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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 62209-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2006
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 33.050.10 Supersedes EN 50361:2001

English version
Human exposure to radio frequency fields
from hand-held and body-mounted wireless communication devices –
Human models, instrumentation, and procedures
Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR)
for hand-held devices used in close proximity to the ear
(frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz)
(IEC 62209-1:2005)
Exposition humaine aux champs Sicherheit von Personen in hochfrequenten
radiofréquence produits par les dispositifs Feldern von handgehaltenen und
de communications sans fils tenus à la main am Körper getragenen schnurlosen
ou portés près du corps – Kommunikationsgeräten –
Modèles de corps humain, instrumentation Körpermodelle, Messgeräte und Verfahren
et procédures Teil 1: Verfahren zur Bestimmung der
Partie 1: Détermination du débit d'absorption spezifischen Absorptionsrate (SAR) von
spécifique (DAS) produit par les appareils handgehaltenen Geräten, die in enger
tenus à la main et utilisés près de l'oreille Nachbarschaft zum Ohr benutzt werden
(plage de fréquence de 300 MHz à 3 GHz) (Frequenzbereich von 300 MHz bis 3 GHz)
(CEI 62209-1:2005) (IEC 62209-1:2005)

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2006-03-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels

© 2006 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 62209-1:2006 E
Foreword
The text of the International Standard IEC 62209-1:2005, prepared by IEC TC 106, Methods for the
assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with human exposure, was
submitted to the formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 62209-1 on 2006-03-01 without any
modification.
This European Standard supersedes EN 50361:2001.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2007-03-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2009-03-01
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62209-1:2005 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
__________
- 3 - EN 62209-1:2006
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE  When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
ISO/IEC Guide 1995 Guide to the expression of uncertainty in - -
measurement
1)
ISO/IEC 17025 1999 General requirements for the competence of EN ISO/IEC 17025 2000
testing and calibration laboratories

1)
EN ISO/IEC 17025 is superseded by EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005, which is based on ISO/IEC 17025:2005.

NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE IEC
62209-1
INTERNATIONAL
Première édition
STANDARD
First edition
2005-02
Exposition humaine aux champs radiofréquence
produits par les dispositifs de communications
sans fils tenus à la main ou portés près du corps –
Modèles de corps humain, instrumentation
et procédures –
Partie 1:
Détermination du débit d'absorption spécifique
(DAS) produit par les appareils tenus à la main
et utilisés près de l'oreille (plage de fréquence
de 300 MHz à 3 GHz)
Human exposure to radio frequency fields
from hand-held and body-mounted wireless
communication devices – Human models,
instrumentation, and procedures –
Part 1:
Procedure to determine the specific absorption
rate (SAR) for hand-held devices used in close
proximity to the ear (frequency range of
300 MHz to 3 GHz)
 IEC 2005 Droits de reproduction réservés  Copyright - all rights reserved
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électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. the publisher.
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Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
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Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue

62209-1  IEC:2005 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.9
INTRODUCTION.13
1 Scope .15
2 Normative references .15
3 Terms and definitions .15
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms .31
4.1 Physical quantities.31
4.2 Constants.33
4.3 Abbreviations .33
5 Measurement system specifications .33
5.1 General requirements .33
5.2 Phantom specifications (shell and liquid).35
5.3 Specifications of the SAR measurement equipment .45
5.4 Scanning system specifications.45
5.5 Device holder specifications.45
5.6 Measurement of liquid dielectric properties.47
6 Protocol for SAR assessment.47
6.1 Measurement preparation .47
6.2 Tests to be performed.59
6.3 Measurement procedure .63
6.4 Post-processing of SAR measurement data.65
7 Uncertainty estimation .67
7.1 General considerations .67
7.2 Components contributing to uncertainty.69
7.3 Uncertainty estimation .93
8 Measurement report .97
8.1 General .97
8.2 Items to be recorded in the test report.97

Annex A (normative) Phantom specifications .101
Annex B (normative) Calibration (linearity, isotropy, sensitivity) of the measurement
instrumentation and uncertainty estimation.113
Annex C (normative) Post-processing techniques and uncertainty estimation .143
Annex D (normative) SAR measurement system validation .153
Annex E (informative) Interlaboratory comparisons .167
Annex F (informative) Definition of a phantom coordinate system and a device under
test coordinate system .171
Annex G (informative) Validation dipoles .175
Annex H (informative) Flat phantom .179
Annex I (informative)  Recommended recipes for phantom head tissue-equivalent
liquids .183
Annex J (informative) Measurement of the dielectric properties of liquids and
uncertainty estimation.187

