EN 13135-2:2004

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2005
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Cranes - Equipment - Part 2: Non-electrotechnical equipment
Krane -Ausrüstungen - Teil 2: Nicht-elektrotechnische Ausrüstungen
Appareils de levage a charge suspendue - Équipements - Partie 2: Équipements non
électrotechniques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13135-2:2004
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 13135-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2004
ICS 53.020.20
English version
Cranes - Equipment - Part 2: Non-electrotechnical equipment
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Équipements - Krane -Ausrüstungen - Teil 2: Nicht-elektrotechnische
Partie 2: Équipements non électrotechniques Ausrüstungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 July 2004.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2004 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13135-2:2004: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents
page
Foreword.4
1 Scope .6
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .8
4 List of significant hazards .12
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures.14
5.1 General.14
5.2 Structure and structural equipment.14
5.2.1 Structures .14
5.2.2 Structural equipment.15
5.3 Driving mechanisms.16
5.3.1 General.16
5.3.2 Clutches and couplings .17
5.3.3 Service brake.17
5.3.4 Gear drives .19
5.3.5 Wheels .19
5.3.6 Switching from manual drive to power drive.19
5.4 Rope and chain drives .20
5.4.1 Rope drives .20
5.4.2 Chain drives .24
5.5 Fixed load lifting attachments.25
5.5.1 General.25
5.5.2 Hooks .25
5.5.3 Gripping devices based on adhesion.26
5.5.4 Clamps, tongs, grapplers.26
5.5.5 Traverses .26
5.5.6 Lifting forks and C-hooks .26
5.6 Safety devices.26
5.6.1 Safety device against load drop during disconnection of drive torque.26
5.6.2 Safety device to prevent overrunning of the end positions.27
5.6.3 Derailment safety device.27
5.6.4 Tipping safety device .28
5.6.5 Means for securing the crane against wind effects .28
5.6.6 Anti-collision device.29
5.7 Fluid power systems .29
5.7.1 Controls and control devices of fluid power systems.29
5.7.2 Protective measures.29
5.7.3 Overload testing.30
5.7.4 Hydraulic equipment .30
5.7.5 Pneumatic equipment .32
5.8 Corrosion protection .33
5.9 Protection against weakening of material.33
5.10 Temperature .34
5.10.1 Selection of materials considering ambient temperature .34
5.10.2 Protection against hot parts due to operation.34
5.10.3 Protection against hot parts due to ambient conditions.34
5.11 Measures to decrease the consequences of loss of drive power .34
5.12 Hoist mechanisms in conditions of increased severity of possible harm . 35
5.12.1 Basic level of acceptable risks . 35
5.12.2 Increased severity of possible harm . 35
5.12.3 Measures to decrease the probability of occurrence of harm. 35
5.13 Additional requirements for the transportation of hot molten metals. 37
5.13.1 Decreasing the risk of dropping of load with high thermal energy . 37
5.13.2 Protection against thermal radiation and ejection of hot particles. 39
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective measures . 40
7 Information for use. 44
7.1 General . 44
7.2 Special requirements . 45
7.3 Maintenance instructions in the case of increased severity of possible harms . 45
7.4 Marking. 46
Annex A (informative)  Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application. 47
Annex B (normative)  Cross list of vocabulary . 48
Annex C (informative)  National systems of standards for hooks and brakes. 49
C.1 Hooks. 49
C.2 Brakes. 49
Annex D (informative)  Design of rail wheel flanges . 50
Annex E  (normative)  Gripping devices based on adhesion . 52
Annex ZA (informative)  Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive Machinery 98/37/EC, amended by Directive 98/79/EC . 53

Foreword
This document (EN 13135-2:2004) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147 “Cranes -
Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2005, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by April 2005.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
This standard is one part of EN 13135 The other part is:
 Cranes - Safety - Design - Requirements for equipment - Part 1: Electrotechnical equipment
For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see informative annex A.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
Introduction
This document is a harmonised standard to provide one means for non-electrotechnical equipment for cranes to
conform with the relevant Essential Health and Safety Requirements of the Machinery Directive.
This document is a type C standard as stated in EN 1070.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are
indicated in the scope of this standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B standards, the
provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines that
have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard.
