CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009
(Main)Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-1: General
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-1: General
1.1 General
1.1.1 This CEN/TS provides a design method for fasteners for structural purposes, which are used to transmit actions to the concrete.
Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under FPC conditions and with the due reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by the CEN/TR “Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete Elements”, by CEN TC 229.
1.1.2 This CEN/TS is intended for applications in which the failure of fastenings will:
1) result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, or
2) cause risk to human life, or
3) lead to significant economic loss.
1.1.3 The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate, defined as multiple anchor use in some European Technical Approvals (ETAs). Each support may consist of one fastener or a group of fasteners.
1.1.4 This CEN/TS is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In applications where special considerations apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures, modifications may be necessary.
1.1.5 This CEN/TS does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to comply with the appropriate Standards. Requirements for stiffness and ductility of the fixture are given in clauses 5 and 8.
1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups
1.2.1 This CEN/TS applies to:
a) cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between fastener and channel;
b) post-installed anchors such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors, concrete screws, bonded anchors, bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors.
For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary.
(...)
Bemessung der Verankerung von Befestigungen in Beton - Teil 4-1: Allgemeines
Conception-calcul des éléments de fixation pour béton - Partie 4-1: Généralités
1.1 Généralités
1.1.1 Le présent CEN/TS fournit une méthode de conception-calcul pour les éléments de fixation utilisés à
des fins structurelles, qui servent à transmettre des actions au béton.
Les inserts intégrés dans des éléments de béton préfabriqués au cours de la production, dans les conditions
de contrôle de production en usine (CPU) et avec le renforcement conséquent, destinés a servir uniquement
lors de situations transitoires de levage et manipulation, sont abordés par le CEN/TR « Conception-calcul et
utilisation d'inserts pour le levage et la manutention du béton préfabriqué », développé par le CEN/TC 229.
1.1.2 Le présent CEN/TS est destinée aux applications dans lesquelles la défaillance des éléments de
fixation :
1) produira un effondrement total ou partiel de la structure, ou
2) entraînera des risques pour la vie humaine, ou
3) conduira à des pertes économiques significatives.
1.1.3 L'élément à fixer peut être soit isostatique, soit hyperstatique, ou défini comme une utilisation
d’ancrage multiple dans certains Agréments Techniques Européens (ATE). Chaque support peut se
composer d’un élément de fixation ou d’un groupe d’éléments de fixation.
1.1.4 Le présent CEN/TS est valable pour les applications appartenant au domaine d’application de la
série EN 1992. Dans les applications auxquelles des considérations particulières s’appliquent, par exemple
les structures de centrale nucléaire ou de défense civile, des modifications peuvent être nécessaires.
1.1.5 Le présent CEN/TS n'aborde pas la conception-calcul de la platine de fixation. Il convient que cette
conception-calcul soit effectuée dans le respect des normes appropriées. Les exigences de rigidité et ductilité
de l'élément à fixer sont données dans les Articles 5 et 8.
Projektiranje pritrjevanja za uporabo v betonu - 4-1. del: Splošno
General Information
Relations
Frequently Asked Questions
CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 is a technical specification published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-1: General". This standard covers: 1.1 General 1.1.1 This CEN/TS provides a design method for fasteners for structural purposes, which are used to transmit actions to the concrete. Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under FPC conditions and with the due reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by the CEN/TR “Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete Elements”, by CEN TC 229. 1.1.2 This CEN/TS is intended for applications in which the failure of fastenings will: 1) result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, or 2) cause risk to human life, or 3) lead to significant economic loss. 1.1.3 The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate, defined as multiple anchor use in some European Technical Approvals (ETAs). Each support may consist of one fastener or a group of fasteners. 1.1.4 This CEN/TS is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In applications where special considerations apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures, modifications may be necessary. 1.1.5 This CEN/TS does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to comply with the appropriate Standards. Requirements for stiffness and ductility of the fixture are given in clauses 5 and 8. 1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups 1.2.1 This CEN/TS applies to: a) cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between fastener and channel; b) post-installed anchors such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors, concrete screws, bonded anchors, bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors. For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary. (...)
1.1 General 1.1.1 This CEN/TS provides a design method for fasteners for structural purposes, which are used to transmit actions to the concrete. Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under FPC conditions and with the due reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by the CEN/TR “Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete Elements”, by CEN TC 229. 1.1.2 This CEN/TS is intended for applications in which the failure of fastenings will: 1) result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, or 2) cause risk to human life, or 3) lead to significant economic loss. 1.1.3 The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate, defined as multiple anchor use in some European Technical Approvals (ETAs). Each support may consist of one fastener or a group of fasteners. 1.1.4 This CEN/TS is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In applications where special considerations apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures, modifications may be necessary. 1.1.5 This CEN/TS does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to comply with the appropriate Standards. Requirements for stiffness and ductility of the fixture are given in clauses 5 and 8. 1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups 1.2.1 This CEN/TS applies to: a) cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between fastener and channel; b) post-installed anchors such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors, concrete screws, bonded anchors, bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors. For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary. (...)
CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 21.060.01 - Fasteners in general; 91.080.40 - Concrete structures. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 1992-4:2018. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 305/2011, 89/106/EEC. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
01-september-2008
Projektiranje pritrjevanja za uporabo v betonu - 4-1: Splošno
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-1: General
Bemessung von Befestigungen in Beton - Teil 4-1: Allgemeines
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prCEN/TS 1992-4-1
ICS:
21.060.01 Vezni elementi na splošno Fasteners in general
91.080.40 Betonske konstrukcije Concrete structures
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
FINAL DRAFT
prCEN/TS 1992-4-1
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
June 2008
ICS 21.060.01; 91.080.40
English Version
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-1: General
Bemessung von Befestigungen in Beton - Teil 4-1:
Allgemeines
This draft Technical Specification is submitted to CEN members for formal vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC
250.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Warning : This document is not a Technical Specification. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice
and shall not be referred to as a Technical Specification.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008 (E)
Contents
Page
Foreword.4
1 Scope .5
1.1 General.5
1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups .5
1.3 Fastener dimensions and materials.7
1.4 Fastener loading .7
1.4.1 Type of loading .7
1.4.2 Direction of loading .8
1.5 Concrete strength.8
1.6 Concrete member loading .8
2 Normative references .9
3 Definitions and symbols .10
3.1 Definitions .10
3.2 Notations .15
3.2.1 Indices.15
3.2.2 Actions and Resistances .16
3.2.3 Concrete and steel.17
3.2.4 Units .19
4 Basis of design .20
4.1 General.20
4.2 Required verifications .20
4.3 Design format.21
4.4 Verification by the partial factor method.22
4.4.1 General.22
4.4.2 Partial factors for indirect and fatigue actions .22
4.4.3 Partial factors for resistance .22
4.5 Project specification and installation of fasteners.24
5 Determination of concrete condition and action effects .25
5.1 Non-cracked and cracked concrete.25
5.2 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners.25
5.2.1 General.25
5.2.2 Tension loads.26
5.2.3 Shear loads.29
6 Verification of ultimate limit state .36
6.1 General.36
7 Verification of fatigue limit state .37
7.1 General.37
7.2 Derivation of loads acting on fasteners .38
7.3 Resistance .39
8 Verification for seismic loading .41
8.1 General.41
8.2 Requirements.41
8.3 Actions.41
8.4 Resistance .41
9 Verification of serviceability limit state .44
Annex A (normative) .45
A.1 Local transmission of fastener loads into the concrete member.45
A.1.1 General.45
A.1.2 Verification of the shear resistance of the concrete member.45
A.1.3 Verification of the resistance to splitting forces .46
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Annex B (normative).47
B.1 Plastic design approach, fastenings with headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners.47
B.1.1 Field of application.47
B.1.2 Loads on fastenings.49
B.1.3 Design of fastenings .51
Annex C (informative) .54
C.1 Durability .54
C.1.1 General .54
C.1.2 Fasteners in dry, internal conditions .54
C.1.3 Fasteners in external atmospheric or in permanently damp internal exposure.54
C.1.4 Fasteners in high corrosion exposure by chloride and sulphur dioxide .54
Annex D (informative) .55
D.1 Exposure to fire – design method .55
D.1.1 General .55
D.1.2 Partial factors.55
D.1.3 Resistance under fire exposure.55
Annex E (informative) .59
E.1 Recommended additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5 (Design of structures
for earthquake resistance) for the design of fastenings under seismic loading.59
E.1.1 General .59
E.1.2 Additions to Section 4.3.5.1 of EN 1998-1:2004 .59
E.1.3 Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.2 .59
E.1.4 Additions to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.3.61
E.1.5 Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.4 .61
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Foreword
This document (prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250
“Structural Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This document is currently submitted to the Formal Vote.
