EN 16079:2023

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2024
Livarstvo - Železove litine s kompaktnim (vermikularnim) grafitom
Founding - Compacted (vermicular) graphite cast irons
Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Vermiculargraphit
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite vermiculaire (compacté)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 16079:2023
ICS:
77.080.10 Železo Irons
77.140.80 Železni in jekleni ulitki Iron and steel castings
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 16079
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
December 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.080.10 Supersedes EN 16079:2011
English Version
Founding - Compacted (vermicular) graphite cast irons
Fonderie - Fontes à graphite vermiculaire (compacté) Gießereiwesen - Gusseisen mit Vermiculargraphit
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 November 2023.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 16079:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Designation . 8
5 Order information . 9
6 Manufacture . 9
7 Requirements . 9
7.1 General. 9
7.2 Test pieces machined from separately cast samples . 10
7.3 Test pieces machined from side-by-side cast and cast-on samples . 10
7.4 Test pieces machined from samples cut from a casting . 11
7.5 Hardness . 11
7.6 Graphite structure . 11
8 Sampling . 12
8.1 General. 12
8.2 Cast samples . 12
8.3 Samples cut from a casting . 14
9 Test methods . 17
9.1 Tensile test . 17
9.2 Hardness test . 19
9.3 Graphite structure examination . 20
10 Retests . 20
10.1 Need for retests . 20
10.2 Test validity . 20
10.3 Nonconforming test results . 20
10.4 Heat treatment of samples and castings . 21
11 Inspection documentation. 21
Annex A (informative) Additional information on properties and typical applications of
compacted (vermicular) graphite cast irons . 22
Annex B (informative) Compacted (vermicular) graphite cast iron nodularity evaluation . 26
B.1 Nodularity definition . 26
B.2 Factors influencing nodularity . 26
B.3 Basic method for nodularity evaluation . 26
B.4 Microscope settings for sound nodularity evaluation (see also ISO/TR 945-2) . 26
B.5 Roundness of graphite nodules . 26
B.6 Classification of rounded graphite particles by a shape factor . 27
B.7 Intermediate graphite particles, understanding sterical effects . 27
B.8 Calculation of percentage nodularity . 28
B.9 Location of testing . 28
B.10 Rating chart – Typical reference images for the determination of nodularity in
compacted (vermicular) graphite cast irons . 28
B.11 Rating chart – Typical reference images for the determination of the roundness of
graphite particles, assigning shape factors . 30
Annex C (informative) Guidance values for tensile properties determined from samples cut
from a casting . 31
Annex D (normative) Sectioning procedure for cast samples . 32
Annex E (informative) Comparison of compacted (vermicular) graphite cast iron material
designations according to EN 1560 [2] and ISO/TR 15931 [6] . 33
Annex F (informative) Changes since the last version . 34
Bibliography . 35

European foreword
This document (EN 16079:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry
technology”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2024, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 16079:2011.
Annex F provides details of significant technical changes between EN 16079:2023 and EN 16079:2011.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document defines the grades of compacted (vermicular) graphite cast irons (CGI), in accordance
with the mechanical properties of the material.
The properties of compacted (vermicular) graphite cast irons depend on their graphite and matrix
microstructure. A moderate section sensitivity of the properties results from different cooling velocities
in different wall thickness of the casting. When designating a material grade, section sensitivity needs
consideration.
Table 1 specifies material grades according to their mechanical properties.
Table 1 designates the cast material. The foundry verifies the properties of the castings within its in-
process quality assurance. The customer designates the material grade in view of requirements from
component design. The choice of cast samples is based on the relevant wall thickness to ensure
comparability with the casting.
Table 1 defines minimum property values (ultimate tensile strength) for each material grade, based on
cast samples. For the casting itself, typical property values are given in Table C.1.
Cast iron materials are molten from steel scraps of different compositions (circular economy), pig iron,
alloying elements, carburizers, etc., neither using ready alloys nor applying secondary metallurgical
methods. Depending on the production route used, the chemical composition can vary (Clause 6). The
mechanical properties prevail.
Material designation. The customer designates the material grade based on design requirements (load).
In a casting with complex shape and sections with very different wall thicknesses, property values can
vary over the casting, due to section sensitivity of the properties. A single cast sample cannot be
representative for all sections of the entire casting.
If only one cast sample is possible (e.g. due to cost reasons, space in the mould, or when cutting a sample
from the casting is not possible), the cast sample will represent the most interesting section of the casting,
having the relevant wall thickness.
In case of an inappropriate designation of a material grade, the desired properties may not be reached
locally, in the most interesting, relevant section of the cast component.
This can be avoided by co-operation of customer and foundry early in the design stage. The foundry can
adapt its process in order to fulfil the local properties of the part, defined by the customer.
NOTE The short name is designated according to EN 1560. The designation system by number is based on the
structure and rules of EN 10027-2 [3] and so corresponds with the European numbering system for steel and other
materials.
Property values. The cast sample represents the properties in the relevant wall thickness section of the
casting, given by component design. The minimum tensile properties to be obtained in cast samples
represent today’s reproducible production processes for all types of compacted graphite cast iron
production.
Anticipated values in the casting (Table C.1) are slightly decreasing with increasing wall thickness.
The mechanical properties of the material can be evaluated on machined test pieces prepared from:
— separately cast samples;
— side-by-side cast samples;
— cast-on samples; or
— samples cut from a casting.
For many applications, tensile strength and hardness are not the only properties of
...