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for design and selection of non-electrotechnical equipment for all types of
crane with the objectives of protecting personnel from hazards affecting their lives and health and of ensuring
reliability of function. The fixed load lifting attachments are integral part of the crane and therefore belong also to
the scope of this standard.
Non-electrotechnical equipment comprises:
 Structure and structural equipment;
 driving mechanisms;
 rope and chain drives;
 fixed load lifting attachments;
 safety devices;
 fluid power systems.
The significant hazards covered by this document are identified in clause 4.
Hazards due to noise are not covered by this standard. They are addressed in safety standards specific to each
type of crane.
The principles to be applied for cranes transporting hazardous loads are given in this standard. Particular
requirements are given for cranes transporting hot molten metal.
This standard does not give the additional requirements for:
 equipment requiring a high level of cleanliness for hygiene reasons, e.g. in direct contact with
foodstuffs or pharmaceuticals;
 equipment operating in clean rooms with a dust controlled environment, (e.g. satellite assembling room,
electronic industry, food processing, pharmaceuticals processing);
 hazards resulting from handling explosives and radiating material;
 hazards caused by operation subject to special regulations (e.g. explosive atmospheres);
 the risk related to lifting of persons.
This document is applicable to non-electrotechnical equipment which is manufactured after the date of approval
by CEN of this standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.

EN 418, Safety of machinery - Emergency stop equipment, functional aspects - Principles for design.
EN 563, Safety of machinery - Temperatures of touchable surfaces - Ergonomics data to establish temperature
limit values for hot surfaces.
EN 818-1, Short link chain for lifting purposes - Safety - Part 1: General conditions of acceptance.
EN 818-7:2002, Short-link chain for lifting purposes - Safety - Part 7: Fine tolerance hoist chain, Grade T (Types
T, DAT and DT).
EN 982:1996, Safety of machinery - Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components -
Hydraulics.
EN 983:1996, Safety of machinery - Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components -
Pneumatics.
EN 1037, Safety of machinery - Prevention of unexpected start-up.
EN 1050:1996, Safety of machinery - Principles for risk assessment.
EN 1070:1998, Safety of machinery - Terminology.
EN 12644-1, Cranes - Information for use and testing - Part 1: Instructions.
EN 13001-1:2004, Cranes - General design - Part 1: General principles and requirements.
EN 13001-2:2004, Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load effects.
CEN/TS 13001-3-1, Cranes - General design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof of competence of steel structures.
EN 13202:2000, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Temperatures of touchable hot surfaces – Guidance
for establishing surface temperature limit values in production standards with the aid of EN 563.
EN 13135-1:2003, Cranes - Safety - Design - Requirements for equipment - Part 1: Electrotechnical equipment.
EN 13155:2003, Cranes - Safety - Non-fixed load lifting attachments.
EN 13411-1, Terminations for steel wire ropes - Safety - Part 1: Thimbles for steel wire rope slings.
EN 13411-3:, Terminations for steel wire ropes - Safety - Part 3: Ferrules and ferrule-securing.
EN 13411-4, Terminations for steel wire ropes - Safety - Part 4: Metal and resin socketing.
EN 13411-6:, Terminations for steel wire ropes - Safety - Part 6: Asymmetric wedge socket.
prEN 13411-7, Terminations for steel wire rope - Safety - Part 7: Symmetric wedge socket.
EN 13557 Cranes - Controls and control stations.
EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
EN ISO 12100-2, Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design - Part 2: Technical
principles (ISO 12100-2:2003)
ISO 2408, Steel wire ropes for general purposes – Minimum requirements.
ISO 4306-1:1990, Cranes - Vocabulary - Part 1: General.
ISO 4308-1:2003, Cranes and lifting appliances - Selection of wire ropes - Part 1: General.
ISO 4347, Leaf chains, clevises and sheaves.- Dimensions, measuring forces and tensile strengths
ISO 5598:1985, Fluid power systems and components - Vocabulary.
ISO/DIS 12488-1, Cranes - Tolerances for wheels and travel and traversing tracks - Part 1: General.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in EN 1070:1998, EN 982:1996, EN 983:1996,
ISO 5598:1985 and ISO 4306-1:1990 and the following apply.
3.1
backup brake
additional brake to the service brake that is able to stop and hold the load
NOTE 1 A backup brake can have less lifetime than the service brake.
NOTE 2 Such a brake is also known as emergency brake or safety brake.
