EN 1824:2020

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2020
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 1824:2011
Materiali za označevanje vozišča - Terenski preskusi
Road marking materials - Road trials
Straßenmarkierungsmaterialien - Feldprüfungen
Produits de marquage routier - Essais routiers
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 1824:2020
ICS:
93.080.20 Materiali za gradnjo cest Road construction materials
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 1824
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2020
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 93.080.20 Supersedes EN 1824:2011
English Version
Road marking materials - Road trials
Produits de marquage routier - Essais routiers Straßenmarkierungsmaterialien - Feldprüfungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 August 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 1824:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Test sites and conditions . 7
4.1 General . 7
4.2 Test sites characteristics and location . 7
4.3 Climatic conditions and classes . 7
Table 1 — Test Field climatic classes . 7
4.4 Road surface conditions and classes . 7
Table 2 — Test field roughness classes . 8
4.5 Roll-over classes . 8
Table 3 — Roll-over classes . 9
4.6 Studded tyres . 9
5 Organization of road trials . 9
5.1 Duration . 9
5.2 Transverse and longitudinal application patterns . 10
5.2.1 General . 10
5.2.2 Transverse pattern . 10
Figure 1 — Example of a transverse pattern showing a measurement column . 10
5.2.3 Longitudinal pattern . 10
Figure 2 — Example of a longitudinal pattern showing a measurement column . 11
6 Application of road markings . 11
6.1 General . 11
6.2 Periods for application . 12
6.3 Conditions suitable for application . 12
6.4 Technical specification for application . 12
6.5 Sampling and measurements . 13
6.5.1 Sampling . 13
6.5.2 Measurement of drying time and weather conditions. 13
6.5.3 Determination of the useful rate(s) of application and the rate(s) of consumption
during application . 13
7 Measurements related to performance . 14
7.1 General . 14
7.2 Parameters . 14
7.3 Measurement areas . 14
7.3.1 Roll-over classes . 14
7.3.2 Position . 14
7.4 Direction of measurements . 15
7.5 Number of measurements in the measurement area . 15
7.6 Periodicity of measurements . 15
Table 4 — Periodicity of measurements . 16
8 Individual test report for road marking . 16
Annex A (normative) Köppen classification. 17
A.1 General . 17
A.2 Step 1: Determine whether a climate is arid/semiarid (climate B) . 17
Table A.1 — Rainfall distribution. 17
A.3 Step 2: If not a B Climate, identify the climate as A, C, D or E according to temperature
data . 17
A.4 Step 3: After identifying A, Bs, Bw, C, D or E, determine the climate subcategories . 18
A.4.1 A climates . 18
A.4.2 B climates . 18
A.4.3 C or D climates . 18
A.4.4 E climates . 18
A.5 Step 4: For C and D climates, determine a third letter . 18
Annex B (normative)  Measurement of the distribution of wheel passages and the
percentage of heavy vehicles . 19
B.1 General . 19
B.2 Definitions . 19
Figure B.1 — Illustration of definitions . 20
B.3 Principles . 20
B.4 Wheel counting measurement system . 20
B.5 Determination of the number of wheel passages . 21
B.5.1 General . 21
B.5.2 Determination of the transversal relative wheel passages distribution for one day . 21
B.5.3 Determination of the number of wheel passages during ΔT . 21
Figure B.2 — Example of number of wheel passages derived during ΔT for light, heavy and all
vehicles . 22
B.5.4 Determination of the percentage of heavy vehicles . 23
B.5.5 Determination of roll over classes . 23
Annex C (normative) Determination of the rate of application and the rate of consumption of
materials during application . 24
C.1 General . 24
C.2 Apparatus . 24
C.3 Determination of the rate of consumption during application . 24
C.4 Determination of the useful rate of application . 25
C.4.1 General . 25
C.4.2 Drop-on/other material . 25
C.4.3 Multiple drop-on and other materials . 25
C.4.4 Determination of the rate of application of the road marking and its components . 25
C.5 Expression of results . 26
Annex D (normative) Drying time determination . 27
Annex E (normative) Meteorological determinations during application . 28
E.1 General . 28
E.2 Road surface temperature . 28
E.3 Temperature and relative humidity of the air . 28
E.4 Dew point . 28
Table E.1 — Determination of the dew point . 29
E.5 Wind speed . 29
Annex F (normative) Removability . 30
F.1 General . 30
F.2 Assessment of removability . 30
Annex G (normative) Determination of cover index . 31
G.1 General . 31
G.2 Apparatus . 31
