EN 13445-6:2014

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit KugelgraphitRécipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 6 : exigences pour la conception et la fabrication des récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression moulés en fonte à graphite sphéroïdalUnfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron77.140.01Železni in jekleni izdelki na splošnoIron and steel products in general23.020.30MHNOHQNHPressure vessels, gas cylindersICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 13445-6:2014SIST EN 13445-6:2014en,fr,de01-november-2014SIST EN 13445-6:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 13445-6:20091DGRPHãþD

EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 13445-6
September 2014 ICS 23.020.30 Supersedes EN 13445-6:2009English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 6: Exigences pour la conception et la fabrication des récipientssous pression et des parties sous pression moulés en fonte à graphite sphéroïdal
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 August 2014.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 13445-6:2014 ESIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 2 Contents Page Foreword .5 1 Scope .7 2 Normative references .7 3 Terms, definitions, units and symbols .8 3.1 Terms and definitions .8 3.2 Units .9 3.3 Symbols .9 3.4 Inter-relation of thicknesses definitions .11 4 Service conditions .11 4.1 Cyclic loading .11 4.2 Limitations on temperature and energy content .12 5 Requirements .12 5.1 Materials .12 5.2 Design .14 5.2.1 Technical documentation .14 5.2.2 Design methods .14 5.3 Founding .20 5.3.1 General .20 5.3.2 Welding .20 6 Material testing .20 6.1 General .20 6.2 Frequency and number of tests .20 6.3 Chemical analysis .20 6.4 Graphite structure.21 6.5 Inspection documents .21 7 Testing and final assessment .21 7.1 Testing .21 7.1.1 General .21 7.1.2 Testing requirements for CQ = 0,8 .21 7.1.3 Testing requirements for CQ = 0,9 .21 7.1.4 Surface imperfections .22 7.1.5 Cracks, laps, cold shut and non-fused chaplets .23 7.1.6 Ultrasonic testing and/or sectioning .23 7.1.7 Magnetic particle testing (only for ferritic grades) .23 7.1.8 Penetrant testing .23 7.1.9 Radiographic testing .23 7.1.10 Surface roughness .24 7.1.11 Minimum wall thickness .24 7.1.12 Wall thickness tolerances .24 7.1.13 Other dimensions .24 7.1.14 Qualification of testing personnel .24 7.2 Final assessment .24 7.2.1 General .24 7.2.2 Hydraulic test pressure .24 8 Pressure vessels constructed of a combination of parts in different materials .25 9 Marking and documentation .25 9.1 Marking of castings .25 9.2 Name plate for the complete pressure vessel .25 9.3 Documentation .25 SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 3 Annex A (normative)
Technical data for the design calculations . 26 A.1 Purpose. 26 A.2 Technical data . 26 A.2.1 Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron according to EN 1563:1997 . 26 A.2.2 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron according to EN 13835:2002 . 27 Annex B (informative)
Ductility . 28 Annex C (informative)
Determination of the minimum local wall thickness and minimum required burst test pressure . 29 Annex D (normative)
Assessment of fatigue life . 30 D.1 Purpose. 30 D.2 Specific definitions . 30 D.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 30 D.4 Limitations . 31 D.5 General. 31 D.6 Simplified fatigue assessment . 31 D.6.1 Pseudo-elastic stress range . 31 D.6.2 Correction factors . 32 D.6.3 Fatigue design curves . 32 D.6.4 Allowable number of cycles . 38 D.6.5 Allowable stress range  . 38 D.7 Detailed fatigue assessment . 38 D.7.1 Pseudo-elastic stress ranges . 38 D.7.2 Corrections to stress range . 39 D.7.3 Fatigue design curves . 40 D.7.4 Allowable number of cycles . 41 D.7.5 Allowable stress range . 42 D.8 Assessment rule for total fatigue damage . 42 D.9 Repairs of surface imperfections . 42 Annex E (normative)
Design by analysis for castings . 43 E.1 Introduction . 43 E.2 Special requirements to EN 13445-3:2014, Annex B . 43 E.2.1 Addition to B.8.2.3: Design checks for normal operating load cases . 43 E.2.2 Addition to B.8.2.4: Design checks for testing load cases . 43 E.3 Additions to EN 13445-3:2014, Annex C . 43 E.4 Requirements . 44 Annex F (informative)
Recommandations for in-service validation and inspection . 45 F.1 Purpose. 45 F.2 Tests during operation . 45 F.3 Measures to be taken when the calculated allowable fatigue lifetime has been reached . 46 F.3.1 General. 46 F.3.2 Testing of vessels and pressure parts at end of life without indicated damages . 46 F.3.3 Hydraulic testing of vessels and vessel parts with indicated damages . 46 Annex G (normative)