This Technical Specification CEN/TS 1992-4-1 — General, describes the general principles and requirements
for safety, serviceability and durability of fasteners for use in concrete, together with specific requirements for
structures serving as base material for the fasteners. It is based on the limit state concept used in conjunction
with a partial factor method.
The numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended values and may be
changed in a National Annex, if required. The recommended values apply when
a) The fasteners comply with the requirements of 1.2.2, and
b) The installation complies with the requirements of 4.5.
National Annex for CEN/TS 1992-4-1
This CEN/TS gives values with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made. When this
CEN/TS is made available at national level it may be followed by a National Annex containing all Nationally
Determined Parameters to be used for the design of fastenings according to this CEN/TS for use in the
relevant country.
National choice of the partial factors and reliability parameters is allowed in design according to this CEN/TS
in the following clauses:
4.4.2;
4.4.3.1.1;
4.4.3.1.2;
4.4.3.1.3;
4.4.3.2;
4.4.3.3;
5.1.2;
B.1.3.1;
D.1.2.
CEN/TS 1992-4 'Design of fastenings for use in concrete' is subdivided into the following parts:
Part 1: General
Part 2: Headed fasteners
Part 3: Anchor channels
Part 4: Post-installed fasteners — mechanical systems
Part 5: Post-installed fasteners — chemical systems
Part 1 is applicable to all products. Special rules applicable to particular products are given in Parts 2 to 5 of
the series CEN/TS EN 1992-4. These Parts should be used only in conjunction with Part 1.
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1 Scope
1.1 General
1.1.1 This CEN/TS provides a design method for fasteners for structural purpose, which are used to
transmit actions to the concrete.
Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under FPC conditions and with the due
reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by the
CEN/TR “Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete Elements”, by CEN TC 229.
1.1.2 This CEN/TS is intended for applications in which the failure of fastenings will:
1) result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, or
2) cause risk to human life, or
3) lead to significant economic loss.
1.1.3 The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate, defined as
multiple anchor use in some European Technical Approvals (ETAs). Each support may consist of one fastener
or a group of fasteners.
1.1.4 This CEN/TS is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In
applications where special considerations apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures,
modifications may be necessary.
1.1.5 This CEN/TS does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to
comply with the appropriate Standards. Requirements for stiffness and ductility of the fixture are given in
clauses 5 and 8.
1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups
1.2.1 This CEN/TS applies to
a) cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between fastener and
channel;
b) post-installed anchors such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors, concrete screws, bonded anchors,
bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors.
For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary.
1.2.2 This CEN/TS applies to fasteners with established suitability for the specified application in concrete
covered by provisions, which refer to this CEN/TS and provide data required by this CEN/TS. The necessary
data are listed in Parts 2 to 5.
NOTE Where there is no European Standard for a particular fastener which refers specifically to the use of this
fastener or where the fastener deviates significantly from the European Standard, the establishment of suitability may
result from:
European Technical Approval (ETA) which refers specifically to the use of the fastener in concrete;
relevant national standard or provision which refers specifically to the use of the fastener in concrete;
documentation of the fastener should include the characteristic resistance of the fastener and consider effects
influencing the reliability of fasteners both during installation and in service life under sustained and variable loads, as
well as the sensitivity to possible deviations on any of the factors of importance.
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Factors to be addressed are:
Installation conditions in concrete on site.
Drilling method and drill bit diameter in case of post-installed fasteners.
Bore hole cleaning.
Installation tools.
Sustained (long term) and variable loads on the fastener.
Variable loads on the concrete structure (crack cycling).
Crack width in the concrete structure.
Environmental conditions such as air pollution, alkalinity, aggressive environment, humidity, concrete-
installation temperature, service temperature…
Location of fasteners in the concrete component.
Minimum dimensions of the structural component.
In addition to the assumptions of EN 1992-1-1 it is assumed that both the design and execution of fastening
systems in concrete structures is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and experience.
1.2.3 This CEN/TS applies to single fasteners and groups of fasteners. In a fastening group the loads are
applied to the individual fasteners of the group by means of a common fixture. In this CEN/TS it is assumed
that in a fastening group only fasteners of the same type and size are used.
The configurations of fasteners (cast-in place headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners) covered by this
CEN/TS are shown in Figure 1.
Distinction is to be made between fastenings with and without hole clearance.
The following applications may be considered to have no hole clearance:
a) bolts are welded to the fixture or screwed into the fixture, or
b) any gap between the fastener and the fixture is filled with mortar of sufficient compression strength or
eliminated by other suitable means;
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Key
1 Fastener
2 Steel plate
a) Fastenings without hole clearance, all edge distances
b) Fastenings with hole clearance situated far from edges
c) Fastenings with hole clearance situated near to an edge
a
c < 10 h or c < 60 d
1 ef 1 nom
b
c < 10 h or c < 60 d
nom
2 ef 2
Figure 1 — Configuration of fastenings with headed and post-installed fasteners
For anchor channels the number of fasteners is not limited.
1.3 Fastener dimensions and materials
1.3.1 This CEN/TS applies to fasteners with a minimum diameter or a minimum thread size of 6 mm (M6) or
a corresponding cross section. In general, the minimum embedment depth should be h ≥ 40 mm. The actual
ef
value for a particular fastener might be taken from the relevant European Technical Specification.
1.3.2 This CEN/TS covers metal fasteners made of either carbon steel (ISO 898), stainless steel (EN 10088,
ISO 3506) or malleable cast iron (ISO 5922). The surface of the steel may be coated or uncoated. The
fasteners may include non-load bearing material e.g. plastic parts. This document is valid for fasteners with a
nominal steel tensile strength f ≤ 1000 N/mm². The binding material of bonded fasteners may be made
uk
primarily of resin, cement or a combination of the two. In addition inorganic fillers may be used.
1.4 Fastener loading
1.4.1 Type of loading
Loading on the fastenings may be static, cyclic (causing fatigue failure) and seismic. The suitability of the
fastener type to resist either cyclic or seismic loading is stated in the relevant European Technical
Specification.
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1.4.2 Direction of loading
The loading on the fastener resulting from the actions on the fixture (e.g. tension, shear, bending or torsion
moments or any combination thereof) will generally be axial tension and/or shear. When the shear force is
applied with a lever arm a bending moment on the fastener will arise. Any axial compression on the fixture
should be transmitted to the concrete either without acting on the fastener or via fasteners suitable for
resisting compression (Figure 2).
Key
1 concrete
a), b) fasteners not loaded in compression;
in Figure (a) the compression force is transferred by the fixture and
in Figure (b) by the washer
c) fasteners loaded in compression
Figure 2 — Examples of fastenings loaded by a bending moment and a compression force
1.5 Concrete strength
This document is valid for members using normal weight concrete with strength classes in the range C12/15
to C90/105 all in accordance with EN 206-1. The range of concrete strength classes in which particular
fasteners may be used is given in the relevant European Technical Specification and may be more restrictive
than stated above.
1.6 Concrete member loading
If the concrete member is subjected to cyclic or seismic loading certain types of fasteners may not be allowed.
This is stated in the corresponding European Technical Specification.
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2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
NOTE The following references to Eurocodes are references to European Standards and European Prestandards.