Bibliography .207

62209-1  IEC:2005 – 5 –
Figure 1 – Picture of the phantom showing ear reference points RE and LE, mouth
reference point M, reference line N-F, and central strip.37
Figure 2 – Sagittally bisected phantom with extended perimeter (shown placed on its
side as used for device SAR tests).37
Figure 3 – Cross-sectional view of SAM at the reference plane containing B-M .41
Figure 4 – Side view of the phantom showing relevant markings .43
Figure 5 – Handset vertical and horizontal reference lines and reference points A, B on
two example device types .53
Figure 6 – Cheek position of the wireless device on the left side of SAM.55
Figure 7 – Tilt position of the wireless device on the left side of SAM .57
Figure 8 – Block diagram of the tests to be performed .61
Figure 9 – Orientation of the probe with respect to the line normal to the surface,
shown at two different locations .65
Figure 10 – Orientation and surface of the averaging volume relative to the phantom surface . 93
Figure A.1 – Illustration of dimensions in Table A.1 .103
Figure A.2 –Close up side view of phantom showing the ear region.107
Figure A.3 – Side view of the phantom showing relevant markings.109
Figure B.1 – Experimental set-up for assessment of the sensitivity (conversion factor)
using a vertically-oriented rectangular waveguide .121
Figure B.2 – Description of the antenna gain evaluation set-up .125
Figure B.3 – Set-up to assess spherical isotropy deviation in tissue-equivalent liquid .131
Figure B.4 – Alternative set-up to assess spherical isotropy deviation in tissue-
equivalent liquid.133
Figure B.5 – Experimental set-up for the hemispherical isotropy assessment [11] .135
Figure B.6 – Conventions for dipole position (ξ) and polarization (θ ) [11].135
Figure B.7 – Measurement of axial isotropy with a reference antenna .139
Figure B.8 – Measurement of hemispherical isotropy with reference antenna .139
Figure C.1 – Methods of three points.145
Figure C.2 – Method of the tangential face .145
Figure C.3 – Method of averaging .147
Figure C.4 – Extrude method of averaging.147
Figure C.5 – Extrapolation of SAR data to the inner surface of the phantom based on a
least-square polynomial fit of the measured data (squares).151
Figure D.1 – Set-up for the system check .157
Figure F.1 – Example reference coordinate system for the SAM phantom .171
Figure F.2 – Example coordinate system on the device under test .173
Figure G.1 – Mechanical details of the reference dipole .177
Figure H.1 – Dimensions of the flat phantom set-up used for deriving the minimal
dimensions for W and L .179
Figure H.2 – FDTD predicted uncertainty in the 10 g peak spatial-average SAR as a
function of the dimensions of the flat phantom compared with an infinite flat phantom .181
Figure J.1 – Slotted line set-up.189
Figure J.2 – An open-ended coaxial probe with inner and outer radii a and b,
respectively .193
Figure J.3 – TEM line dielectric test set-up [60] .197

62209-1  IEC:2005 – 7 –
Table 1 – Dielectric properties of the tissue-equivalent liquid .43
Table 2 – Reference SAR values in watts per kilogram used for estimating post-
processing uncertainties .87
Table 3 – Measurement uncertainty evaluation template for handset SAR test .95
Table A.1 – Head dimensions relevant to phantom shape: SAM dimensions compared
to 90th-percentile large male head from Gordon report [18] .105
Table A.2 – Specific guidelines for the design of SAM phantom and CAD file .107
Table B.1 – Uncertainty analysis for transfer calibration using temperature probes.119
Table B.2 – Uncertainty template for calibration using analytical field distribution inside
waveguide .123
Table B.3 – Uncertainty template for evaluation of reference antenna gain.127
Table B.4 – Uncertainty template for calibration using reference antenna.129
Table D.1 – Numerical reference SAR values for reference dipole and flat phantom .165
Table G.1 – Mechanical dimensions of the reference dipoles .175
Table H.1 – Parameters used for calculation of reference SAR values in Table D.1 .181
Table I.1 – Suggested recipes for achieving target dielectric parameters.185
Table J.1 – Parameters for calculating the dielectric properties of various reference
liquids .201
o
Table J.2 – Dielectric properties of reference liquids at 20 C.203
Table J.3 – Example uncertainty template and example numerical values for dielectric
constant (ε ′) and conductivity (σ) measurement.205
r
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 9 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO RADIO FREQUENCY FIELDS FROM HAND-HELD
AND BODY-MOUNTED WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICES –
HUMAN MODELS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND PROCEDURES –

Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR)
for hand-held devices used in close proximity to the ear
(frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz)

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
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with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
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5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62209-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 106:
Methods for the assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with
human exposure.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
106/84/FDIS 106/88/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.