Specific design requirements . 47 G.1 Scope . 47 G.2 Design . 47 G.2.1 General. 47 G.2.2 Cover thickness, pressure to convex side . 48 G.2.3 Pressure to concave side . 48 G.2.4 Flange thickness . 48 Annex H (normative)
Experimental cyclic pressure testing procedure . 49 H.1 Purpose. 49 H.2 Validity . 49 H.3 Tests requirements . 49 H.3.1 General. 49 H.3.2 Number of parts . 49 H.3.3 Procedure . 49 SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 4 H.3.4 Material tests .51 H.4 Allowable number of cycles .51 Annex Y (informative)
History of EN 13445-6 .53 Y.1 Differences between EN 13445-6:2009 and EN 13445-6:2014 .53 Annex ZA (informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of the EU Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC .54 Bibliography .55
Issue 1 (2014-09) 5 Foreword This document (EN 13445-6:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired pressure vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2014. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s). For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. This European Standard consists of the following Parts:  Part 1: General  Part 2: Materials  Part 3: Design  Part 4: Fabrication  Part 5: Testing and Inspection  Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
 CR 13445-7, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 7: Guidance on the use of conformity assessment procedures  Part 8: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron.  CEN/TR 13445-9, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 9: Conformance of EN 13445 series to ISO 16528 Although these Parts may be obtained separately, it should be recognised that the Parts are inter-dependant. As such the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels requires the application of all the relevant Parts in order for the requirements of the Standard to be satisfactorily fulfilled. Corrections to the standard interpretations where several options seem possible are conducted through the Migration Help Desk (MHD). Information related to the Help Desk can be found at http://www.unm.fr (en13445@unm.fr). A form for submitting questions can be downloaded from the link to the MHD website. After subject experts have agreed an answer, the answer will be communicated to the questioner. Corrected pages will be given specific issue number and issued by CEN according to CEN Rules. Interpretation sheets will be posted on the website of the MHD. This document supersedes EN 13445-6:2009. This new edition incorporates the Amendments which have been approved previously by CEN members, and the corrected pages up to Issue 5 without any further technical change. Annex Y provides details of significant technical changes between this European Standard and the previous edition. SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 6 Amendments to this new edition may be issued from time to time and then used immediately as alternatives to rules contained herein. It is intended to deliver a new Issue of EN 13445:2014 each year, starting with the present document as Issue 1, consolidating these Amendments and including other identified corrections. According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 7 1 Scope This European Standard specifies requirements for the design, materials, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts intended for use with a maximum allowable pressure, PS, equal or less than 100 bar and shell wall thicknesses not exceeding 60 mm, which are constructed of ferritic or austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. The thickness limitation of the shell does not apply to thickness of flanges, reinforcements, bosses etc. The allowable grades do not include lamellar graphite cast iron grades for ferritic and austenitic grades, which are explicitly excluded from this European Standard because of low elongation and brittle material behaviour, which requires the use of different safety factors and a different approach. NOTE 1 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades are principally used for high and low temperature applications and for their corrosion resistance properties. NOTE 2 The allowable grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron are listed in Tables 3 and Tables 4. Service conditions are given in Clause 4. