EN 280-1:2022

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 280:2013+A1:2015
Premične dvižne delovne ploščadi - 1. del: Konstrukcijski izračuni - Merila
stabilnosti - Konstrukcijska izvedba - Varnost - Pregledi in preskusi
Mobile elevating work platforms - Part 1: Design calculations - Stability criteria -
Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests
Fahrbare Hubarbeitsbühnen - Teil 1: Berechnung - Standsicherheit - Bau - Sicherheit -
Prüfungen
Plates-formes élévatrices mobiles de personnel - Partie 1 : Calculs de conception -
Critères de stabilité - Construction - Sécurité - Examens et essais
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 280-1:2022
ICS:
53.020.99 Druga dvigalna oprema Other lifting equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 280-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 53.020.99; C Supersedes EN 280:2013+A1:2015
English Version
Mobile elevating work platforms - Part 1: Design
calculations - Stability criteria - Construction - Safety -
Examinations and tests
Plates-formes élévatrices mobiles de personnel - Partie 1 : Fahrbare Hubarbeitsbühnen - Teil 1: Berechnung -
Calculs de conception - Critères de stabilité - Construction - Standsicherheit - Bau - Sicherheit - Prüfungen
Sécurité - Examens et essais
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 December 2021.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIO N

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUN G

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 280-1:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 11
4 Safety requirements and/or measures . 17
4.1 General. 17
4.2 Structural and stability calculations . 18
4.2.1 General. 18
4.2.2 Loads and forces . 18
4.2.3 Determination of loads and forces . 18
4.2.4 Stability calculations . 21
4.2.5 Structural calculations . 33
4.3 Chassis and stabilizers . 35
4.3.1 Chassis. 35
4.3.2 Stabilizers . 39
4.4 Extending structure . 41
4.4.1 Methods to avoid overturning and exceeding permissible stresses . 41
4.5 Extending structure drive systems . 44
4.5.1 General. 44
4.5.2 Wire rope drive systems . 45
4.5.3 Chain drive systems . 47
4.5.4 Lead screw drive systems . 48
4.5.5 Rack and pinion drive systems . 48
4.6 Work platform . 49
4.7 Controls . 52
4.7.9 Overriding . 53
4.8 Electrical equipment. 54
4.9 Hydraulic systems . 55
4.10 Hydraulic cylinders . 56
4.10.1 Structural design . 56
4.11 Safety devices and safety functions . 61
4.12 Noise . 64
4.12.1 General. 64
4.12.2 Noise determination and declaration . 64
5 Verification of the safety requirements and/or measures . 65
5.1 Examinations and tests . 65
5.1.1 General. 65
5.1.2 Design check . 65
5.1.3 Manufacturing check . 65
5.1.4 Tests . 66
5.2 Type tests of MEWPs . 71
5.3 Tests before placing on the market . 71
6 Information for use . 71
6.1 Instruction handbook . 71
6.1.1 General . 71
6.1.2 There shall be provisions in the instruction handbook to record . 75
6.2 Marking . 75
Annex A (informative) List of significant hazards . 78
Annex B (informative) Use of MEWPs in wind speeds greater than 12,5 m/s (Beaufort-Scale)
................................................................................................................................................................... 82
Annex C (informative) Dynamic factors in stability and structural calculations . 83
C.1 Stability calculations . 83
C.2 Structural calculations . 84
Annex D (normative) Calculation of wire rope drive systems. 85
D.1 General . 85
D.2 Calculation of wire rope drive systems . 85
D.3 Calculation of rope diameters (coefficient c) . 86
D.4 Calculation of the diameters of rope drums, rope pulleys and compensating pulleys
[coefficient (h1 · h2)] . 87
D.5 Efficiency of wire rope drive systems . 91
Annex E (informative) Calculation example — Wire rope drive systems . 93
E.1 Method used to determine the coefficients and ratios used for 4.5.2 (wire rope drive
systems) using the load cycle figures in 4.2.5.3 and operating speeds in 4.4.5 . 93
E.1.1 General . 93
E.1.2 Notes . 93
E.1.3 Annex D (normative) method summarized . 93
E.1.4 Calculation example . 94
E.2 Calculation of the diameters of rope drums, pulleys and static pulleys . 96
Annex F (informative) Calculation example – z factor, kerb obstacle collision . 99
Annex G (normative) Additional requirements for wireless controls and control systems