62209-1  IEC:2005 – 11 –
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 13 –
INTRODUCTION
The international committees IEC TC 106, CENELEC Technical Committee TC 106x WG1,
and IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 34 (SCC34) worked together informally through
common membership to achieve the goal of harmonization, specifically between IEC TC 106
Project Team 62209 for the document "Procedure to Measure the Specific Absorption Rate
(SAR) for Hand-Held Mobile Telephones in the Frequency Range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz" and
IEEE SCC34 for the IEEE Std 1528 "IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak
Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless
Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques" [22] .
During the process a primary effort involved was to harmonize these two standards

———————
1)
Numbers in square brackets refer to the bibliography.

62209-1  IEC:2005 – 15 –
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO RADIO FREQUENCY FIELDS FROM HAND-HELD
AND BODY-MOUNTED WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICES –
HUMAN MODELS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND PROCEDURES –

Part 1: Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR)
for hand-held devices used in close proximity to the ear
(frequency range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz)

1 Scope
This International Standard applies to any electromagnetic field (EMF) transmitting device
intended to be used with the radiating part of the device in close proximity to the human head
and held against the ear, including mobile phones, cordless phones, etc. The frequency range
is 300 MHz to 3 GHz.
The objective of this standard is to specify the measurement method for demonstration of
compliance with the specific absorption rate (SAR) limits for such devices.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC Guide:1995, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
ISO/IEC 17025:1999, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
attenuation coefficient
numerical factor intended to account for attenuation due to the human head or body tissue
between the source and a specified point
3.2
average (temporal) absorbed power
value of the time-averaged rate of energy transfer given by
t
P = P(t)dt
avg
∫
t − t
2 1
t
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 17 –
where
t is the start time of the exposure in seconds;
t is the stop time of the exposure in seconds;
t – t is the exposure duration in seconds;
2 1
P(t) is the instantaneous absorbed power in watts;
P is the average power in watts.
avg
3.3
axial isotropy
the maximum deviation of the SAR when rotating around the major axis of the probe
cover/case while the probe is exposed to a reference wave impinging from a direction along
the probe major axis
3.4
basic restriction
restrictions on human exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields
that are based directly on established health effects
NOTE Within the frequency range of this standard, the physical quantity used as a basic restriction is the specific
absorption rate (SAR).
3.5
boundary effect (probe)
a change in the sensitivity of an electric-field probe when the probe is located close to (less
than one probe-tip diameter) media boundaries
3.6
complex permittivity
the ratio of the electric flux density in a medium to the electric field strength at a point. The
permittivity of biological tissues is frequency dependent.
r
D
ε = r = ε ε
r 0
E
where
r
D is the electric flux density in coulombs per square metre;
r
E is electric field in volts per metre;
–12
ε is the permittivity of free space = 8,854 × 10 farads per metre;
σ
′ ′′ ′
ε is the complex relative permittivity: ε = ε − jε = ε + .
r r r r
r
jωε
NOTE For an isotropic medium, the permittivity is a scalar quantity; for an anisotropic medium, it is a tensor
quantity.
3.7
conducted output power
the average power supplied by a transmitter to the transmission line of an antenna during an
interval of time sufficiently long compared with the period of the lowest frequency encountered
in the modulation evaluated under normal operating conditions

