard number of the measurement method;
b) specimen identification;
c) measuring temperature;
d) viscometer model;
e) type of liquidity (such as newtonian, non-newtonian, Ostwald, extended Ostwald, Bingham);
f) viscosity expressed in millipascal second (mPa·s);
g) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.3.2.3 Measurement for thixotropic index
The thixotropic index can be measured using the methods described in ISO 20379. The
rotational viscometers in 6.3.2.1 can be used in this measurement, when the rotational
viscometer used is reported.
6.3.2.4 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen identification;
b) measuring temperature;
c) viscometer model;
d) measurement conditions (maximum shear rate, standing time, time interval for ascending
and descending operation, number of steps when ascending and descending stepwise,
shear rate at each step, and sampling interval of data);
e) viscosity expressed in millipascal second (mPa·s);
6.3.3 Surface tension
6.3.3.1 Measurement method
Surface tension shall be measured using the drawing up liquid film (Wilhelmy) method as
specified in ISO 304 with the following exceptions:
a) equipment considered equivalent to that in ISO 304 may be used;
b) the test jig shall be made of platinum;
c) the equipment shall be calibrated using pure water and a hanging weight.

– 16 – IEC 62899-202:2023 RLV © IEC 2023
6.3.3.2 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen identification;
b) measuring temperature;
c) surface tension expressed in millinewton per metre (mN/m);
d) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.3.4 Size of conductive materials
6.3.4.1 Sampling
The specimen used for measuring the size of a conductive material shall be sampled in
accordance with the method specified in ISO 14488 or a similar method. If re-dispersion is
required, perform re-dispersion in accordance with the method specified in ISO 14887 or a
similar method.
6.3.4.2 Sphere
6.3.4.2.1 Measurement method
The mean particle size of spherical particles or near spherical particles (such as equants) shall
be measured using the electric sensing zone method specified in ISO 13319, the laser
diffraction method specified in ISO 13320, the photon correlation method specified in
ISO 13321, or the ultrasonic attenuation spectroscopy method specified in ISO 20998-1.
Measuring equipment shall be as specified in one of the above standards. Measuring equipment
which uses a method specified in any of these standards may be used.
Mean particle size is obtained as the sphere-equivalent diameter or circle-equivalent diameter,
depending on the measurement method. The type of diameter shall be recorded and included
in the report of the results.
NOTE Equants express the particles of similar length, width, and thickness. Both cubical and spherical particles
are included.
The DLS (dynamic light scattering) method according to ISO 22412 can be applied in a case
where particle size is in submicrometre. However, since proper use of the instrument and
interpretation of the result require certain precautions, good practices described in ISO/TR
22814 should be referred to when the DLS method is used.
6.3.4.2.2 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen identification;
b) mean particle size;
c) type of diameter;
d) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.3.4.3 Rod, wire and tube
6.3.4.3.1 Measurement method
Rods, wires and tubes shall be measured using the method specified in ISO 13322-1, or an
equivalent method. As this method measures the widths and lengths of particles from an
electron microscope image, it requires a standard length. The scale shown on the image may
be used as the standard length. In order to decide the standard length, particles having known
accurate size may be mixed in with the specimen as a reference and photographed with the

specimen to calibrate the scale in the photograph. The smallest number of particles required
for obtaining the mean width and length is determined according to ISO 13322-1.
ISO 9276-6 treats rods, wires and tubes as acicular or columnar particles and specifies a
method for measuring their lengths. The width and length may be obtained using this method
and software based on it.
NOTE 1 The acicular particle is a slender, needle-like particle of similar width and thickness.
NOTE 2 The columnar particle is a long, thin particle with the width and thickness that are greater than those of an
acicular particle.
6.3.4.3.2 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen identification;
b) width and length of particles;
c) definition of the standard of length;
d) number of particles used for calculating width and length;
e) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.3.4.4 Other shapes
6.3.4.4.1 Measurement method
For irregularly shaped particles which are not classified in 6.3.4.2 and 6.3.4.3, the mean particle
size shall be calculated in accordance with the method specified in ISO 9276-6 or software
based on it.
6.3.4.4.2 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen identification;
b) mean particle size;
c) items whose defaults have been changed during data processing;
d) tester, test place, and test time (for example company name, city, year).
6.3.5 Flashpoint
6.3.5.1 Measurement method
Flashpoint shall be measured in accordance with ISO 2592 (open system). The method of "open
system" is preferable for safety, however, "closed systems" are also widely used. The
measurement method based on ISO 2719 (closed system) andor ISO 3679 (closed system) may
be applied if a closed system is required.
6.3.5.2 Report of the results
The report shall include the following items:
a) specimen ident
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