................................................................................................................................................................ 102
G.1 General . 102
G.2 Control limitation . 102
G.3 Stop . 102
G.4 Serial data communication . 103
G.5 Use of more than one operator control station . 103
G.6 Battery-powered operator control stations . 103
G.7 Receiver. 103
G.8 Warnings . 103
G.9 Information for use . 103
Annex H (normative) Dimensions of steps and ladders . 104
Annex I (informative) Stress history parameters . 106
I.1 Introduction . 106
I.2 Guidance for selection of S class . 106
I.3 Stress history parameters . 107
I.3.1 General procedure . 107
I.3.2 Direct calculation of stress history class . 109
I.3.3 Simplified method to determine stress history class . 110
Annex J (informative) Fatigue assessment: Relationship between S classes in
EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018 and B groups in DIN 15018 . 111
Annex K (normative) Requirements for Performance Level d safety functions . 112
K.1 General. 112
K.1.1 Introduction . 112
K.1.2 Performance Level d safety functions utilizing category 2 architecture . 112
K.1.3 Performance Level d safety functions implemented by SIL 2 functions with a
hardware fault tolerance of zero . 113
K.2 Requirements for unmonitored non-electrical parts of category 3 architectures . 113
Annex L (informative) Information on rescue procedure . 114
Annex M (normative) Noise Test Code . 115
M.0 General. 115
M.1 Emission sound pressure level determination . 115
M.1.1 General. 115
M.1.2 Uncertainty. 117
M.2 Sound power level determination . 117
M.2.1 Measurement surface . 117
M.2.2 Sound Power Level Calculation (LwA) [dB] . 117
M.2.3 Uncertainty. 118
M.3 Installation and mounting conditions . 118
M.4 Operating conditions . 118
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered . 119
Bibliography . 125

European foreword
This document (EN 280-1:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 98 “Lifting
platforms”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2022, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by August 2022.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 280:2013+A1:2015.
— 3.12: definition of “travelling” has been specified;
— 3.29: new definition of “lowered travel position”;
— 3.30: new definition of “Safety function”;
— 3.31: new definition “Elevated travel position”;
— 4.4.1.2: requirements for the load sensing system were amended and specified;
— 4.6.1: requirements for manual adjustment of the work platform exceeding 5° was amended;
— 4.6.9: protection of hands was totally reworded with regard to different requirements for the
different types of MEWPs;
— 4.7.2: the restriction was added: “when the work platform is out of the lowered travel position and/or
transport position;
— 5.1.4.2.2.2: depression tests for MEWPs of type 2 and 3 was restructured and amended;
— Annex F (informative): the calculation example for the dynamic factor “z” for kerb obstacle collisions
was totally revised;
— Annex ZA: Adoption of the annex to new CEN-Guide 414:2017.
Various editorial changes were made for better reading and understanding of the document.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU
Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100:2010.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
are covered are indicated in the scope of this document.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C
standard.
The object of this document is to define rules for safeguarding persons and objects against the risk of
accidents associated with the operation of Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWPs).
— This document does not repeat all the general technical rules applicable to every electrical,
mechanical or structural component.
— The safety requirements of this document have been drawn up on the basis that MEWPs are
periodically maintained according to manufacturers' instructions, working conditions, frequency of
use and national regulations.
It is assumed that MEWPs are used only by qualified and trained operators.
It is also assumed that MEWPs are checked for function daily by the operator before start of work and
are not put into operation unless all required control and safety devices/functions are available and in
working order.
If a MEWP is seldom used, the checks may be made before start of work.