These are the only European documents available at the time of publication of this CEN/TS. National documents take
precedence until Eurocodes are published as European Standards.
EN 1990:2002, Eurocode — Basis of structural design
EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
EN 1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings.
EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-8: Design of joints.
EN 1994-1-1:2004, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings.
EN 1998-1:2004, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance — Part 1: General rules, seismic
actions and rules for buildings
EN 206-1, Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity.
EN 10002-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at ambient temperature.
EN 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Weldable reinforcing steel — General requirements.
EN 10088-2: Stainless steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion
resisting sheets for general purposes.
EN 10088-3, Stainless steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods,
wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting sheets for general purposes.
EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete — Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests.
EN 12390-3, Testing hardened concrete — Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens.
EN 12390-7, Testing hardened concrete — Part 7: Density of hardened concrete.
EN 12504-1, Testing concrete in structures — Part 1: Cored specimens — Taking, examining and testing in
compression.
EN 13501-2, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 2: Classification using
data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services.
EN ISO 13918, Welding — Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud welding (ISO 13918:2008).
ISO 273, Fasteners — Clearance holes for bolts and screws.
ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts, screws
and studs.
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ISO 898-2, Mechanical properties of fasteners — Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values — Coarse
thread.
ISO 1803:1997, Building construction — Tolerances — Expression of dimensional accuracy — Principles and
terminology.
ISO 3506, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners.
ISO 5922, Malleable cast iron (Revision of ISO 5922:1981).
3 Definitions and symbols
3.1 Definitions
3.1.1
Anchor
Element made of steel or malleable iron either cast into concrete or post-installed into a hardened concrete
member and used to transmit applied loads (see Figures 3 to 5). In this CEN/TS 'anchor' and 'fastener' are
used synonymously. In the case of anchor channels, a steel fastener is rigidly connected to the back of the
channel and embedded in concrete
3.1.2
Anchor channel
Steel profile with rigidly connected anchors (also called channel bar, see Figure 4) installed prior to concreting
3.1.3
Anchor channel loading: Axial tension
Load applied perpendicular to the surface of the base material
3.1.4
Anchor channel loading: Bending
Bending effect induced by a load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the channel
3.1.5
Anchor channel loading: Combined
Axial and shear loading applied simultaneously (oblique loading)
3.1.6
Anchor channel loading: Shear
Shear acting parallel to the concrete surface and transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the
channel
3.1.7
Anchor group
A number of fasteners with identical characteristics acting together to support a common attachment, where
the spacing of the anchors does not exceed the characteristic spacing
3.1.8
Anchor loading: Axial
Load applied perpendicular to the surface of the base material and parallel to the fastener longitudinal axis
3.1.9
Anchor loading: Bending
Bending effect induced by a shear load applied with an eccentricity with respect to the centroid of resistance
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3.1.10
Anchor loading: Combined
Axial and shear loading applied simultaneously (oblique loading)
3.1.11
Anchor loading: Shear
Shear induced by a load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastener
3.1.12
Anchor spacing
Distance between the centre lines of the fasteners
3.1.13
Anchorage component
Component (element) in which a fastener is anchored
3.1.14
Attachment
Metal assembly that transmits loads to the fastener. In this CEN/TS 'attachment' and 'fixture' are used
synonymously
3.1.15
Base material
Material in which the fastener is installed
3.1.16
Blow-out failure
Spalling of the concrete on the side face of the anchorage component at the level of the embedded head with
no major breakout at the top concrete surface. This is usually associated with anchors with small side cover
and deep embedment
3.1.17
Bonded anchor
Fastener placed into a hole in hardened concrete, which derives its resistance from a bonding compound
placed between the wall of the hole in the concrete and the embedded portion of the fastening (see Figure
3.3b))
3.1.18
Bond failure
that occurs at the interface between the bonding compound and the base material or between the bonding
compound and the metal part of a bonded anchor system
3.1.19
Bonded expansion anchor
Bonded anchor designed such that the anchor bolt can move relative to the hardened bonding compound
resulting in follow-up expansion (see Figure 5h))
3.1.20
Cast-in fastener
Headed bolt, headed stud, hooked bolt or anchor channel installed before placing the concrete, see headed
anchor
3.1.21
Characteristic spacing
Spacing required to ensure the characteristic resistance of a single fastener
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
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3.1.22
Characteristic resistance
The 5 % fractile of the resistance (value with a 95 % probability of being exceeded, with a confidence level of
90 %)
3.1.23
Clamping force
Prestressing force resulting from tightening of the fastener against the fixture
3.1.24
Concrete breakout failure
corresponds to a wedge or cone of concrete surrounding the fastener or group of fasteners separating from
the base material
3.1.25
Concrete pry-out failure
corresponds to the formation of a concrete spall opposite to the loading direction under shear loading
3.1.26
Concrete screw
Threaded anchor screwed into a predrilled hole where threads create a mechanical interlock with the concrete
(see Figure 5f))
3.1.27
Displacement
Movement of the loaded end of the fastener relative to the concrete member into which it is installed in the
direction of the applied load. In the case of anchor channels, movement of an anchor channel relative to the
anchorage component. In tension tests, displacement is measured parallel to the anchor axis. In shear tests,
displacement is measured perpendicular to the anchor axis
3.1.28
Deformation-controlled expansion anchor
A post-installed fastener that derives its tensile resistance by expansion against the side of the drilled hole
through movement of an internal plug in the sleeve (see Figures 5c)) or through movement of the sleeve over
an expansion element (plug). Once set, no further expansion can occur
3.1.29
Ductile steel element
An element with sufficient ductility. The ductility conditions are given in the relevant sections
3.1.30
Edge distance
Distance from the edge of the concrete member to the centre of the fastener
3.1.31
Effective embedment depth
The definition of the effective embedment depth for the different types of fasteners is given in Figures 3 to 5
3.1.32
European Technical Specification
Harmonized European Product Standard (hEN) or European Technical Approval (ETA)
3.1.33
Fastener
see anchor
3.1.34
Fastening
Assembly of fixture and fasteners used to transmit loads to concrete
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
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3.1.35
Fixture
see attachment
3.1.36
Headed anchor
Steel fastener installed before placing concrete (see Figure 3). It derives its tensile resistance from
mechanical interlock at the anchor head. The definitions given in Figure 3b) and 3c) should be verified for
directions 1 and 2 according to Figure 6
3.1.37
Installation safety factor
Partial factor that accounts for the sensitivity of a fastener to installation inaccuracies on its performance
3.1.38
Mechanical interlock
Load transfer to a concrete member via interlocking surfaces
3.1.39
Minimum edge distance
Minimum allowable edge distance to allow adequate placing and compaction of concrete (cast-in place
fasteners) and to avoid damage to the concrete during installation (post-installed fasteners), given in the
European Technical Specification
3.1.40
Minimum member thickness
Minimum member thickness, in which a fastener can be installed, given in the European Technical
Specification
3.1.41
Minimum spacing
Minimum fastener spacing to allow adequate placing and compaction of concrete (cast-in fasteners) and to
avoid damage to the concrete during installation (post-installed fasteners), measured centreline to centreline,
given in the European Technical Specification
3.1.42
Post-installed fastener
A fastener installed in hardened concrete (see Figure 5)
3.1.43
Pullout failure
A failure mode in which the fastener pulls out of the concrete without development of the full concrete
resistance or a failure mode in which the fastener body pulls through the expansion sleeve without
development of the full concrete resistance
3.1.44
Special screw
Screw which connects the element to be fixed to the anchor channel
3.1.45
Splitting failure
A concrete failure mode in which the concrete fractures along a plane passing through the axis of the fastener
or fasteners
3.1.46
Steel failure of fastener
Failure mode characterised by fracture of the steel fastener parts
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
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Key
a) without anchor plate
b) with a large anchor plate in any direction, b > 0,5 h or t ≥ 0,2 h
1 n n
c) with a small anchor plate in each direction, b ≤ 0,5 h or t < 0,2 h
1 n n
Figure 3 — Definition of effective embedment depth h for headed fasteners
ef
Key
1 anchor
2 connection between anchor and channel
3 channel lip
4 special screw
Figure 4 — Definitions for anchor channels
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
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Key
a) torque controlled fastener, sleeve type e) undercut fastener, type 2
b) torque controlled fastener, wedge type f) concrete screw
c) deformation controlled fastener g) bonded fastener
d) undercut fastener, type 1 h) bonded expansion anchor
Figure 5 — Definition of effective embedment depth h for post-installed fasteners, examples
ef
NOTE For concrete screws h is smaller than the embedded length of the threads.
ef
3.1.47
Supplementary reinforcement
Reinforcement tying a potential concrete breakout body to the concrete member
3.1.48
Torque-controlled expansion anchor
Post-installed expansion anchor that derives its tensile resistance from the expansion of one or more sleeves
or other components against the sides of the drilled hole through the application of torque, which pulls the
cone(s) into the expansion sleeve(s) during installation. After setting, tensile loading can cause additional
expansion (follow-up expansion), see Figures 5a) and 5b).