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 764-2:2012, Pressure equipment — Part 2: Quantities, symbols and units EN 764-5:2002, Pressure equipment — Part 5: Compliance and inspection documentation of materials EN 837-1:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology, requirements and testing EN 837-3:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 3: Diaphragm and capsule pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology, requirements and testing EN 1369:2012, Founding — Magnetic particle testing EN 1370:2011, Founding — Examination of surface condition EN 1371-1:2011, Founding — Liquid penetrant testing — Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure die castings EN 1559-1:2011, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 1: General EN 1559-3:2011, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 3: Additional requirements for iron castings EN 1563:1997, EN 1563:1997/A1:2002, EN 1563:1997/A2:2005, Founding — Spheroidal graphite cast irons EN 12680-3:2011, Founding — Ultrasonic testing — Part 3: Spheroidal graphite cast iron castings. EN 12681:2003, Founding — Radiographic examination EN 13445-1:2014, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 1: General EN 13445-3:2014, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design EN 13445-5:2014, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 8 EN 13835:2002, EN 13835/A1:2006, Founding — Austenitic cast irons EN ISO 945-1:2008, Microstructure of cast irons — Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2008) EN ISO 8062-1:2007, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts — Part 1: Vocabulary (ISO 8062-1:2007) EN ISO 8062-3:2007, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for moulded parts — Part 3: General dimensional and geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for castings (ISO 8062-3:2007) 3 Terms, definitions, units and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 critical zone highly stressed area where a fracture is expected to occur in a burst test or where surface fatigue cracks are expected to be initiated due to fluctuating pressure loads Note 1 to entry: Critical zones may occur, for example, by any of the following:  sudden change in cross section;  sharp edges;  sharp radii;  peak stresses;  bending stresses;  stresses due to other than membrane stress;  changes in curvature. Note 2 to entry:
A critical zone is analysed by any appropriate method, e.g. holographic, interferometric, strain gauge methods, burst test, fatigue testing, FEM analysis etc. Note 3 to entry:
Additionally, thermal gradients and thermal stresses due to different operating wall temperatures need to be considered in defining critical zones. 3.1.2 purchaser individual or organisation that buys pressure equipment, including assemblies or
parts, for its own use or on behalf of the user and/or operator
3.1.3 manufacturer individual or organisation responsible for the design, fabrication, testing, inspection, installation of pressure equipment and assemblies where relevant Note 1 to entry: The manufacturer may subcontract one or more of the above mentioned tasks under its responsibility. SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 9 Note 2 to entry: In EU member states the manufacturer is responsible for compliance with the Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC. For those manufacturers outside of the EU their authorized representative inside the EU assumes this responsibility. 3.1.4 casting manufacturer subcontractor that produces the castings used in the manufacture of pressure equipment 3.1.5 testing factor
A reduction factor applied to the nominal design stress to take account of possible manufacturing deficiencies 3.1.6 temperature factor A reduction factor applied to the 0,2 % proof strength to take account of temperature influence 3.1.7 wall thickness factor a reduction factor applied to the nominal design stress to take account of reduced mechanical properties 3.1.8 ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron cast material, iron and carbon based (carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal graphite particles) with a predominantly ferritic matrix 3.1.9 austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron cast material with an austenitic matrix which is iron and carbon based and alloyed with nickel and manganese, copper and/or chromium in order to stabilize the austenitic structure at room temperature 3.2 Units For the purposes of this European Standard, the units given in EN 764-2:2012 apply. 3.3 Symbols Symbols used in this European Standard are listed in Table 3.3-1. SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 10 Table 3.3-1 — Symbols Symbol Quantity Unit c Corrosion allowance mm e Required thickness mm ea Analysis thickness
mm eact Actual thickness mm emin Minimum thickness as specified on drawing mm E Modulus of elasticity MPa f Nominal design stress
MPa F Fatigue factor related to 99,8 % survival _ Pb,act Actual burst test pressure MPaa
Pb Minimum required bursting pressure MPa a
Pd Design pressure MPa a
PS, Ps Maximum allowable pressure MPa a
PT, Pt Test pressure MPa a
RM Material strength parameter MPa