— As far as possible this document sets out only the requirements that materials and equipment need
to meet in the interest of safety, and it is assumed that persons operating MEWPs are adequately
trained.
— Where for clarity an example of a safety measure is given in the text, this does not need to be
considered as the only possible solution. Any other solution leading to the same risk reduction is
permissible if an equivalent level of safety is achieved.
— As no satisfactory explanation could be found for the dynamic factors used for stability calculations
in previous national standards, the results of the tests carried out by the former CEN/TC 98/WG 1 to
determine a suitable factor and stability calculation method for MEWPs have been adopted. The test
method is described in Annex C (informative) as a guide for manufacturers wishing to use higher or
lower operating speeds and to take advantage of developments in control systems.
Similarly, to avoid the unexplained inconsistencies in coefficients of utilization for wire ropes found in
other standards for lifting devices, appropriate extracts of the widely accepted standard DIN 15020-1
have been taken into 4.5.2 and Annex D (normative) with a worked example in Annex E (informative).
This document may also be used as guidance for static elevating work platforms where the vertical
projection of the centre of the area of the platform can be outside the tipping lines.
1 Scope
1.1 This document specifies safety requirements and measures for all types and sizes of Mobile
Elevating Work Platform (MEWP, see 3.1) intended to move persons to working positions where they are
carrying out work from the work platform (WP) with the intention that persons are getting on and off the
work platform only at access positions at ground level or on the chassis.
NOTE Machines designed for the handling of goods which are equipped with work platforms as
interchangeable equipment are regarded as MEWPs.
1.2 This document is applicable to the structural design calculations and stability criteria, construction,
safety examinations and tests before MEWPs are first put into service. It identifies the hazards arising
from the use of MEWPs and describes methods for the elimination or reduction of these hazards.
It does not cover the hazards arising from:
a) use in potentially explosive atmospheres;
b) work from the platform on external live electric systems;
c) use of compressed gases for load bearing components;
d) getting on and off the work platform at changing levels;
e) specific applications (e.g. railway, ships) covered by National or local regulations.
1.3 This document does not apply to:
a) machinery serving fixed landings (see e.g. EN 81-20:2020 and EN 81-50:2020, EN 12159:2012);
b) fire-fighting and fire rescue appliances (see e.g. EN 1777:2010);
c) unguided work cages suspended from lifting appliances (see e.g. EN 1808:2015);
d) elevating operator position on rail dependent storage and retrieval equipment (see EN 528:2021);
e) tail lifts (see EN 1756-1:2021 and EN 1756-2:2004+A1:2009);
f) mast climbing work platforms (see EN 1495:1997+A2:2009);
g) fairground equipment;
h) lifting tables (see EN 1570-1:2011+A1:2014 and EN 1570-2:2016);
i) aircraft ground support equipment (see e.g. EN 1915-1:2013 and EN 1915-2:2001+A1:2009);
j) elevating operator positions on industrial trucks (see EN ISO 3691-3:2016).
1.4 Classification:
MEWPs are divided into two main groups:
a) Group A: MEWPs where the vertical projection of the centre of the area of the platform in all platform
configurations at the maximum chassis inclination specified by the manufacturer is always inside the
tipping lines.
b) Group B: All other MEWPs.
Relating to travelling, MEWPs are divided into three types:
1) Type 1: Travelling is only allowed with the MEWP in its transport position;
2) Type 2: Travelling with lifted work platform is controlled from a point of control at the chassis;
3) Type 3: Travelling with lifted work platform is controlled from a point of control at the work
platform.