3.1.49
Undercut anchor
A post-installed fastener that develops its tensile resistance from the mechanical interlock provided by
undercutting of the concrete at the embedded end of the fastener. The undercutting is achieved with a special
drill before installing the fastener or alternatively by the fastener itself during its installation, see Figures 5d)
and 5e).
3.2 Notations
3.2.1 Indices
action effects
E
load
L
material
M
normal force
N
resistance, restraint
R
shear force
V
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
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a acceleration
b bond
c concrete
ca connection
cb blow-out
cp concrete pryout
d design value
el elastic
eq seismic (earthquake)
fat fatigue
fi fire
fix fixture
flex bending
g load on or resistance of a group of fasteners
h highest loaded fastener in a group
k characteristic value
l local
max maximum
min minimum
nom nominal
p pull out
pl plastic
re reinforcement
s steel
sp splitting
u ultimate
y yield
0 basic value
3.2.2 Actions and Resistances
g gravity
F force in general
N normal force (positive = tension force, negative = compression force)
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
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V shear force
M moment
M bending moment on fixture around axis in direction 1
M bending moment on fixture around axis in direction 2
T torsional moment on fixture
F (N ;V ) characteristic value of resistance of a single fastener or a group respectively (normal
Rk Rk Rk
force, shear force)
F (N ;V ) design value of resistance of a single fastener or a group respectively (normal force,
Rd Rd Rd
shear force)
F (N ; V ; M ; T ) characteristic value of actions acting on the fixture (normal load, shear load, bending
Ek Ek Ek Ek Ek
moment, torsion moment)
F (N ; V ; M ; T ) design value of actions acting on the fixture (normal load, shear load, bending moment,
Ed Ed Ed Ed Ed
torsion moment), in the case of anchor channels design value of actions acting on the
special screw
a a a
F (N ;V ) design value of action on one anchor of the anchor channel
Ed Ed Ed
a a a
F (N ;V ) design value of action on anchor i of the anchor channel
Ed,i Ed,i Ed,i
h h
N (V ) design value of tensile load (shear load) acting on the most stressed fastener of a group
Ed Ed
g g
N (V ) design value of the resultant tensile (shear) loads of the fasteners in a group effective in
Ed Ed
taking up tension (shear) loads
N design value of tension load acting on the supplementary reinforcement
Ed,re
a
N design value of tension load acting on the supplementary reinforcement of one anchor
Ed,re
of the anchor channel
3.2.3 Concrete and steel
f design compressive strength of concrete
cd
f characteristic compressive strength of concrete (strength class) measured on cylinders
ck
150 × 300 mm
f , characteristic compressive strength of concrete (strength class) measured on cubes
ck cube
with a side length 150 mm
f characteristic steel yield strength or steel proof strength respectively (nominal value)
yk
f characteristic steel ultimate tensile strength (nominal value)
uk
A' ordinate of a triangle with the height 1 at the position of the load N and the base
i Ed
length 2 l at the position of the anchors i of an anchor channel
i
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
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A stressed cross section of steel
s
I moment of inertia of the channel [mm ] relative to the y-axis (see Figure 4)
y
W elastic section modulus calculated from the stressed cross section of steel
el
3.2.3.1 Fasteners and fastenings
Notation and symbols frequently used in this CEN/TS are given below and are illustrated in Figures 3 to 6 and
10, 12, 13 and 15. Further notation and symbols are given in the text.
a (a ) spacing between outer fasteners in adjoining fastenings in direction 1 (direction 2) (see Figure 6)
1 2
a distance between concrete surface and point of assumed restraint of a fastener loaded by a shear
force with lever arm (see Figure 15)
b width of concrete member
b width of the channel, (see Figure 4)
ch
b width of fixture
fix
c edge distance from the axis of a fastener (see Figure 6) or the axis of a anchor channel
c edge distance in direction 1 (see Figure 6)
c edge distance in direction 2. Direction 2 is perpendicular to direction 1
c characteristic edge distance for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic resistance of a single
cr
fastener
c minimum allowable edge distance
min
d diameter of fastener bolt or thread diameter (Figure 12),
diameter of the stud or shank of headed studs
d diameter of clearance hole in the fixture (Figure 12)
f
d diameter of anchor head (headed anchor)
h
d outside diameter of a fastener (Figure 12)
nom
d diameter of reinforcing bar
s
d nominal diameter of drilled hole
e distance between shear load and concrete surface (see Figure 15)
e distance between the axis of the shear load and the axis of the supplementary reinforcement for
s
shear
h thickness of concrete member in which the fastener is installed (see Figure 6)
h height of the channel, (see Figure 4)
ch
h effective embedment depth (see Figures 3 to 5). It is given in the corresponding European
ef
Technical Specification
h minimum allowed thickness of concrete member
min
oSIST-TS prCEN/TS 1992-4-1:2008
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l lever arm of the shear force acting on a fastener (Figure 15)
l influence length of an external load N along an anchor channel
i Ed
n number of fasteners in a group
s centre to centre spacing of fasteners in a group (see Figure 6) or spacing of reinforcing bars
s (s ) spacing of fasteners in a group in direction 1 (direction 2) (see Figure 6)
1 2
s characteristic spacing for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic resistance of a single
cr
fastener
s minimum allowable spacing
min
t time
t thickness of grout layer (see Figure 13)
grout
t thickness of fixture
fix
Key
1 indices 1 and 2 depend on the direction of the shear load
(1: in direction of shear load; 2: perpendicular to direction of shear load)
a) fastenings subjected to tension load
b) fastenings subjected to shear load in the case of fastening near an edge
Figure 6 — Definitions related to concrete member dimensions, fastener spacing and edge distance
3.2.4 Units
In this CEN/TS SI-units are used. Unless stated otherwise in the equations, the following units are used:
2 3
Dimensions are given in mm, cross sections in mm , section modulus in mm , forces and loads in N and
stresses in N/mm².
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4 Basis of design
4.1 General
4.1.1 With appropriate degrees of reliability fasteners shall sustain all actions and influences likely to occur
during execution and use (ultimate limit state). They shall not deform to an inadmissible degree (serviceability
limit state) and remain fit for the use for which they are required (durability). They shall not be damaged by
accidental events to an extent disproportional to the original cause.
4.1.2 Fastenings shall be designed according to the same principles and requirements valid for structures
given in EN 1990 including load combinations.
NOTE A design using the partial factors given in this CEN/TS and the partial factors given in the EN 1990 Annexes is
considered to lead to a structure associated with reliability class RC2, i.e. a ß-value of 3,8 for a 50 year reference period.
For further information see EN 1990 Annexes B and C.
4.1.3 The design working life of the fasteners shall not be less than that of the fixture.
The safety factors for resistance and durability in this CEN/TS are based on a nominal working life of at least
50 years for the fastening.
4.1.4 Actions shall be obtained from the relevant parts of EN 1991 or EN 1998, in the case of seismic
actions, see also Annex E of this CEN/TS.