Figure G.1 — Example of a reference grid frame consisting of 12 squares . 31
G.3 Procedure . 32
G.4 Evaluation . 32
Table G.1 — Assessment of rating of grid squares . 32
Table G.2 — Specimen cover index . 32
Annex H (informative) Model of test report . 33
Table H.1 — Model of test report . 34
Bibliography . 35
European foreword
This document (EN 1824:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 226 “Road
equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2021, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 1824:2011.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
1 Scope
This document specifies the requirements for conducting road trials for road marking intended for use in
both permanent and temporary road marking. Details are given for test sites, for the application of road
marking materials on the test sites, for the parameters to be measured and the frequency of the
measurements and for the presentation of the results in the form of a test report.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1436, Road marking materials - Road marking performance for road users and test methods
EN 13036-1, Road and airfield surface characteristics - Test methods - Part 1: Measurement of pavement
surface macrotexture depth using a volumetric patch technique
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
roll-over class
number of wheel passages over a point of a road surface within a specified period of time
3.2
useful rate of application
−2
quantity, expressed in g × m , of base material and/or drop-on and/or other materials which have
adhered to the road surface, when lines are done
3.3
rate of consumption during application
−2
quantity, expressed in g × m , of drop-on or injection materials at the exit of the guns of the application
equipment
3.4
percentage of heavy vehicles
ratio between the number of heavy vehicles and the number of all vehicles circulating on the test site
3.5
road marking assembly
assembly composed of base road marking material together with the precise application instructions and
designs including the identification of the manufacturer, dosages, types and proportions of additional
materials (drop-on or other) needed to build up the applied road marking, every change to which is a new
assembly
4 Test sites and conditions
4.1 General
Test sites shall be arranged at suitable locations in accordance with 4.2 to 4.5. The test results may depend
on test field location, climate, road surface and traffic which shall be described according to 4.2 to 4.6.
4.2 Test sites characteristics and location
The test site shall be located in an area which belongs to one of the climatic classes defined in 4.3.
The test site shall consist of a field, where the road markings are to be applied. The roads used for test sites
should be straight and flat and without junctions, substantial obstacles to daylight, sources of frequent dirt
(quarries, field exits, etc.) or tracked vehicles.
NOTE It is useful to have additional areas at the roadsides and/or at both ends in order to allow safe working
conditions and convenient operation of application with road marking equipment.
The percentage of heavy vehicles on the test site shall be 5 % to 25 % of all vehicles.
The location of the test site shall be indicated in the test report.
4.3 Climatic conditions and classes
Climatic classes (see Table 1) are defined according to the Köppen classification and the use of winter
maintenance.
Köppen classification shall be determined according to Annex A.
Winter maintenance is defined by the number of times that snowplough have operated on the test field
during the road trials. Winter maintenance is applicable if this number is equal to or greater than 20 and
shall be considered only for the Köppen zone Cfb.
Table 1 — Test Field climatic classes
Climatic Class Climatic zone according to Köppen
Dfc
C1
E
C2 Cfb without Winter maintenance
Cfb with Winter maintenance
C3 Dfb
Dsb
Csa
Bsh
C4
Cfa
Csb
4.4 Road surface conditions and classes
Road trials shall be carried out on asphaltic road surfaces of an age of 1 year or more, which are in good
condition and not in need of repair for the duration of the road trials and are not damaged by the presence
of wheel tracks, fissures, cracks or similar.
NOTE 1 Road trials on cement concrete surfaces do not give repeatable results because of on-going chemical
reactions.
At the commencement of a road trial, a road surface report of the road trial shall be available. The test
surface report shall include a general description of the road surface and an account of the texture depth
(MTD: mean texture depth), determined in accordance with EN 13036-1.