NOTE Type 2 and type 3 can be combined.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12385-4:2002+A1:2008, Steel wire ropes - Safety - Part 4: Stranded ropes for general lifting
applications
EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018, Cranes - General design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof competence of steel
structure
EN 14033-1:2017, Railway applications - Track - Railbound construction and maintenance machines -
Part 1: Technical requirements for running
EN 14033-2:2017, Railway applications - Track - Railbound construction and maintenance machines -
Part 2: Technical requirements for travelling and working
EN 14033-3:2017, Railway applications - Track - Railbound construction and maintenance machines -
Part 3: General safety requirements
EN 14033-4:2019, Railway applications - Track - Railbound construction and maintenance machines -
Part 4: Technical requirements for running, travelling and working on urban rail
EN 15746-1:2020, Railway applications - Track - Road-rail machines and associated equipment - Part 1:
Technical requirements for travelling and working
EN 15746-2:2020, Railway applications - Track - Road-rail machines and associated equipment - Part 2:
General safety requirements
EN 15954-1:2013, Railway applications - Track - Trailers and associated equipment - Part 1: Technical
requirements for running and working
EN 15954-2:2013, Railway applications - Track - Trailers and associated equipment - Part 2: General safety
requirements
EN 15955-1:2013, Railway applications - Track - Demountable machines and associated equipment -
Part 1: Technical requirements for running and working
EN 15955-2:2013, Railway applications - Track - Demountable machines and associated equipment -
Part 2: General safety requirements
EN 60068-2-64:2008, Environmental testing - Part 2-64: Tests - Test Fh: Vibration, broadband random
and guidance (IEC 60068-2-64:2008)
EN 61310-1:2008, Safety of machinery - Indication, marking and actuation - Part 1: Requirements for
visual, acoustic and tactile signals (IEC 61310-1:2007)
EN 60204-1:2018, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 1: General requirements
(IEC 60204-1:2016)
EN 60204-32:2008, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 32: Requirements for
hoisting machines (IEC 60204-32:2008)
EN 60529:1991, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) (IEC 60529:1991)
EN 62061:2005, Safety of machinery - Functional safety of safety-related electrical, electronic and
programmable electronic control systems (IEC 62061:2005)
EN ISO 3744:2010, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources
using sound pressure - Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane
(ISO 3744:2010)
EN ISO 4871:2009, Acoustics - Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and
equipment (ISO 4871:1996)
EN ISO 11201:2010, Acoustics - Noise emitted by machinery and equipment - Determination of emission
sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions in an essentially free field over a
reflecting plane with negligible environmental corrections (ISO 11201:2010)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction
(ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 13849-1:2015, Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General
principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2015)
EN ISO 13849-2:2012, Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 2: Validation
(ISO 13849-2:2012)
EN ISO 13850:2015, Safety of machinery - Emergency stop function - Principles for design (ISO 13850:2015)
EN ISO 13854:2019, Safety of machinery - Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body
(ISO 13854:2017)
ISO 4305:2014, Mobile cranes - Determination of stability
ISO 4309:2017, Cranes - Wire ropes - Care and maintenance, inspection and discard
EN ISO 11688-1:2009, Acoustics - Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and
equipment - Part 1: Planning (ISO/TR 11688-1:1995)

As impacted by EN 60068-2-64:2008/A1:2019.
As impacted by EN 60529:1991/AC:1993-05, EN 60529:1991/A1:2000, EN 60529:1991/A2:2013,
EN 60529:1991/A2:2013/AC:2019-02 and EN 60529:1991/AC:2016-12.
As impacted by EN 62061:2005/AC 2010-02, EN 62061:2005/A1:2013 and EN 62061:2005/A2:2015.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
mobile elevating work platform (MEWP)
mobile machine that is intended to move persons to working positions where they are carrying out work
from the work platform with the intention that persons are getting on and off the work platform only at
access positions at ground level or on the chassis and which consists as a minimum of a work platform
with controls, an extending structure and a chassis
3.2
work platform
fenced platform or a cage which can be moved under load to the required working position and from
which erection, repair, inspection or similar work can be carried out
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.3
extending structure
structure which is connected to the chassis and supports the work platform and which allows movement
of the work platform to its required position
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Note 2 to entry: It may, for example, be a single or a telescoping or an articulating boom or ladder, or a scissors
mechanism or any combination of them, and may or may not slew on the base.