4.1.5 If the fastening is subjected to fatigue or seismic actions only, fasteners suitable for this application
shall be used (see relevant European Technical Specification).
4.1.6 The transfer of the loads acting on the fixture to the supports of the structure shall be considered in
the design of the structure taking account of the requirements of Annex A.
4.1.7 For the design and execution of fastenings the same quality requirements are valid as for the design
and executi
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-oktober-2009
Projektiranje pritrjevanja za uporabo v betonu - 4-1. del: Splošno
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-1: General
Bemessung von Befestigungen in Beton - Teil 4-1: Allgemeines
Conception et calcul des éléments de fixation pour le béton Généralités - Partie 4-1 :
Généralités
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009
ICS:
21.060.01 Vezni elementi na splošno Fasteners in general
91.080.40 Betonske konstrukcije Concrete structures
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 1992-4-1
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
May 2009
ICS 21.060.01; 91.080.40
English Version
Design of fastenings for use in concrete - Part 4-1: General
Conception-calcul des éléments de fixation pour béton - Bemessung von Befestigungen in Beton - Teil 4-1:
Partie 4-1: Généralités Allgemeines
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 20 October 2008 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents
Page
Foreword .4
1 Scope .6
1.1 General .6
1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups .6
1.3 Fastener dimensions and materials.8
1.4 Fastener loading .9
1.4.1 Type of loading .9
1.4.2 Direction of loading .9
1.5 Concrete strength .9
1.6 Concrete member loading . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Definitions and symbols . 11
3.1 Definitions . 11
3.2 Notations . 16
3.2.1 Indices . 16
3.2.2 Actions and Resistances . 17
3.2.3 Concrete and steel . 18
3.2.4 Units . 20
4 Basis of design . 21
4.1 General . 21
4.2 Required verifications . 21
4.3 Design format . 22
4.4 Verification by the partial factor method . 23
4.4.1 General . 23
4.4.2 Partial factors for indirect and fatigue actions . 23
4.4.3 Partial factors for resistance . 23
4.5 Project specification and installation of fasteners . 25
5 Determination of concrete condition and action effects . 26
5.1 Non-cracked and cracked concrete . 26
5.2 Derivation of forces acting on fasteners . 26
5.2.1 General . 26
5.2.2 Tension loads . 27
5.2.3 Shear loads . 30
6 Verification of ultimate limit state . 37
6.1 General . 37
7 Verification of fatigue limit state . 38
7.1 General . 38
7.2 Derivation of loads acting on fasteners . 39
7.3 Resistance . 40
8 Verification for seismic loading . 42
8.1 General . 42
8.2 Requirements . 42
8.3 Actions . 42
8.4 Resistance . 42
9 Verification of serviceability limit state . 45
Annex A (normative) Local transmission of fastener loads into the concrete member . 46
A.1 General . 46
A.2 Verification of the shear resistance of the concrete member . 46
A.3 Verification of the resistance to splitting forces . 47
Annex B (normative) Plastic design approach, fastenings with headed fasteners and post-
installed fasteners . 48
B.1 Field of application . 48
B.2 Loads on fastenings . 50
B.3 Design of fastenings . 52
B.3.1 Partial factors . 52
B.3.2 Resistance to tension load . 52
B.3.3 Resistance to shear load . 54
Annex C (informative) Durability . 56
C.1 General . 56
C.2 Fasteners in dry, internal conditions . 56
C.3 Fasteners in external atmospheric or in permanently damp internal exposure . 56
C.4 Fasteners in high corrosion exposure by chloride and sulphur dioxide . 56
Annex D (informative) Exposure to fire – design method . 57
D.1 General . 57
D.2 Partial factors . 57
D.3 Resistance under fire exposure . 57
D.3.1 General . 57
D.3.2 Tension load . 57
D.3.3 Shear load . 59
D.3.4 Combined tension and shear load . 60
Annex E (informative) Recommended additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5 (Design
of structures for earthquake resistance) for the design of fastenings under seismic
loading . 61
E.1 General . 61
E.2 Additions to Section 4.3.5.1 of EN 1998-1:2004 . 61
E.3 Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.2 . 61
E.4 Additions to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.3 . 63
E.5 Additions and alterations to EN 1998-1:2004, 4.3.5.4 . 63
Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 250 “Structural
Eurocodes”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This Technical Specification CEN/TS 1992-4-1 — General, describes the general principles and requirements
for safety, serviceability and durability of fasteners for use in concrete, together with specific requirements for
structures serving as base material for the fasteners. It is based on the limit state concept used in conjunction
with a partial factor method.
The numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended values and may be
changed in a National Annex, if required. The recommended values apply when:
a) the fasteners comply with the requirements of 1.2.2, and
b) the installation complies with the requirements of 4.5.
CEN/TS 1992-4 'Design of fastenings for use in concrete' is subdivided into the following parts:
Part 1: General
Part 2: Headed fasteners
Part 3: Anchor channels
Part 4: Post-installed fasteners — Mechanical systems
Part 5: Post-installed fasteners — Chemical systems
Part 1 is applicable to all products. Special rules applicable to particular products are given in Parts 2 to 5 of
the series CEN/TS 1992-4. These Parts should be used only in conjunction with Part 1.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
National Annex for CEN/TS 1992-4-1
This CEN/TS gives values with notes indicating where national choices may have to be made. When this
CEN/TS is made available at national level it may be followed by a National Annex containing all Nationally
Determined Parameters to be used for the design of fastenings according to this CEN/TS for use in the
relevant country.
National choice of the partial factors and reliability parameters is allowed in design according to this CEN/TS
in the following clauses:
4.4.2;
4.4.3.1.1;
4.4.3.1.2;
4.4.3.1.3;
4.4.3.2;
4.4.3.3;
5.1.2;
B.3.1;
D.2.
1 Scope
1.1 General
1.1.1 This CEN/TS provides a design method for fasteners for structural purposes, which are used to
transmit actions to the concrete.
Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under FPC conditions and with the due
reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by the
CEN/TR “Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete Elements”, by CEN TC 229.
1.1.2 This CEN/TS is intended for applications in which the failure of fastenings will:
1) result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, or
2) cause risk to human life, or
3) lead to significant economic loss.
1.1.3 The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate, defined as
multiple anchor use in some European Technical Approvals (ETAs). Each support may consist of one fastener
or a group of fasteners.
1.1.4 This CEN/TS is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In
applications where special considerations apply, e.g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures,
modifications may be necessary.
1.1.5 This CEN/TS does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to
comply with the appropriate Standards. Requirements for stiffness and ductility of the fixture are given in
clauses 5 and 8.
1.2 Type of fasteners and fastening groups
1.2.1 This CEN/TS applies to:
a) cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between fastener and
channel;
b) post-installed anchors such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors, concrete screws, bonded anchors,
bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors.
For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary.
1.2.2 This CEN/TS applies to fasteners with established suitability for the specified application in concrete
covered by provisions, which refer to this CEN/TS and provide data required by this CEN/TS. The necessary
data are listed in Parts 2 to 5.
NOTE Where there is no European Standard for a particular fastener which refers specifically to the use of this
fastener or where the fastener deviates significantly from the European Standard, the establishment of suitability may
result from:
a) European Technical Approval (ETA) which refers specifically to the use of the fastener in concrete;
b) relevant national standard or provision which refers specifically to the use of the fastener in concrete;
c) documentation of the fastener should include the characteristic resistance of the fastener and consider effects
influencing the reliability of fasteners both during installation and in service life under sustained and variable loads, as
well as the sensitivity to possible deviations on any of the factors of importance.
d) Factors to be addressed are:
1) Installation conditions in concrete on site.
2) Drilling method and drill bit diameter in case of post-installed fasteners.
3) Bore hole cleaning.
4) Installation tools.
5) Sustained (long term) and variable loads on the fastener.
6) Variable loads on the concrete structure (crack cycling).
7) Crack width in the concrete structure.