The MTD shall be measured at several locations on the test field. The number of measurements depends
on the test field length. Measurements shall be carried out, at least, at three transversal locations and
repeated every 30 m on the test field. The transversal measurements locations are in the centre of the
carriageway, near the right and left edge line.
The average mean texture depth is derived from these measurements. The standard deviation shall be
within the limits specified in EN 13036-1.
NOTE 2 The depth of pavement surface macrotexture can be determined by measuring the profile of a surface and
calculating the texture depth from this profile in accordance with EN ISO 13473-1. (MPD: mean profile depth, resp.
ETD: estimated texture depth). Depending to the averaged measured texture depth, the test field roughness is
described in term of roughness class according to Table 2.
Table 2 — Test field roughness classes
Average depth of pavement surface
Roughness class
macrotexture (MTD, ETD)
RG1 ≤ 0,60 mm
RG2 > 0,60 mm and ≤ 0,90 mm
RG3 > 0,90 mm and ≤ 1,20 mm
RG4 > 1,20 mm
NOTE 3 The texture depth has an influence on the result of road trials, at least for materials applied in thin layers.
4.5 Roll-over classes
The volume of traffic shall be such as to ensure that one or more measurement areas with the desired roll-
over class can be selected (see 7.3).
At the termination of a road trial, a traffic report for the duration of the road trial should be made available.
The traffic report shall include the roll-over classes according to Table 3, determined on the measurement
area(s) in accordance with Annex B.
Table 3 — Roll-over classes
Roll-over class Number of wheel passages
T0 ≤ 50 000
T1 Between 50 000 and 60 000
T2 100 000 (±20 000)
P0 ≤ 50 000
P1 Between 50 000 and 60 000
P2 100 000 (±20 000)
P3 200 000 (±40 000)
P4 500 000 (±100 000)
P5 1 000 000 (±200 000)
P5.5 1 500 000 (±150 000)
P6 2 000 000 (±200 000)
P7 4 000 000 (±400 000)
NOTE The roll-over classes T0, T1 and T2 are for materials intended for
temporary road markings, while the roll-over classes P0 to P7 are for materials
intended for permanent road markings.
The traffic report should further include the percentage of heavy vehicles together with an indication of
the counting method used.
A vehicle is considered a heavy vehicle if its maximum gross mass is above 7 500 kg.
4.6 Studded tyres
From general experience, the use of studded tyres can be relevant to the erosion of road markings. For
road trial sites where studded tyres are used, this shall be indicated on the test report. When available, the
percentage of vehicles with studded tyres shall be indicated in the report.
A test period during which studded tyres are used shall end with the summer period in order to allow for
the recovery of the road marking performance.
5 Organization of road trials
5.1 Duration
A road trial shall include at least one full climatic cycle of one year for materials intended for permanent
road marking and up to 6 months for materials intended for temporary road marking. In order to be able
to organize road trials on a yearly basis on the same road site, the minimum duration may be reduced to
10 months (provided that the winter period is included in these 10 months). The test reports shall always
precise the duration of the road trials.
5.2 Transverse and longitudinal application patterns
5.2.1 General
Road markings shall be applied in patterns of lines either transverse or longitudinal to the road.
When a long (more than 40 cm) measurement area is necessary, the transverse pattern cannot be used.
When both the transverse and longitudinal patterns are used on the same test site, they shall be used on
separate parts of that test site.
5.2.2 Transverse pattern
At least three lines shall be applied for each road marking. The distance between two adjacent lines should
be at least 0,35 m and the width at least 0,15 m as shown in Figure 1. The application can be done across
one or two lanes.
NOTE Lines of the same material need not be adjacent.
Dimensions in metres
Key
1 edge line 5 measurement area
2 Lane 2 6 axis of measurement column
3 Lane 1 7 measurement column
4 road marking in test 8 measurement points for determination of the
number of wheel passages
Figure 1 — Example of a transverse pattern showing a measurement column
5.2.3 Longitudinal pattern
Lines are applied in transverse rows and longitudinal columns. For each of the road marking there shall
be one line in each column containing measurement areas (see 7.3.2.3).