3.2
chain drive
device for supporting and moving loads via chain and wheel arrangements, comprising all the attachments and
parts which transmit the force to the driving mechanism, for example, chain drive wheels, chains, chain
reversing wheels, chain terminations and chain guides
3.3
clamp
load handling device which generates the load holding forces by means of compression and friction
3.4
compensating lever
beam to equalise forces in the ends of two ropes. The amount of compensation is limited by the permitted
movement of the sheave
3.5
compensating sheave
sheave which performs the compensating lever function in a single rope system. The amount of compensation
is not limited by the movement of the sheave
3.6
crane
machine for cyclic lifting or cyclic lifting and handling of loads suspended on hooks or other load handling
devices, whether manufactured to an individual design, in series production, or from prefabricated components
NOTE "Suspension" may include additional means to prevent swinging/rotation of the load.
3.7
driving mechanism
complete mechanism for each crane movement such as lifting, travelling, rotating, telescoping
3.8
fixed load-lifting attachment
equipment, being part of the crane, from which the load or the non-fixed load lifting attachment is supported and
which is permanently fastened to the hoist medium(s) (e.g. rope, chain) such as hooks, fixed build-in grabs,
traverses, tongs
3.9
grappler
load handling device for gripping pipes
3.10
load closing clamp or tong
clamp or tong in which the clamping force is produced by the working load
3.11
load handling magnet
load handling device in which the adhesive forces are generated magnetically
3.12
load hook
device attached to chain, rope, pulley block or lifting attachment from which the load, load handling devices or
slings can be suspended
3.13
maximum static force/torque
force/torque created at a particular point of the force flow due to gravity applied to the mechanism, tanking into
account:
 the gross load;
 the given operating conditions e.g. configuration, position of the load;
 reeving;
 unfavourable effect of the efficiency coefficient of the reeving system
3.14
multi-plate hook
load hook consisting of several plates principally used for transporting hot molten masses
3.15
rated capacity for crane
load that the crane is designed to lift for a given operating condition e.g. configuration, position of the load
3.16
rated capacity for lifting attachment
load that the lifting attachment is designated to lift
3.17
rated load
force vector provided by gravity applied to the mass equal to the rated capacity
3.18
redundancy
multiple arrangement of components and/or sub-assemblies arranged so that if one of the components or sub-
assemblies fails, the function remains unaltered
3.19
rope drive
device for supporting and moving loads via rope and sheave arrangements, comprising all the attachments and
parts which transmit the force to the driving mechanism, for example, rope drums, wire ropes, sheaves,
compensating sheaves, rope terminations and rope guides
3.20
rope anchorage
arrangement comprising the parts between the rope termination and the major load bearing structure, e.g. pins,
bolts, compensating levers, tension rods
3.21
rope sheave
wheel which supports the rope and can change the direction of the rope without change of the rope force,
except minor losses due to the efficiency of the rope sheave system
3.22
rope termination
equipment to connect the end of the rope to a rope anchorage
3.23
single-plate hook
load hook consisting of one segment
3.24
slipping limit force
passive tangential limit force available to resist slipping at the contact surface between two objects compressed
together; magnitude is the compressive force between two objects multiplied by the minimum expected friction
coefficient
3.25
structure (of the crane)
all load bearing components necessary to support the mechanical and electrical components and the handled
load
NOTE The main structure components comprise for example:
 structure of the bridge girders;
 structure of the end truck;
 structure of the trolleys;
 structure of the base frames of the mobile cranes;
 structure of the jib(s);
 structure of the gantry crane rotating platforms;
 structure of the floating cranes floating bodies;
 devices to prevent derailment;
 guy ropes;
 structures for cables dragging or contact conductor installations
3.26
tear-off force
minimum force, perpendicular to the gripping surface, which disconnects the load from the gripping device
based on adhesion
3.27
tong
load handling device that provides clamping forces, a positive fit, or friction plus positive fit between two jaws
3.28
traffic zone
area which is accessible to persons without:
 opening a guard;
 activating a trip device;
 using additional means
3.29
vacuum lifter
load handling device in which the adhesive forces are generated pneumatically
3.30
working zone
area where persons work at or operate under operational conditions
NOTE This does not include inspection, maintenance or cleaning activities.