62209-1  IEC:2005 – 19 –
3.8
conductivity
the ratio of the conduction-current density in a medium to the electric field strength
v
J
σ = v
E
where
r
E is the electric field in volts per metre;
r
J is the current density in amperes per metre squared;
σ is the conductivity of the medium in siemens per metre.
NOTE For an isotropic medium the conductivity is a scalar quantity; for an anisotropic medium it is a tensor
r
quantity in which case the cross product of σ and E is implied.
3.9
detection limits
the lower (respectively upper) detection limit defined by the minimum (respectively maximum)
quantifiable response of the measuring equipment
3.10
duty factor
the ratio of the pulse duration to the pulse period of a periodic pulse train
3.11
electric conductivity
See conductivity.
3.12
electric field
r r
a vector field quantity E which exerts on any charged particle at rest a force F equal to the
r
product of E and the electric charge q of the particle:
r r
F = q E
where
r
F is the vector force acting on the particle in newtons;
q is the charge on the particle in coulombs;
r
E is the electric field in volts per metre.
3.13
electric flux density (displacement)
r
a vector quantity obtained at a given point by adding the electric polarization P to the product
r
of the electric field E and the dielectric constant ε :
v v v
D = ε E + P
where
r
D is the electric flux density in coulombs per square metre;
–12
ε is the permittivity of free space = 8,854 × 10 farads per metre;
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 21 –
r
E is the electric field in volts per metre;
r
P is the electric polarization of the medium in coulombs per square metre.
NOTE For purposes of this standard, the electric flux density at all points is equal to the product of the electric
field and the dielectric constant:
r r
D = ε ′E
r
3.14
handset
a hand-held device intended to be operated close to the side of the head, consisting of an
acoustic output or earphone and a microphone, and containing a radio transmitter and
receiver
3.15
hemispherical isotropy
the maximum deviation of the SAR when rotating the probe around its major axis with the
probe exposed to a reference wave, having varying incidence angles relative to the axis of the
probe, incident from the half space in front of the probe
3.16
isotropy
See axial isotropy, hemispherical isotropy, probe isotropy.
3.17
linearity error
the maximum deviation of a measured quantity over the measurement range from the closest
reference line defined over a given interval
3.18
loss tangent
the ratio of the imaginary and real parts of the complex relative permittivity of a material:
ε ′′
σ
r
tanδ = =
′ ′
ε ωε ε
r r 0
where
tan δ is the loss tangent (dimensionless);
′′
ε is the imaginary part of the complex relative permittivity;
r
′
ε is the real part of the complex relative permittivity;
r
–12
ε is the permittivity of free space = 8,854 × 10 farads per metre;
ω is the angular frequency (ω = 2πf) in radians per second;
σ is the conductivity of the medium in siemens per metre.
3.19
magnetic field
r
a vector quantity obtained at a given point by subtracting the magnetization M from the
v
magnetic flux density B divided by the magnetic constant (permeability) µ:
r
r r
B
H = − M
µ
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 23 –
where
r
H is the magnetic field in amperes per metre;
v
B is the magnetic flux density in teslas;
µ is the magnetic constant (permeability) of the vacuum in henries per metre;
r
M is the magnetization in amperes per metre.
r
NOTE For the purposes of this standard, M = 0 at all points.
3.20
magnetic flux density
r r
r
a vector field quantity B which exerts on any charged particle having velocity v a force F
r
r
equal to the product of the vector product v × B and the electric charge q of the particle:
r r
r
F = qv × B
where
r
F is the vector force acting on the particle in newtons;
q is the charge on the particle in coulombs;
r
v is the velocity of the particle in metres per second;
r
B is the magnetic flux density in teslas.
3.21
magnetic permeability
r
a scalar or tensor quantity µ the product of which by the magnetic field H in a medium is
r
equal to the magnetic flux density B :
r r
B = µH
where
r
H is the magnetic field in amperes per metre;
µ is the magnetic constant (permeability) of the vacuum in henries per metre;
v
B is the magnetic flux density in teslas.
NOTE For an isotropic medium, the permeability is a scalar; for an anisotropic medium, it is a tensor.
3.22
measurement range
the interval of operation of the measurement system, which is bounded by the lower and the
upper detection limits
3.23
mobile (wireless) device
for this standard only, a wireless communication device which is used when held in proximity
of the head against the ear.
NOTE The terms “mobile” and “portable” have specific but generic meanings in IEC 60050 [21] – mobile: capable
of operating while being moved (IEV 151-16-46); portable: capable to be carried by one person (IEV 151-16-47).
The term “portable” often implies the ability to operate when carried. These definitions are used interchangeably in
various wireless regulations and industry specifications, in some cases referring to types of wireless devices and in
other cases to intended use.
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 25 –
3.24
multi-band (wireless device)
a wireless device capable of operating in more than one frequency band
3.25
multi-mode (wireless device)
a wireless device capable of operating in more than one mode of transmitting signals, e.g.,
analogue, TDMA and CDMA
3.26
peak spatial-average SAR
the maximal value of averaged SAR within a specific mass
3.27
penetration depth
See skin depth.
3.28
permittivity
See complex permittivity, relative permittivity.
3.29
phantom (head)
in this context, a simplified representation or a model similar in appearance to the human
anatomy and composed of materials with electrical properties similar to the corresponding
tissues
3.30
pinna
auricle
the largely cartilaginous projecting portion of the outer ear consisting of the helix, lobule and
anti-helix
3.31
power
See average (temporal) absorbed power, conducted output power.
3.32
probe isotropy
the degree to which the response of an electric field or magnetic field probe is independent of
the polarization and direction of propagation of the incident wave
3.33
relative permittivity
the ratio of the complex permittivity to the permittivity of free space. The complex relative
permittivity,
ε
ε =
r
ε
of an isotropic, linear lossy dielectric medium is given by
 ′′
σ ε
r
ε = ε ′ − jε ′′ = ε ′ + = ε ′1− j  = ε ′()1− j tanδ
r r r r r r
 