The lines should be at least 0,13 m wide and at least 1 m long as shown in Figure 2. Unmarked space
between the lines is a minimum of 0,5 m in the longitudinal direction.
Dimensions in metres
Key
1 6 columns 6 axis of measurement column
2 4 rows 7 Measurement column
3 centre line 8 Measurement areas
4 Lane 1 9 Measurement point for the determination of
the number of wheel passages
5 edge line
Figure 2 — Example of a longitudinal pattern showing a measurement column
6 Application of road markings
6.1 General
In case of longitudinal pattern, the application shall be done in the direction of the traffic.
NOTE The test results depend on various factors related to the application of the road markings, i.e. application
method, quantities applied, weather conditions, etc.
6.2 Periods for application
Road markings shall be applied when the weather conditions are as defined in 6.3.
NOTE The participating parties can agree to include one or more periods for application. One period can, for
instance, be for materials intended for use as temporary road markings and another for materials intended for use
as permanent road markings. There are practical advantages to having the period(s) as short as possible.
For temporary road markings, the application period shall be such that the required roll-over classes are
reached, and the subsequent measurements carried out, prior to or after winter conditions.
6.3 Conditions suitable for application
Conditions shall be deemed suitable when:
a) the road surface shall be dry;
b) the road surface temperature is within limits agreed upon by the participating parties;
c) the wind speed is less than the maximum agreed upon by the participating parties.
Special road markings can be applied in other weather conditions, which shall be noted in the individual
test report (see Clause 8).
EXAMPLE The road surface temperature is at least 3 °C above the dew point of the air, the road surface
−1
temperature is between 10 °C and 50 °C and the maximum wind speed is less than 10 m × s .
6.4 Technical specification for application
Prior to the commencement of the road trials, the applicant shall submit to the test authority the
application instructions of the road marking material.
Motorized equipment shall be used to apply the base material, with the exception of the preformed road
markings that are to be applied manually. Other methods of application may be proposed with technical
justification from the applicant and approval of the organization.
The drop-on material shall be applied mechanically. If the test authority and the applicant agree to test
road marking equipment prior to the application of a road marking, the rate of application of base
materials and of drop-on materials shall be adjusted and the rate of application applied verified in
accordance with Annex C. A road marking equipment shall be rejected if any of three rates of application
applied in three successive test runs deviates more than 20 % from the average rate of application.
NOTE 1 The application instructions will include preparation methods (such as how to melt a thermoplastic
material), what type of application to use (e.g. extrusion of a thermoplastic material), any particular road marking
equipment required, the pattern of application (e.g. plain or a certain type of structure), the rate(s) of application (in
grams per square metre), what drop-on materials to add, their rate(s) of application and the method to use.
NOTE 2 Most materials, except preformed materials, can be applied using self-propelled road marking equipment;
this ensures better repeatability of the application.
NOTE 3 The road marking equipment used can either be those put to general commercial use or special road
marking equipment. The road marking equipment can be operated by the usual crews or by staff at the test site.
6.5 Sampling and measurements
6.5.1 Sampling
When samples are required for identification or other purposes, each road marking material, all the
components of a multiple component material, and drop-on materials shall be taken into account. For
certification purposes, sampling shall be done by the road trial organization.
If diluents are allowed and used for the application, the rate of dilution shall be verified by sampling
materials both from the original container and from the tank.
NOTE 1 For materials used in more than one application, it is not necessary to sample every application.
NOTE 2 The participating parties can agree to include further specifications for sampling, such as quantities to
sample.
6.5.2 Measurement of drying time and weather conditions
When required by the participating parties, the drying time shall be measured for paints and cold plastics.
The drying time shall be determined in accordance with Annex D for at least one of the lines containing a
measurement area (see 7.3) for further measurements.
The drying time shall be reported together with an account of the weather conditions, including the
ambient temperature, the road surface temperature, the relative air humidity and the wind speed as
measured during application in accordance with Annex E.