8) Environmental conditions such as air pollution, alkalinity, aggressive environment, humidity, concrete-
installation temperature, service temperature…
9) Location of fasteners in the concrete component.
10) Minimum dimensions of the structural component.
In addition to the assumptions of EN 1992-1-1 it is assumed that both the design and execution of fastening
systems in concrete structures is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and experience.
1.2.3 This CEN/TS applies to single fasteners and groups of fasteners. In a fastening group the loads are
applied to the individual fasteners of the group by means of a common fixture. In this CEN/TS it is assumed
that in a fastening group only fasteners of the same type and size are used.
The configurations of fasteners (cast-in place headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners) covered by this
CEN/TS are shown in Figure 1.
Distinction is to be made between fastenings with and without hole clearance.
The following applications may be considered to have no hole clearance:
a) bolts are welded to the fixture or screwed into the fixture, or
b) any gap between the fastener and the fixture is filled with mortar of sufficient compression strength or
eliminated by other suitable means;
For anchor channels the number of fasteners is not limited.
Key
1 Fastener
2 Steel plate
a) Fastenings without hole clearance, all edge distances
b) Fastenings with hole clearance situated far from edges
c) Fastenings with hole clearance situated near to an edge
a
c < 10 h or c < 60 d
nom
1 ef 1
b
c < 10 h or c < 60 d
nom
2 ef 2
Figure 1 — Configuration of fastenings with headed and post-installed fasteners
1.3 Fastener dimensions and materials
1.3.1 This CEN/TS applies to fasteners with a minimum diameter or a minimum thread size of 6 mm (M6) or
a corresponding cross section. In general, the minimum embedment depth should be: h ≥ 40 mm. The actual
ef
value for a particular fastener might be taken from the relevant European Technical Specification.
1.3.2 This CEN/TS covers metal fasteners made of either carbon steel (ISO 898), stainless steel (EN 10088,
ISO 3506) or malleable cast iron (ISO 5922). The surface of the steel may be coated or uncoated. The
fasteners may include non-load bearing material e.g. plastic parts. This document is valid for fasteners with a
nominal steel tensile strength f ≤ 1000 N/mm². The binding material of bonded fasteners may be made
uk
primarily of resin, cement or a combination of the two. In addition inorganic fillers may be used.
1.4 Fastener loading
1.4.1 Type of loading
Loading on the fastenings may be static, cyclic (causing fatigue failure) and seismic. The suitability of the
fastener type to resist either cyclic or seismic loading is stated in the relevant European Technical
Specification.
1.4.2 Direction of loading
The loading on the fastener resulting from the actions on the fixture (e.g. tension, shear, bending or torsion
moments or any combination thereof) will generally be axial tension and/or shear. When the shear force is
applied with a lever arm a bending moment on the fastener will arise. Any axial compression on the fixture
should be transmitted to the concrete either without acting on the fastener or via fasteners suitable for
resisting compression (Figure 2).
Key
1 concrete
a), b) fasteners not loaded in compression;
in Figure (a) the compression force is transferred by the fixture and
in Figure (b) by the washer
c) fasteners loaded in compression
Figure 2 — Examples of fastenings loaded by a bending moment and a compression force
1.5 Concrete strength
This document is valid for members using normal weight concrete with strength classes in the range C12/15
to C90/105 all in accordance with EN 206-1. The range of concrete strength classes in which particular
fasteners may be used is given in the relevant European Technical Specification and may be more restrictive
than stated above.
1.6 Concrete member loading
If the concrete member is subjected to cyclic or seismic loading certain types of fasteners may not be allowed.
This is stated in the corresponding European Technical Specification.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed
hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to
this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the
latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
NOTE The following references to Eurocodes are references to European Standards and European Prestandards.
These are the only European documents available at the time of publication of this CEN/TS. National documents take
precedence until Eurocodes are published as European Standards.
EN 206-1, Concrete — Part 1: Specification, performance, production and conformity
EN 1990:2002, Eurocode — Basis of structural design
EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings
EN 1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures — Part 1-8: Design of joints
EN 1994-1-1:2004, Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures — Part 1-1: General rules
and rules for buildings
EN 1998-1:2004, Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance — Part 1: General rules, seismic
actions and rules for buildings
EN 10002-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at ambient temperature
EN 10080, Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Weldable reinforcing steel — General
EN 10088-2: Stainless steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of corrosion
resisting steels for general purposes
EN 10088-3, Stainless steels — Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for semi-finished products, bars, rods,
wire, sections and bright products of corrosion resisting steels for general purposes
EN 12390-2, Testing hardened concrete — Part 2: Making and curing specimens for strength tests
EN 12390-3, Testing hardened concrete — Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens
EN 12390-7, Testing hardened concrete — Part 7: Density of hardened concrete
EN 12504-1, Testing concrete in structures — Part 1: Cored specimens — Taking, examining and testing in
compression
EN 13501-2, Fire classification of construction products and building elements — Part 2: Classification using
data from fire resistance tests, excluding ventilation services
EN ISO 13918, Welding — Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud welding (ISO 13918:2008)
ISO 273, Fasteners — Clearance holes for bolts and screws
ISO 898-1, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel — Part 1: Bolts, screws
and studs
ISO 898-2, Mechanical properties of fasteners — Part 2: Nuts with specified proof load values — Coarse
thread
ISO 1803:1997, Building construction — Tolerances — Expression of dimensional accuracy — Principles and
terminology
ISO 3506, Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless-steel fasteners
ISO 5922, Malleable cast iron (Revision of ISO 5922:1981)
3 Definitions and symbols
3.1 Definitions
3.1.1
Anchor
Element made of steel or malleable iron either cast into concrete or post-installed into a hardened concrete
member and used to transmit applied loads (see Figures 3 to 5). In this CEN/TS 'anchor' and 'fastener' are
used synonymously. In the case of anchor channels, a steel fastener is rigidly connected to the back of the
channel and embedded in concrete
3.1.2
Anchor channel
Steel profile with rigidly connected anchors (also called channel bar, see Figure 4) installed prior to concreting
3.1.3
Anchor channel loading: Axial tension
Load applied perpendicular to the surface of the base material
3.1.4
Anchor channel loading: Bending
Bending effect induced by a load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the channel
3.1.5
Anchor channel loading: Combined
Axial and shear loading applied simultaneously (oblique loading)
3.1.6
Anchor channel loading: Shear
Shear acting parallel to the concrete surface and transversely with respect to the longitudinal axis of the
channel
3.1.7
Anchor group
A number of fasteners with identical characteristics acting together to support a common attachment, where
the spacing of the anchors does not exceed the characteristic spacing
3.1.8
Anchor loading: Axial
Load applied perpendicular to the surface of the base material and parallel to the fastener longitudinal axis
3.1.9
Anchor loading: Bending
Bending effect induced by a shear load applied with an eccentricity with respect to the centroid of resistance
3.1.10
Anchor loading: Combined
Axial and shear loading applied simultaneously (oblique loading)
3.1.11
Anchor loading: Shear
Shear induced by a load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the fastener
3.1.12
Anchor spacing
Distance between the centre lines of the fasteners
3.1.13
Anchorage component
Component (element) in which a fastener is anchored
3.1.14
Attachment
Metal assembly that transmits loads to the fastener. In this CEN/TS 'attachment' and 'fixture' are used
synonymously
3.1.15
Base material
Material in which the fastener is installed
3.1.16
Blow-out failure
Spalling of the concrete on the side face of the anchorage component at the level of the embedded head with
no major breakout at the top concrete surface. This is usually associated with anchors with small side cover
and deep embedment
3.1.17
Bonded anchor
Fastener placed into a hole in hardened concrete, which derives its resistance from a bonding compound
placed between the wall of the hole in the concrete and the embedded portion of the fastening (see Figure