3.4
chassis
base of the MEWP, which may be pulled, pushed, self-propelled, etc. or stationary
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.5
stabilisers
devices and systems used to stabilise MEWPs by supporting and/or levelling the complete MEWP or the
extending structure, e.g. jacks, suspension locking devices, extending axles
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.6
access position
position(s) to provide access to and from the work platform
Note 1 to entry: Access position and transport position can be identical.
3.7
transport position
configuration(s) of the MEWP prescribed by the manufacturer in which the MEWP is intended to be
delivered to the place of use
Note 1 to entry: Access position and transport position can be identical.
3.8
lowering
operations to move the work platform to a lower level
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.9
lifting
operations to move the work platform to a higher level
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.10
rotating
circular movement of the work platform about a vertical axis
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.11
slewing
circular movement of the extending structure about a vertical axis
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.12
travelling
movements of the chassis except during transportation
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.13
vehicle mounted MEWP
MEWP where the chassis is a vehicle and where travelling controls are located within the cab of the
vehicle
3.14
pedestrian controlled MEWP
MEWP where the controls for powered movement in the transport position are located so that they are
capable of being operated by a person walking close to the MEWP
3.15
self-propelled MEWP
MEWP where the travelling controls are located at the work platform
3.16
rated load
load for which the MEWP has been designed for normal operation and which is composed of persons,
tools and material acting vertically on the work platform
Note 1 to entry: A MEWP can have more than one rated load.
3.17
load cycle
cycle starting from the access position, carrying out work and returning to the access position
3.18
wire rope drive system
system that comprises one or more wire rope(s) running on rope drums and on or over rope pulleys as
well as any associated rope drums, rope pulleys and compensating pulleys
3.19
chain drive system
system that comprises one or more chain(s) running on chain sprockets and on or over chain pulleys as
well as any associated chain sprockets, chain pulleys and compensating pulleys
3.20
type test
test on the representative model of a new design or one incorporating significant changes to an existing
design, carried out by or on behalf of the manufacturer or their authorised representative
3.21
totally manually powered MEWP
MEWP with movement powered only by manual effort
3.22
rail mounted MEWP
MEWP where travelling is guided by rails
3.23
load sensing system
system of monitoring the vertical load and vertical forces on the work platform
Note 1 to entry: The system includes the measuring device(s), the way the measuring devices are incorporated in
the machinery and the signal processing system.
3.24
moment sensing system
system of monitoring the moment acting about the tipping line tending to overturn the MEWP
Note 1 to entry: The system includes the measuring device(s), the way the measuring devices are incorporated in
the machinery and the signal processing system.
3.25
wireless control
means by which the MEWP operator’s commands are transmitted without any physical connection for at
least part of the distance between the control console and the rest of the control system
3.26
self-revealing failure or fault
failure or fault of a component where the failure or fault is apparent to the MEWP operator and can be
revealed without the use of monitoring services
Note 1 to entry: Failure or fault may be apparent to the MEWP operator through:
— changes of operating characteristics, and/or
— visual evidence, and/or
— audible evidence, and/or
— other evidence.
3.27
working envelope
space in which the work platform is designed to work within the specified loads and forces under normal
operating conditions
Note 1 to entry: MEWPS can have more than one working envelope.
3.28
exchangeable work platform
work platform according to 3.2 which is intended to be exchanged without using tools
Note 1 to entry: Such platforms may be of different sizes and/or capacities.
Note 2 to entry: Such platforms do not modify the original function of the MEWP.
Note 3 to entry: Work platforms which are interchangeable equipment intended to be fitted on machines other
than MEWPs are not covered by this definition. For the combination refer to note in 1.1.
3.29
lowered travel position
configuration(s) of the MEWP for travel up to maximum travel speed
Note 1 to entry: The lowered travel position, access position (3.6) and transport position (3.7) can be identical.
3.30
safety function
function of a machine whose failure can result in an immediate increase of the risk(s)
Note 1 to entry: A safety function may be composed of safety devices (e.g. actuators, sensors, logic units and
switching components) and software as well as interconnecting means.