4 List of significant hazards
Table 1 shows a list of significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to
persons during normal use and foreseeable misuse. It also contains the corresponding relevant clauses in this
standard that are necessary to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with those hazards.
Table 1 — List of hazards
N° in Table Hazards (as listed in EN 1050:1996) Relevant clause(s) in this standard
A.1 of
EN
1050:1996
1 Mechanical hazards 5.3.1; 5.3.3; 5.4.2.2
Generated by machine parts or workpieces caused,
for example, by:
1.b) relative location 5.2.2.1; 5.6.6
1.c) mass and stability (potential energy of elements 5.2.2.1; 5.7.4.3
which may move under the effect of gravity)
1.d) mass and velocity (kinetic energy of elements in 5.2.2.1; 5.6.2; 5.6.6; 5.7.4.3
controlled or uncontrolled motion)
1.e) inadequacy of mechanical strength 5.2.1; 5.5.1; 5.13.2.2
Accumulation of energy inside the machinery
caused, for example, by:
1.g) liquids and gases under pressure 5.7.2.2, 5.7.2.3; 5.7.4.3; 5.7.4.4; 5.7.4.5
1.5 Drawing–in or trapping hazard 5.4.1.4; 5.4.2.3
1.9 High pressure fluid injection or ejection hazard 5.5.1; 5.7.4.3
2 Electrical hazards due to:
2.5 Thermal radiation or other phenomena such as the 5.9; 5.13.2.4; 5.13.2.1
projection of molten particles and chemical effects
from short circuits, overloads, etc.
3 Thermal hazards, resulting in: 5.3.1; 5.13.2.1; 5.13.2.4
3.1 Burns and scalds by a possible contact of persons, 5.7.4.5; 5.10.2
by flames or explosions and also by the radiation of
heat sources
3.2 Health damaging affects by hot or cold work 5.7.4.4; 5.7.5.5; 5.10.2
environment
5 Hazards generated by vibration
5.2 Whole body vibration, particularly when combined 5.2.1; 5.3.1; 5.7.4.4
with poor postures
6 Hazards generated by radiation
6.2 Infrared, visible and ultraviolet light 5.9; 5.13.2
7 Hazards generated by materials and substances 5.7.4; 5.7.4.2; 5.7.5; 5.13
processed, used by the machinery and by its
constituent materials
7.1 Hazards from contact with or inhalation of harmful 5.7.4.2
fluids, gases, mists, fumes, and dusts
7.2 Fire or explosion hazard 5.7.4.5.2; 5.7.4.5.3
8 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic
principles in machinery design as - e.g. - hazards
from:
8.6 Human error, human behaviour 5.6.2; 5.6.5.2
10 Unexpected start-up, unexpected overrun/
overspeed (or any similar malfunction) from:
10.1 Failure / disorder of the control system 5.3.2; 5.3.3; 5.5.1; 5.7.1; 5.7.4.2
10.2 Restoration of energy supply after an interruption 5.3.3; 5.7.1
10.4 Other external influences (gravity, wind, etc.) 5.2.1; 5.6.5.1; 5.6.5.2; 5.6.5.3; 5.7.2.2;
5.7.4.4; 5.7.4.5; 5.8; 5.9
N° in Table Hazards (as listed in EN 1050:1996) Relevant clause(s) in this standard
A.1 of
EN
1050:1996
10.6 Errors made by the operator (due to mismatch of 5.3.3; 5.7.1
machinery with human characteristics and abilities,
see 8.6)
13 Failure of the power supply
5.3.3; 5.5.3.3; 5.7.1; 5.7.2.1; 5.7.2.2;
5.7.4.3; 5.7.5; 5.7.5.2; 5.7.5.6; 5.12
14 Failure of the control circuit 5.7.1
15 Errors of fitting 5.2.2.3
16 Break-up during operation 5.3.1; 5.3.3; 5.3.4.1; 5.3.4.2; 5.4.1;

5.4.1.3; 5.4.2.2; 5.5.1; 5.5.2.1; 5.5.2.2;
5.5.2.3; 5.5.5; 5.7.1; 5.7.4.2; 5.7.4.3;
5.7.4.4; 5.13.1.4
16T Thermal effect on crane 5.4.1; 5.4.1.3; 5.5.2.1; 5.5.2.2; 5.5.5