6.5.3 Determination of the useful rate(s) of application and the rate(s) of consumption during
application
During the application of a road marking, the rates of application of the base material and of any drop-on
or other material shall be determined in accordance with Annex C. The organization shall define a criterion
for the acceptability of the application of a road marking depending on the different rates measured for
each line applied (products and/or drop-on).
NOTE For example, the application is rejected if any of the rates of application from the different lines deviates
more than 10 % from the average rate of application, or if the average rate of application deviates more than, for
example, 15 % from the rate of application given in the specification for the material.
The calculation of the rate of drop-on can have very large uncertainties. For example if the rate of
application of the product has variations in quantities that are comparable to the amount of drop on to be
applied (for thick layers for example), the calculation of the rate of drop-on can give negative results. The
organization should define what actions are to be taken in such situation.
7 Measurements related to performance
7.1 General
Test lines shall only be washed when it is necessary to do so and by agreements between the participating
parties. Washing shall be with a soft brush using clear water. The performance shall be then determined
once the product is dry. When test lines have been washed, it shall be indicated on the test report.
7.2 Parameters
The following parameters are relevant to this document:
a) coefficient of retroreflected luminance, R dry;
L
b) coefficient of retroreflected luminance, R wet;
L
c) coefficient of retroreflected luminance, R during rain;
L
d) luminance coefficient in diffuse illumination, Q ;
d
e) colour: luminance factor, β, and x, y chromaticity coordinates;
f) skid resistance, SRT value;
g) removability (only for removable temporary road markings), may be measured if required for
informative purpose only;
h) cover index, if required.
The parameters a) to f) are defined in EN 1436 and shall be measured in accordance with that standard.
If required, removability shall be measured in accordance with Annex F.
If required, cover index shall be measured in accordance with Annex G.
NOTE 1 For road surfaces with mean texture depth greater than 1,5 mm, the determination of cover index is
irrelevant.
NOTE 2 The participating parties can agree which parameters to measure on the basis of the intended use of the
road marking.
7.3 Measurement areas
7.3.1 Roll-over classes
One or more measurement areas shall be defined in terms of roll-over classes in accordance with Table 3
taking into account the periodicity of measurements (see 7.6).
7.3.2 Position
7.3.2.1 Wheel passages
The wheel passage distribution shall be determined in accordance with Annex B.
7.3.2.2 Transverse pattern
When introducing a measurement area, wide column along the road shall be selected (see Figure 1) so that
points within the column are expected to have as close to the desired number of wheel passages as
possible. The width of the column shall be at least 0,15 m and not exceed 0,4 m.
The measurement area shall consist of at least two lines of the same road marking.
7.3.2.3 Longitudinal pattern
When introducing a measurement area, a 0,13 m wide column along the road shall be selected (see
Figure 2) so that points within the column lie within longitudinal lines and have as close to the desired
number of wheel passages as possible.
The measurement area shall consist of at least 1 m of one line of one road marking (see Figure 2).
7.4 Direction of measurements
For transverse pattern, measurements shall be carried out in the direction of the application except SRT
which shall be determined in the direction of the traffic.
For longitudinal pattern, measurements shall be carried out in the direction of the traffic.
7.5 Number of measurements in the measurement area
For each parameter to be measured, the test authority shall define a number of measurement points evenly
distributed across the measurement area. The final result shall be expressed as the average value for the
different measurement points.
In the transverse pattern, a measurement area consists of at least two parts. The measuring points shall
be divided equally between each part.
(dry, wet, during rain), skid resistance and Q measurement shall be carried out according
For colour, β, RL d
to EN 1436. For R (dry, wet or/and during rain) and Q use a number of measuring locations to provide a
L d
total minimum measured surface area of 400 cm .
For skid resistance at least two points shall be selected.
For removability it shall be tested for two of the lines on the transverse pattern, and for the first half of a
line in the longitudinal pattern in accordance with Annex F.
7.6 Periodicity of measurements
The parameters shall be measured as shown in Table 4 (marked ‘+’).