5g))
3.1.18
Bond failure
Failure that occurs at the interface between the bonding compound and the base material or between the
bonding compound and the metal part of a bonded anchor system
3.1.19
Bonded expansion anchor
Bonded anchor designed such that the anchor bolt can move relative to the hardened bonding compound
resulting in follow-up expansion (see Figure 5h))
3.1.20
Cast-in fastener
Headed bolt, headed stud, hooked bolt or anchor channel installed before placing the concrete, see headed
anchor
3.1.21
Characteristic spacing
Spacing required to ensure the characteristic resistance of a single fastener
3.1.22
Characteristic resistance
The 5 % fractile of the resistance (value with a 95 % probability of being exceeded, with a confidence level of
90 %)
3.1.23
Clamping force
Prestressing force resulting from tightening of the fastener against the fixture
3.1.24
Concrete breakout failure
Failure that corresponds to a wedge or cone of concrete surrounding the fastener or group of fasteners
separating from the base material
3.1.25
Concrete pry-out failure
Failure that corresponds to the formation of a concrete spall opposite to the loading direction under shear
loading
3.1.26
Concrete screw
Threaded anchor screwed into a predrilled hole where threads create a mechanical interlock with the concrete
(see Figure 5f))
3.1.27
Displacement
Movement of the loaded end of the fastener relative to the concrete member into which it is installed in the
direction of the applied load. In the case of anchor channels, movement of an anchor channel relative to the
anchorage component. In tension tests, displacement is measured parallel to the anchor axis. In shear tests,
displacement is measured perpendicular to the anchor axis
3.1.28
Deformation-controlled expansion anchor
A post-installed fastener that derives its tensile resistance by expansion against the side of the drilled hole
through movement of an internal plug in the sleeve (see Figures 5c)) or through movement of the sleeve over
an expansion element (plug). Once set, no further expansion can occur
3.1.29
Ductile steel element
An element with sufficient ductility. The ductility conditions are given in the relevant sections
3.1.30
Edge distance
Distance from the edge of the concrete member to the centre of the fastener
3.1.31
Effective embedment depth
The definition of the effective embedment depth for the different types of fasteners is given in Figures 3 to 5
3.1.32
European Technical Specification
Harmonized European Product Standard (hEN) or European Technical Approval (ETA)
3.1.33
Fastener
See anchor
3.1.34
Fastening
Assembly of fixture and fasteners used to transmit loads to concrete
3.1.35
Fixture
See attachment
3.1.36
Headed anchor
Steel fastener installed before placing concrete (see Figure 3). It derives its tensile resistance from
mechanical interlock at the anchor head. The definitions given in Figure 3b) and 3c) should be verified for
directions 1 and 2 according to Figure 6
3.1.37
Installation safety factor
Partial factor that accounts for the sensitivity of a fastener to installation inaccuracies on its performance
3.1.38
Mechanical interlock
Load transfer to a concrete member via interlocking surfaces
3.1.39
Minimum edge distance
Minimum allowable edge distance to allow adequate placing and compaction of concrete (cast-in place
fasteners) and to avoid damage to the concrete during installation (post-installed fasteners), given in the
European Technical Specification
3.1.40
Minimum member thickness
Minimum member thickness, in which a fastener can be installed, given in the European Technical
Specification
3.1.41
Minimum spacing
Minimum fastener spacing to allow adequate placing and compaction of concrete (cast-in fasteners) and to
avoid damage to the concrete during installation (post-installed fasteners), measured centreline to centreline,
given in the European Technical Specification
3.1.42
Post-installed fastener
A fastener installed in hardened concrete (see Figure 5)
3.1.43
Pullout failure
A failure mode in which the fastener pulls out of the concrete without development of the full concrete
resistance or a failure mode in which the fastener body pulls through the expansion sleeve without
development of the full concrete resistance
3.1.44
Special screw
Screw which connects the element to be fixed to the anchor channel
3.1.45
Splitting failure
A concrete failure mode in which the concrete fractures along a plane passing through the axis of the fastener
or fasteners
3.1.46
Steel failure of fastener
Failure mode characterised by fracture of the steel fastener parts
Key
a) without anchor plate
b) with a large anchor plate in any direction, b > 0,5 h or t ≥ 0,2 h
1 n n
c) with a small anchor plate in each direction, b ≤ 0,5 h or t < 0,2 h
1 n n
Figure 3 — Definition of effective embedment depth h for headed fasteners
ef
Key
1 anchor
2 connection between anchor and channel
3 channel lip
4 special screw
Figure 4 — Definitions for anchor channels
Key
a) torque controlled fastener, sleeve type e) undercut fastener, type 2
b) torque controlled fastener, wedge type f) concrete screw
c) deformation controlled fastener g) bonded fastener
d) undercut fastener, type 1 h) bonded expansion anchor
Figure 5 — Definition of effective embedment depth h for post-installed fasteners, examples
ef
NOTE For concrete screws h is smaller than the embedded length of the threads.
ef
3.1.47
Supplementary reinforcement
Reinforcement tying a potential concrete breakout body to the concrete member
3.1.48
Torque-controlled expansion anchor
Post-installed expansion anchor that derives its tensile resistance from the expansion of one or more sleeves
or other components against the sides of the drilled hole through the application of torque, which pulls the
cone(s) into the expansion sleeve(s) during installation. After setting, tensile loading can cause additional
expansion (follow-up expansion), see Figures 5a) and 5b)
3.1.49
Undercut anchor
A post-installed fastener that develops its tensile resistance from the mechanical interlock provided by
undercutting of the concrete at the embedded end of the fastener. The undercutting is achieved with a special
drill before installing the fastener or alternatively by the fastener itself during its installation, see Figures 5d)
and 5e)
3.2 Notations
3.2.1 Indices
E action effects
L load
M material
N normal force
R resistance, restraint
V shear force
a acceleration
b bond
c concrete
ca connection
cb blow-out
cp concrete pryout
d design value
el elastic
eq seismic (earthquake)
fat fatigue
fi fire
fix fixture
flex bending
g load on or resistance of a group of fasteners
h highest loaded fastener in a group
k characteristic value
l local
max maximum
min minimum
nom nominal
p pull out
pl plastic
re reinforcement
s steel
sp splitting
u ultimate
y yield
0 basic value
3.2.2 Actions and Resistances
g gravity
F force in general
N normal force (positive = tension force, negative = compression force)
V shear force
M moment
M bending moment on fixture around axis in direction 1
M bending moment on fixture around axis in direction 2
T torsional moment on fixture
F (N ;V ) characteristic value of resistance of a single fastener or a group respectively (normal
Rk Rk Rk
force, shear force)
F (N ;V ) design value of resistance of a single fastener or a group respectively (normal force,
Rd Rd Rd
shear force)
F (N ; V ; M ; T ) characteristic value of actions acting on the fixture (normal load, shear load, bending
Ek Ek Ek Ek Ek
moment, torsion moment)
F (N ; V ; M ; T ) design value of actions acting on the fixture (normal load, shear load, bending moment,
Ed Ed Ed Ed Ed
torsion moment), in the case of anchor channels design value of actions acting on the
special screw
a a a
F (N ;V ) design value of action on one anchor of the anchor channel
Ed Ed Ed
a a a
F (N ;V ) design value of action on anchor i of the anchor channel
Ed,i Ed,i Ed,i
h h
N (V ) design value of tensile load (shear load) acting on the most stressed fastener of a group
Ed Ed
g g
N (V ) design value of the resultant tensile (shear) loads of the fasteners in a group effective in
Ed Ed
taking up tension (shear) loads
N design value of tension load acting on the supplementary reinforcement
Ed,re
a
N design value of tension load acting on the supplementary reinforcement of one anchor
Ed,re
of the anchor channel
3.2.3 Concrete and steel
f design compressive strength of concrete
cd
f characteristic compressive strength of concrete (strength class) measured on cylinders
ck
150 × 300 mm
f , characteristic compressive strength of concrete (strength class) measured on cubes
ck cube
with a side length 150 mm
f characteristic steel yield strength or steel proof strength respectively (nominal value)
yk
f characteristic steel ultimate tensile strength (nominal value)
uk
A' ordinate of a triangle with the height 1 at the position of the load N and the base
i Ed
length 2 l at the position of the anchors i of an anchor channel
i
A stressed cross section of steel
s
I moment of inertia of the channel [mm ] relative to the y-axis (see Figure 4)
y
W elastic section modulus calculated from the stressed cross section of steel
el
3.2.3.1 Fasteners and fastenings
Notation and symbols frequently used in this CEN/TS are given below and are illustrated in Figures 3 to 6 and
15, 16, 18 and 19. Further notation and symbols are given in the text.