17 Falling or ejected objects or fluids 5.7.2.3; 5.7.4.4
20 Relating to the travelling function
20.3 Movement without all parts in a safe position 5.3.6
20.6 Insufficient ability of machinery to be slowed down, 5.6.5.1; 5.6.5.2; 5.6.5.3
stopped and immobilised
21 Linked to the work position (including driving
station) on the machine
21.3 Fire (flammability of the cab, lack of extinguishing 5.7.4.5
means)
21.4 Mechanical hazards at the work position: 5.2.2.1; 5.7.2.3
a) contact with the wheels
b) rollover
c) fall of objects, penetration by objects
d) break-up of parts rotating at high speed
e) contact of persons with machine parts or tools
(pedestrian controlled machines)
22 Due to the control system
22.1 Inadequate location of manual controls 5.7.1
22.2 Inadequate design of the manual controls and their 5.7.1
mode of operation
24 Due to the power source and to the
transmission of power
24.1 Hazards from the engine and the batteries 5.7.4.3; 5.7.5.5
24.2 Hazards from transmission of power between 5.3.2; 5.3.4.1; 5.3.4.2; 5.13.1.4
machines
25 From / to third persons
25.1 Unauthorised start-up / use 5.3.6
25.2 Drift of a part away from its stopping position 5.7.4.3; 5.7.5.5
26 Insufficient instructions for the driver / operator 5.2.2.1
27 Mechanical hazards and hazardous events
27.1 From load falls, collisions, machine tipping caused 5.6.6
by:
27.1.1 Lack of stability 5.2.2.3; 5.6.4
27.1.2 Uncontrolled loading – overloading – overturning 5.6.4; 5.7.3
moments exceeded
27.1.3 Uncontrolled amplitude of movements 5.7.3; 5.7.4.3; 5.7.5; 5.7.5.3; 5.7.5.5
27.1.4 Unexpected/unintended movement of loads 5.3.2; 5.5.3.1; 5.6.1; 5.7.1; 5.7.3;
5.7.5.3; 5.7.5.5
27.1.5 Inadequate holding devices/accessories 5.5.1; 5.5.2.1; 5.5.3.1; 5.5.3.2; 5.5.3.3;
5.5.4; 5.5.6; 5.7.4.4
27.1.6 Collision of more than one machine 5.6.6
N° in Table Hazards (as listed in EN 1050:1996) Relevant clause(s) in this standard
A.1 of
EN
1050:1996
27.2 From lifting of persons 5.2.2.3; 5.5.5
27.3 From derailment 5.2.2.1; 5.3.5; 5.6.3
27.4 From insufficient mechanical strength of parts 5.3.1; 5.3.4.1; 5.3.4.2; 5.4.1; 5.4.1.2;
5.4.1.3; 5.4.1.6.1; 5.4.1.6.2; 5.4.1.6.3;
5.4.2.2; 5.5.1; 5.5.2.2; 5.5.2.3; 5.5.5;
5.7.4.4; 5.7.5; 5.7.5.3
27.5 From inadequate design of pulleys, drums 4.4.1; 5.4.1.2; 5.4.1.4; 5.4.1.5; 5.4.1.6.1
27.6 From inadequate selection/integration into the 5.2.2.2; 5.4.1; 5.4.1.2; 5.4.1.3; 5.4.1.5;
machine of chains, ropes, lifting accessories 5.4.1.6.1; 5.4.1.6.2; 5.4.1.6.3; 5.4.2;
5.4.2.2; 5.4.2.3; 5.4.2.4; 5.5.1; 5.5.2.1;
5.7.1; 5.7.4.2; 5.7.4.3; 5.7.4.4; 5.7.5;
5.7.5.3
27.7 From abnormal conditions of assembly/testing/ 5.3.3; 5.11
use/maintenance
27.8 From abnormal conditions of assembly/testing/ 5.5.5; 5.6.1
use/maintenance
31 Restricted movement of persons 5.3.1

5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
When designing or selecting non-electromechanical equipment for cranes the safety requirements or measures
of this clause 5 shall apply.
In addition, the machine shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100 for the relevant hazards
which are not dealt with by this standard.
5.2 Structure and structural equipment
5.2.1 Structures
The configuration and flexibility of the load bearing structure shall ensure that the braked wheels have such a
contact to the rail or ground that is necessary for safe stopping of the crane or the trolley.