jωε ε ′
0  r
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 27 –
where
–12
ε is the free-space permittivity (8,854 × 10 F/m) or dielectric constant, in farads per
metre;
ε is the complex permittivity in farads per metre;
ε is the complex relative permittivity;
r
ε ′ is the real part of the complex relative permittivity, also known as dielectric constant;
r
ε ′′ is the part of the complex relative permittivity (dielectric loss index), which represents
r
dielectric losses;
σ is the conductivity in siemens per metre;
ω is the angular frequency in radians per second;
tan δ is the loss tangent.
3.34
response time
the time required by the measuring equipment to reach 90 % of its final value after a step
variation of the input signal
3.35
scanning system
an automatic positioning system capable of placing the measurement probe at specified
positions
3.36
sensitivity (of a measurement system)
the ratio of the magnitude of the system response (e.g., voltage) to the magnitude of the
quantity being measured (e.g., electric field strength squared)
3.37
skin depth
the distance from the boundary of a medium to the point at which the field strength or induced
current density have been reduced to 1/e of their values at the boundary
The skin depth δ of a medium depends on the propagation constant, γ, of the electromagnetic
wave, along the propagation direction [56]. The propagation constant depends on the
dielectric properties of the material and on the characteristics of the propagating mode.
The skin depth is defined as:
δ =
Re[γ ]
where the factor γ = α + jβ, α is the attenuation constant and β is the phase constant of the
propagating wave, and
2 2 2
γ = −ω µε + k
c
where µ and ε are the magnetic permeability and the complex relative permittivity of the
k
medium respectively, and is the transverse propagation constant of the mode. Thus
c
δ = .
2 2
Re{ − ω µε + k }
c
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 29 –
In case of free space propagation k = 0 , then the equation for the skin depth is:
c
−1 2
  
′    
1  µ ε ε  σ
 
0 r 0
δ   1   1
= + −
 
  
 
ω 2 ωε ′ε
   r 0
 
 
 
 
where
δ is the skin depth in metres;
ω is the angular frequency in radians per second;
′
ε is the real part of the complex relative permittivity;
r
ε is the permittivity of free space in farads per metre;
µ is the permeability of free space in henries per metre;
σ is the conductivity of the medium in siemens per metre.
NOTE In case of TE mode propagation in a rectangular waveguide, with largest cross-sectional dimension a:
 π
k = 
c
 
a
 
3.38
specific absorption rate (SAR)
the time derivative of the incremental electromagnetic energy (dW) absorbed by (dissipated
in) an incremental mass (dm) contained in a volume element (dV) of given mass density (ρ)
 
d dW d dW
SAR = =  
 
 
dt dm dt ρdV
   
SAR can be obtained using either of the following equations:
σE
SAR =
ρ
dT
SAR = c
h
dt
t =0
where
SAR is the specific absorption rate in watts per kilogram;
E is the r.m.s. value of the electric field strength in the tissue in volts per metre;