3.31
elevated travel position
configuration of the MEWP (3.1) for travel outside the lowered travel position (3.29)
3.32
personal fall protection system
assembly of components for protection against falls from a height, including a body holding device and
an attachment system, which can be connected to a reliable anchorage point (see 3.2.1 of EN 363:2018)
Note 1 to entry: Personal fall protection systems can be restraint systems or fall arrest systems (see 3.2.1 of
EN 363:2018).
3.33
first descent limit
'first descent limit' is a position where the vertical distance between the outer ends of the scissors is not
less than 50 mm, so that crushing and shearing of fingers cannot occur
3.34
variable operating parameters
operating parameters of the MEWP (e.g. working envelope, rated load, maximum allowable slope, wind,
n. of people, etc.) whose combination generates different operating conditions
3.35
monitored variable operating parameters
variable operating parameters that are controlled by a safety function
3.36
pothole protection
means to mitigate the effect of entering a depression
a)
b)
c)
d)
Key
1 work platform (see 3.2)
2 extending structure (see 3.3)
3 chassis (see 3.4)
4 stabilizers (see 3.5)
Figure 1 — Illustration of some definitions (1)
a) lowering/lifting (see 3.8 and 3.9)

b) rotating (see 3.10)
c) slewing (see 3.11)
d) travelling (see 3.12)
Figure 2 — Illustration of some definitions (2)
4 Safety requirements and/or measures
4.1 General
4.1.1 Machinery shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of this clause.
For significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, as far as they are dealt with in this document,
see Annex A. In addition, the machine shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100:2010
for relevant but not significant hazards, which are not dealt with by this document.
4.1.2 Totally manually powered MEWPs having a height of the floor of the work platform above ground
level not exceeding 5 m (see 6.2.17) are exempted from all safety requirements which cannot be met
without power supply
4.2 Structural and stability calculations
4.2.1 General
It is the manufacturer's responsibility:
a) for structural calculations, to evaluate the individual loads and forces in their positions, directions
and combinations producing the least favourable stresses in the components, and
b) for stability calculations, to identify the various positions of the MEWP and combinations of loads
and forces creating together conditions of minimum stability.
4.2.2 Loads and forces
The following loads and forces shall be taken into account:
a) rated load (see 4.2.3.1);
b) dead weights (see 4.2.3.2);
c) wind loads (see 4.2.3.3);
d) manual forces (see 4.2.3.4);
e) special loads and forces (see 4.2.3.5).
4.2.3 Determination of loads and forces
4.2.3.1 Rated load
The rated load m is:
m=nm⋅ + m (1)
pe
where
is 80 kg (mass of a person);
m
p
is ≥ 40 kg (minimum mass of tools and material);
m
e
n
is the permitted number of persons on the work platform.
The mass of each person is assumed to act as a point load on the work platform and any platform
extension at a horizontal distance of 0,1 m from the upper inside edge of the top rail. The distance
between the point loads shall be 0,5 m (see Figure 3 as an example).
The mass of equipment is assumed to act as an evenly distributed load on 25 % of the floor of the work
platform. If the resulting pressure exceeds 3 kN/m the figure of 25 % may be increased to a figure giving
a pressure of 3 kN/m (see Figure 4 as an example).
All these loads are assumed to be located in the positions giving the most severe results.
The above rated load refers to the maximum people and materials loads that can be placed on the deck
including any extension. Lower rated loads can be specified for extension(s) and under these
circumstances the load distributions specified in 5.1.4.2.1, 5.1.4.2.2 and 5.1.4.3 will need to be taken into
account.
Figure 3 — Rated load – persons

Key
1 tipping line
Figure 4 — Rated load – equipment
4.2.3.2 Dead weights
The masses of the components of the MEWP when they are not moving shall be taken to be static dead
weights.
The masses of the components of the MEWP when they are moving shall be taken to be dynamic dead
weights.
4.2.3.3 Wind loads
4.2.3.3.1 All MEWPs used out-of-doors are re
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