The deformation and vibration behaviour of structures shall be limited considering the intended use of the crane.
The limits are given in standards for specific crane types.
Fasteners shall be secured in such a way that unintended loosening is prevented.
If rails are integrated into the load bearing beams, they shall be fastened with fit bolts, friction grip bolts with
adequate surfaces, or by welding. Discontinuities in the rail shall be considered adequately in fatigue
assessment.
If the connection of the rail to the structure is not shear-resistant, restraints shall be provided to prevent
longitudinal movements/creeps of the rail.
When the strength of a joint depends on pre-stressing of the fasteners, adequate contact of adjoining surfaces
shall be ensured and the pre-stressing made by a controlled method (e.g. tightening with a torque wrench).
Structures shall meet the tolerances for cranes specified in ISO/DIS 12488-1 unless otherwise specified
between the user and the manufacturer. Selection of tolerance classes shall be given in the standard for the
specific crane type, if required.
5.2.2 Structural equipment
5.2.2.1 General
Crane structures that travel at ground level shall be equipped with track cleaners; the clearance between the rail
and the track cleaner shall be less than 20 mm.
If the structure is to be routinely dismantled, transported and reassembled at a different site, components shall
be equipped with slinging points for transport, assembly and maintenance if the weight, shape or dimensions so
require. The slinging points shall be clearly recognisable and mentioned in the instruction handbook.
The structure components and their slinging points shall withstand the forces to be expected during
transportation, assembly, tests, use and maintenance.
The number and arrangement of slinging points shall be provided so that the components cannot change their
position in any unforeseeable way.
Steadying supports on structures of cranes that can be moved to different locations shall be such that they can
compensate for the discrepancies in ground level.
Structures of cranes whose intended purpose makes it necessary shall be equipped with suitable protective
devices (e.g. heat shields for transporting molten materials).
5.2.2.2 Rope-braced structures
Guy ropes or bracing ropes used for outdoor applications shall be protected from corrosion, e.g. by means of
galvanised steel wires.
In general spiral ropes should be used because of their higher rigidity and their smaller surface exposed to
corrosion compared with stranded ropes. However stranded ropes with steel core should be used for cranes
intended for frequent changes of location, because they better resist to the necessary bending of the rope.
Parallel ropes for bracing a component shall be of the same rope construction, but may be of different directions
of rope lay.
Ropes shall be anchored by means of structural devices, e.g. articulated joints, so as to be bend-free and
prevented from rotating. Ropes shall be capable of being tensioned subsequently, e.g. using a turnbuckle
without them being subjected to any additional twisting stresses.
Ropes shall be terminated in accordance with 5.4.1.6.2.
The minimum radii of rope saddles and minimum diameters of posts shall be in accordance with Table 2.
Table 2 — Rope saddles and posts
Rope construction Minimum values
Rope saddle radius Post diameter
Fully closed spiral ropes 25 d -
Open spiral ropes 20 d 40 d
Stranded ropes 15 d 30 d
NOTE d = rope diameter.
Rope saddles shall, if practicable, have a groove matched to the rope diameter.
5.2.2.3 Counterweights
Counterweights and their components shall be secured or accommodated in a housing in such a way that they
cannot become loose, and their position in relation to each other and to the crane cannot change unintentionally.
Moveable counterweights shall be guided, have protective covering at all accessible points, and their
movements shall be limited by the construction.
Counterweights of cranes that can be removed totally or partially for transporting and using the crane in different
configurations shall be designed so that:
 parts shall not become mixed up; and
 assembly and dismantling is possible without additional hazards.
The weight shall be marked on removable parts of counterweights.
Counterweights, their fastening systems and covers shall be such that it is not possible for their mass to change
as a result of the effects of weather or losses.
If moveable counterweights are not automatically moved as a function of the jib position, the relevant position of
the counterweights shall be indicated by a display that is visible from the driving position. This indicating device
is not required if the position of the counterweight is clearly recognisable from the driver's cab.
5.3 Driving mechanisms
5.3.1 General
The following basic principles shall be followed in the design of driving mechanism or selecting the components
of the mechanisms:
 The rated characteristics of the components shall comply with the corresponding applicable loading
conditions in terms of maximum loading, load spectrum and number of load cycles;
 Vibrations of the mechanisms shall be limited so that they do not cause excess amount of:
 discomfort for the crane driver;
 disturbance to the function of the equipment;
 decreasing the life of the components.