is the conductivity of the tissue in siemens per metre;
σ
ρ is the density of the tissue in kilograms per cubic metre;
c is the heat capacity of the tissue in joules per kilogram and kelvin;
h
dT
is the initial time derivative of temperature in the tissue in kelvins per second.
dt
t=0
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 31 –
3.39
uncertainty (combined)
standard uncertainty of the result of a measurement when that result is obtained from the
values of a number of other quantities, equal to the positive square root of a sum of terms, the
terms being the variances and/or covariances of the values of these other quantities weighted
according to how the measurement result varies with changes in these quantities
3.40
uncertainty (expanded)
a quantity defining an interval about the result of a measurement that may be expected to
encompass a large fraction of the distribution of values that could reasonably be attributed to
the measurand
3.41
uncertainty (standard)
the estimated standard deviation of a measurement result, equal to the positive square root of
the estimated variance
3.42
wavelength
the distance between two points of equivalent phase of two consecutive cycles of a wave in
the direction of propagation. The wavelength λ is related to the magnitude of the phase
velocity v and the frequency f by the equation:
p
v
p
λ =
f
The wavelength λ of an electromagnetic wave is related to the frequency and speed of light in
the medium by the expression
c = fλ
where
f is the frequency in hertz;
c is the speed of light in metres per second;
v is the magnitude of the phase velocity;
p
λ is the wavelength in metres.
NOTE In free space the velocity of an electromagnetic wave is equal to the speed of light.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Physical quantities
The internationally accepted SI-units are used throughout the standard.
Symbol Quantity Unit Dimensions
α Attenuation coefficient reciprocal metre 1/m
B Magnetic flux density tesla T, Vs/m
D Electric flux density coulomb per square metre C/m
c Specific heat capacity joule per kilogram kelvin J/(kg K)
h
E Electric field strength volt per metre V/m
f Frequency hertz Hz
H Magnetic field strength ampere per metre A/m

62209-1  IEC:2005 – 33 –
J Current density ampere per square metre A/m
Average (temporal) absorbed power watt W
P
avg
SAR Specific absorption rate watt per kilogram W/kg
Temperature kelvin K
T
εPermittivity farad per metre F/m

Wavelength metre m
λ
Permeability henry per metre H/m
µ
ρ Mass density kilogram per cubic metre kg/m
Electric conductivity siemens per metre S/m

σ
NOTE In this standard, temperature is quantified in degrees Celsius, as defined by: T ( °C) = T (K) – 273,16.

4.2 Constants
Symbol Physical constant Magnitude
c Speed of light in vacuum
2,998 × 10 m/s
Impedance of free space
η 120 π or 377 Ω
–12
Permittivity of free space 8,854 × 10 F/m
ε
–7
Permeability of free space
µ 4 π × 10 H/m
4.3 Abbreviations
CAD = Computer aided design; commonly used file formats are IGES and DXF
DXF = Digital exchange file
ERP = Ear reference point
DUT = Device under test
IGES = International graphics exchange standard
RF = Radio frequency
RSS = Root sum square
SAM = Specific anthropomorphic mannequin

5 Measurement system specifications
5.1 General requirements
A SAR measurement system is composed of a phantom, electronic measurement
instrumentation, a scanning system and a device holder.
The test shall be performed using a miniature probe that is automatically positioned to
measure the internal E-field distribution in a phantom model representing the human head
exposed to the electromagnetic fields produced by wireless devices. From the measured
E−field values, the SAR distribution and the peak spatial-average SAR value shall be
calculated.
62209-1  IEC:2005 – 35 –
The test shall be performed in a laboratory conforming to the following environmental
conditions:
• the ambient temperature shall be in the range of 18 °C to 25 °C and the variation of the
liquid temperature shall not exceed ±2 °C during the test;
• the ambient noise shall be within 0,012 W/kg (3 % of the lower detection limit 0,4 W/kg);
• the wireless device shall not connect to local wireless networks;
• the effects of reflections, secondary RF transmitters, etc., shall be smaller than 3 % of the
measured SAR.
Validation of a system according to the protocol defined in Annex D shall be done at least
once per year, when a new system is put into operation, or whenever modifications have been
made to the system, such as a new software version, different readout electronics or different
types of probes. The manufacturer of the measurement equipment should declare conformity
of their product with this standard.
5.2 Phantom specifications (shell and liquid)
5.2.1 General requirements
Scanning of an E-field probe is carried out within two bisected phantom halves or a full-head
phantom with an opening on the top. The physical characteristics of the phantom model (size
and shape) for handset testing simulate the head of a user because head shape is a dominant
parameter for exposure evaluations. The phantom model shall use materials with dielectric
properties similar to those of head tissues. To enable field scanning within, the head material
shall consist of a liquid contained in a shell. The shell material shall be as unobtrusive as
possible to device radiation, as prescribed below. At least three reference points on the
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