a (a ) spacing between outer fasteners in adjoining fastenings in direction 1 (direction 2) (see Figure 6)
1 2
a distance between concrete surface and point of assumed restraint of a fastener loaded by a shear
force with lever arm (see Figure 15)
b width of concrete member
b width of the channel, (see Figure 4)
ch
b width of fixture
fix
c edge distance from the axis of a fastener (see Figure 6) or the axis of a anchor channel
c edge distance in direction 1 (see Figure 6)
c edge distance in direction 2. Direction 2 is perpendicular to direction 1
c characteristic edge distance for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic resistance of a single
cr
fastener
c minimum allowable edge distance
min
d diameter of fastener bolt or thread diameter (Figure 12),
diameter of the stud or shank of headed studs
d diameter of clearance hole in the fixture (Figure 12)
f
d diameter of anchor head (headed anchor)
h
d outside diameter of a fastener (Figure 12)
nom
d diameter of reinforcing bar
s
d nominal diameter of drilled hole
e distance between shear load and concrete surface (see Figure 15)
e distance between the axis of the shear load and the axis of the supplementary reinforcement for
s
shear
h thickness of concrete member in which the fastener is installed (see Figure 6)
h height of the channel (see Figure 4)
ch
h effective embedment depth (see Figures 3 to 5). It is given in the corresponding European
ef
Technical Specification
h minimum allowed thickness of concrete member
min
l lever arm of the shear force acting on a fastener (Figure 15)
l influence length of an external load N along an anchor channel
i Ed
n number of fasteners in a group
s centre to centre spacing of fasteners in a group (see Figure 6) or spacing of reinforcing bars
s (s ) spacing of fasteners in a group in direction 1 (direction 2) (see Figure 6)
1 2
s characteristic spacing for ensuring the transmission of the characteristic resistance of a single
cr
fastener
s minimum allowable spacing
min
t time
t thickness of grout layer (see Figure 16)
grout
t thickness of fixture
fix
Key
1 indices 1 and 2 depend on the direction of the shear load
(1: in direction of shear load; 2: perpendicular to direction of shear load)
a) fastenings subjected to tension load
b) fastenings subjected to shear load in the case of fastening near an edge
Figure 6 — Definitions related to concrete member dimensions, fastener spacing and edge distance
3.2.4 Units
In this CEN/TS SI-units are used. Unless stated otherwise in the equations, the following units are used:
2 3
Dimensions are given in mm, cross sections in mm , section modulus in mm , forces and loads in N and
stresses in N/mm².
------------------
...
CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 표준은 구조물에서 사용되는 패스너의 설계 방법을 제시함으로써, 콘크리트에 작용을 전송하는 데 필수적인 기준을 제공합니다. 이 표준의 범위는 매우 광범위하며, 특히 구조물의 붕괴나 인명 피해, 그리고 상당한 경제적 손실을 초래할 수 있는 상황에서의 패스너의 안정성을 보장하는 데 중점을 두고 있습니다. 이 문서는 패스너의 설계 기준을 제공하며, 고정 장치의 지지 조건을 정적으로 결정 가능한 경우 또는 결정 불가능한 경우로 나누어 설명하고 있습니다. 고정 장치 지원의 복잡성에 따라 단일 패스너 또는 여러 패스너를 사용할 수 있는 경우도 포함되어 있습니다. 이러한 다양성은 유럽 기술 승인(ETA)에 따른 여러 응용 프로그램에 적합합니다. 특히, CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009는 프리캐스트 콘크리트 요소의 제작 과정에서 삽입되는 패스너에 대해서도 명확한 가이드를 제공합니다. 이는 특정 상황에서의 올바른 취급을 보장하며, 무사히 구조물을 리프팅하고 핸들링할 수 있도록 도와줍니다. 또한, 패스너 유형에 대한 명확한 분류를 제공함으로써, 개발자들이 상황에 따라 적절한 패스너를 선택할 수 있도록 지원합니다. 내장형 패스너, 후속 설치 앵커, 그리고 다양한 유형의 결합 패스너에 대한 설계 기준이 포함되어 있어, 각 상황에 맞는 적절한 응답을 이끌어낼 수 있는 강점을 가지고 있습니다. 결론적으로, CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 표준은 패스너 설계의 복잡성을 효과적으로 관리하고, 구조적 안정성을 극대화하기 위한 필수 도구로 기능할 것입니다. 구조물의 안전성과 경제성을 동시에 고려한 이 표준의 타당성과 모든 분야에서의 적용 가능성은 앞으로 건설 업계의 큰 자산이 될 것입니다.
CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009は、コンクリートに使用されるファスニングの設計方法を提供する標準であり、構造目的でのファスナーによる荷重伝達を扱っています。この標準の範囲は、ファスニングの故障が構造の崩壊や部分的崩壊、人命へのリスク、または重大な経済的損失を引き起こす可能性がある状況に焦点を当てています。このような高いリスクを考慮した設計基準を提供することは、特に建設業界において重要です。 この標準は、静的に決定される支持または静的に不確定な支持に対応しており、複数のアンカーを使用する場合の設計を包括しています。これにより、さまざまな構造物に適用できる柔軟性が与えられており、特定のプロジェクトに合わせたカスタマイゼーションを可能にします。 さらに、CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009は、事前に製造されたコンクリート要素の生産中に埋め込まれるインサートについても指針を提供しています。ただし、リフティングやハンドリングのために使用される場合は、別のガイドラインであるCEN/TRが適用されることが明確に示されています。この明確な範囲の定義により、使用者は適切な標準を選択することが容易になります。 ファスナーのタイプに関しては、埋め込みファスナーや後入れアンカーなど、さまざまなファスナーを対象としており、それぞれの特性に基づいた設計プロビジョンが確立されています。また、特殊用途のためには設計規定の修正が必要であることも示されています。 全体として、CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009は、安全性を重視したコンクリート用ファスニングの設計に関する重要な標準であり、建設業界においてその関連性は非常に高いと評価されます。設計者やエンジニアは、この標準を参考にすることで、より安全で信頼性の高い構造物の設計が可能となるでしょう。
The CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 standard provides a comprehensive design method for fastenings intended for structural use in concrete applications. The significance of this standard lies in its explicit focus on ensuring safety and reliability in fastening systems, particularly where failures could lead to catastrophic consequences such as structural collapse, risks to human life, or substantial economic losses. One of the primary strengths of this standard is its clear delineation of scope which targets fasteners embedded in precast concrete elements used during transient conditions, indicating that it is designed with practical applications in mind. This emphasis on actionable guidelines makes it a crucial resource for engineers tasked with the critical job of ensuring structural integrity. Furthermore, the standard's applicability to both statically determinate and indeterminate supports is commendable, as it encompasses a range of fastening scenarios that designers may encounter in their work. The inclusion of various types of fasteners, such as cast-in fasteners and a variety of post-installed anchors, further illustrates the standard's adaptability to different project needs. In addition, the exclusion of fixture design from its scope is a wise decision that focuses the standard on fastenings, thereby encouraging compliance with relevant fixtures' standards and reducing potential confusion in design processes. Clauses concerning the necessary stiffness and ductility requirements of fixtures ensure that designers understand the interaction between fastenings and the fixtures they support, fostering a more holistic approach to structural safety. Overall, the CEN/TS 1992-4-1:2009 standard is a vital document for professionals engaged in the design of fastening systems in concrete. Its strong emphasis on safety, well-defined applications, and consideration of various fasteners reinforces its relevance in the field of structural engineering, ensuring that practitioners have access to essential guidelines for creating secure and effective fastening solutions.
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