Attention shall be paid to vibrations caused by imbalances in each of the elements (see e.g. ISO 1940-1).
NOTE 1 To avoid delay in publishing, this standard does not give limit values for vibration. In order to find verifiable
requirements or acceptable levels, the designer is encouraged to refer to special literature or national standards or
experience.
The following requirements shall be met:
a) elastic or thermal deformation of structures shall not introduce stresses in mechanism or they shall be taken
into account in design;
b) driving mechanism shall be accessible for adjustment and repair;
NOTE 2 Reference should be made to European Standards for particular crane types for details of arrangement of such
access.
For travel drives, the forces created by motor torque shall be designed so that the slipping limit force is not
exceeded during normal operation (load combinations A in EN 13001-2:2004).
5.3.2 Clutches and couplings
The rated torque of the clutch/coupling shall be at least as high at any operating temperature as the maximum
static torque on the shaft of the clutch/coupling.
The maximum permissible torque of the clutch/coupling shall be at least as high at any operating temperature
as the torque impulses occurring during operation taking into account the impulse frequency and the permissible
wear.
The type of clutch/coupling shall be selected on the basis of the general design of the driving mechanism, its
use and requirements so that impermissible reactions (such as vibrations, restoring forces) are avoided.
If plastic elements are used in couplings to transmit the moment, e.g. to dampen impacts or to compensate
geometric differences, the system shall be so designed that the force flow is retained in case of a failure of such
elements.
5.3.3 Service brake
5.3.3.1 General
Crane drives shall be equipped with service brakes that stop the motions within pre-set times and prevent
unwanted movements in specified working conditions even in case of loss or failure of the energy supply and in
case of emergency stop.
For powered hoisting motions and other powered motions where the resisting forces created by friction do not
stop the motion, only power released brakes shall be used.
For powered horizontal motions, power released brakes shall be preferred but other brake types may be
specified in the standards for specific cranes types.
There are some crane motions where the use of an powered released brake is not appropriate. The product
standards shall address those motions which are not to be fitted with an automatic braking system or may be
without any braking (e.g. some hand powered bridge cranes).
Service brakes shall be such that the operator is not able to affect the design-specific braking effect without the
use of a tool.
Service brakes may be for example:
a) frictional mechanical braking by brake linings;
b) frictional mechanical braking by self locking gears, such as worm gears;
c) hydraulical braking by braking valve;
d) controlled electrical dynamic braking, for example by inverter.
5.3.3.2 Frictional mechanical braking by brake lining
The brake shall maintain its capability to stop the motion despite of heating, taking into account:
 number of brakings in a given time;
 type of drive control;
 occasional braking after interruption of power or emergency stop (see EN 60204-32);
 kinetic energy of all rotating parts like those of motor, brake, coupling and gear;
 kinetic energy of linearly moving masses like hoist medium load, trolley or crane;
 difference of potential energy of the lowered masses during braking;
 load for dynamic tests.
NOTE 1 The minimum static braking torque depends on the maximum lowering speed, therefore no figure may be given
in this standard.
If the braking-force is supplied by pre-stressed springs, the braking system shall stop the motion even in case of
a single failure of any spring.
NOTE 2 Such requirement may be fulfilled, for example, by a spring system of the compression types (helical or plate)
secured at their ends and guided to avoid buckling and loss of broken springs parts.
If helical springs are used, they shall be such that the wire diameter is greater than pitch/2 in the working
conditions, to prevent screwing in of the two spring parts in the event of a wire break.
Brake linings shall not contain asbestos. The properties and coefficient of friction shall be suitable for the
purpose during normal operation under the effect of atmospheric conditions and temperature variations.
It shall be possible to check the wear of the brake linings without the need for disassembly of the unit (if
necessary just removing protective covers). It shall be possible to check the brake system, to re-adjust the
brake and to renew the brake linings. The connection between the brake lining and the brake lining carrier shall
not become loosened unintentionally. In order to fulfil this requirement bonding and riveting of brake linings shall
bear the permissible heating and permissible wear of brake lining.
NOTE 3 Information on the calculation of brake are given in national standards. See C.2 in annex C.
For hoisting motions the dead-time of the braking system (time between triggering and full effective bra
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