Table 4 — Periodicity of measurements
Initial measurements
After application,
Retained
Retained
measurements shall be taken
measurements
measurements
after a minimum of 3 days
Parameter
After one full climatic
after exposure to traffic and
Before 6 monthsc
cyclec or more
before a maximum of
(temporary)
(permanent)
14 days (permanent and
a b
temporary)
R (in dry, wet
L
and under rain
+ + +
condition when
relevant)
Q
+ + +
d
Colour (x, y; β) + + +
SRT + + +
Removability  +
Cover index + + +
NOTE Other measuring periods can be used in field trials with special purposes.
a
The test authority shall define the number of measurement areas. In the case of a single measurement area,
preferably on the line with most traffic.
b
This limit can be extended to 30 days of exposure in case of justified problem like major meteorological
perturbations.
c
For the retained roll-over classes according to Table 3.
8 Individual test report for road marking
The individual test report for a road marking shall at least include:
— product name and similar general information;
— technical data for application and removability including technical specifications for materials, road
marking equipment used, rates of application and if required, drying time (see Clause 6);
— results of measurement (see Clause 7);
— summary of climatic, traffic and road surface conditions for the test site and its location according to
Clause 4;
— percentage of heavy vehicle (informative);
— Dated reference to the applicable standard at the time of the test.
NOTE 1 It may be appropriate to attach to the individual test report, the general report for the test site (see
Clause 4).
NOTE 2 A model of an individual test report is given in Annex H, Table H.1.
Annex A
(normative)
Köppen classification
A.1 General
The aim of this annex is to determine in which climatic area belongs a test field using the Köppen
classification system.
The Köppen Climate Classification System is the most widely used for classifying the world's climates. It
defines six major climate types based on annual and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation.
Each type is designated by a capital letter (A, B, C, D, E and H).
Further sub-types, designated by a second lower case letter (f, m, s or w), were established to distinguish
specific seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation.
To further denote variations in climate a third lower letter (a, b, c, d, h or k) was added.
A.2 to A.5 present the different steps that shall be used to determine the Köppen climate type from
meteorological data measured closed to the test field. Temperature and rainfall parameters have to be
derived from the past 30 years.
A.2 Step 1: Determine whether a climate is arid/semiarid (climate B)
A.2.1 Determine the annual rainfall r (in mm) and the annual average temperature t (in °C).
A.2.2 If r > 20 × (t + 14) it is not a climate B. Go to A.3.
A.2.3 Determine the rainfall distribution. Then determine Bs, Bw or neither according to the criteria
given in Table A.1 below.
Table A.1 — Rainfall distribution
Not a B climate
Bs (Semi-arid) Bw (Arid)
Go to A.3
70 % of rainfall in warmest
r > 20 × (t + 14) 10 × (t + 14) < r < 20 × (t + 14) r < 10 × (t + 14)
6 months
70 % of rainfall in coldest
r > 20 × t 10 × t < r < 20 × t r < 10 × t
6 months
Even rainfall distribution
r > 20 × (t + 7) 10 × (t + 7) < r < 20 × (t + 7) r < 10 × (t + 7)
(neither of above)
A.3 Step 2: If not a B Climate, identify the climate as A, C, D or E according to
temperature data
The climate is determined according to temperature of coldest (t ) and/or warmest month (t ) in °C.
min max
A.3.1 if t > 18, it is an A climate;
min
A.3.2 if - 3 ≤ t ≤ 18 and t > 10, it is a C climate;
min max
A.3.3 if t < −3 and t > 10, it is a D climate;
min max
A.3.4 if t < 10, it is an E climate.
max
A.4 Step 3: After identifying A, Bs, Bw, C, D or E, determine the climate
subcategories
A.4.1 A climates
Consider the average rainfall of the driest month r (in mm):
min
— if r ≥ 60, it is an f subcategory;
min
— if r < 60 and r > 100 – (r/25), it is an m subcategory;
min min
— if it is not a f or m subcategory, it is a w subcategory.
A.4.2 B climates
Consider the average annual temperature t (in °C):
— if t ≥ 18, it is an h subcategory;
— if t < 18, it is a k subcategory.
A.4.3 C or D climates
Consider the highest and lowest average rainfall for summer months r (summer), r (summe
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