Rp0,2 0,2 %-proof strength
MPa
Rm Tensile strength
MPa Rm(3) Average tensile strength of 3 test bars taken from the same lot or heat MPa TSmin , TSmax Minimum / maximum allowable temperature °C T Calculation temperature °C V Volume
L CeWall thickness factor _ CTTemperature factor _ CQTesting factor _ nFactor depending on shape of shell _ feThickness correction factor _ fmMean stress correction factor _ fsSurface finish correction factor _ SSafety factor _ RPartial safety factor _  Casting tolerance mm 0Extra thickness due to casting process mm Poisson’s ratio _ a MPa for calculation purpose only, otherwise the unit be bar (1 MPa = 10 bar)
Issue 1 (2014-09) 11 3.4 Inter-relation of thicknesses definitions
Key e is the required thickness ea is the analysis thickness emin is the minimum thickness including corrosion allowance as indicated on drawings eact
is the actual
thickness c is the corrosion allowance  is the extra thickness due to casting process  is the casting tolerance Figure 3.4-1 — Inter-relation of thicknesses definitions 4 Service conditions 4.1 Cyclic loading Spheroidal graphite cast iron pressure vessels and vessel parts can be used for cyclic operation if the stress factor is limited to 3. If the calculated number of cycles is close to a limit number of cycles mentioned in Table 4.1-1 below to determine the need for fatigue analysis, a worst-case model shall be implemented for this determination. If it is expected that under service conditions the maximum number of full pressure cycles will exceed the limit number according to Table 4.1-1, or exceeds more than the equivalent number of cycles with smaller amplitude, then a fatigue analysis shall be performed according to Annex D. SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 12 Table 4.1-1 — Number of full pressure cycles for cyclic loading consideration Testing factor Maximum number of full pressure cycles without mandatory fatigue analysis according to Annex D CQ = 0,9 1 000 CQ = 0,8 40 000 if 2,5 < stress factor ≤ 3 200 000 If stress factor ≤ 2,5
NOTE 1 A testing factor of 0,9 implies the application of higher nominal design stresses and consequently results in a lower maximum number of full pressure cycles without mandatory fatigue analysis. NOTE 2 A stress factor (ratio of peak stress to fatigue stress) of more than 3, determined by any of the design methods given in 5.2 can be the result of inappropriate design. By enlarging radii or other small changes, an acceptable design may be generated. For pressure cycles at a pressure difference ûPi less than the full pressure, the number of equivalent full cycles is given by Equation (4.1-1): 6,8i1iinmaxieqnPûPN (4.1-1) where N is the total number of envisaged types of pressure cycles with different amplitude; ni is the number of cycles of amplitude ûP; ûPi is the pressure cycle amplitude; Pmax is the maximum permissible pressure, as defined in EN 13445-3:2014, 3.15. 4.2 Limitations on temperature and energy content The minimum and maximum allowable temperatures TSmin and TSmax shall be in accordance with the limits given in Tables 5.1-1 and 5.1-2. The product PS · V for a single casting shall not exceed 100 000 barL. 5 Requirements 5.1 Materials All cast iron grades subject to internal or external pressure shall comply with EN 1563 for ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron and EN 13835 for austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. The ferritic material grades given in Table 5.1-1 shall be used for applications where the minimum allowable temperature is higher or equal to –10 C. The material grades listed in Table 5.1-2 are intended for low temperature or high temperature design conditions. SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 13 Table 5.1-1 — Allowable material grades for usual design temperatures (-10 °C up to 300 °C) Material standard Material designation b Design temperature limits °C Symbol Number EN 1563 EN-GJS-350-22 EN-JS1010 -10  TS  300 EN-GJS-350-22-RT EN-JS1014 -10  TS  300 EN-GJS-350-22 U a EN-JS1032 -10  TS  300 EN-GJS-350-22U-RT a EN-JS1029 -10  TS  300 EN-GJS-400-18 EN-JS1020 -10  TS  300 EN-GJS-400-18-RT EN-JS1024 -10  TS  300 EN-GJS-400-18U a EN-JS1062 -10  TS  300 EN-GJS-400-18U-RT a EN-JS1059 -10  TS  300 a
Mechanical properties verified on test pieces from cast-on samples. These grades should be chosen in preference to the material grades with the separately cast samples when the unit mass of the casting is equal to or greater than 2 000 kg or when the relevant wall thickness varies between 30 mm and 200 mm. The material grades listed in Table 5.1-1 and Table 5.1-2 may be produced in the as-cast or heat treated condition (see EN 1563:1997, Clause 6). b
When materials specified in these tables are not available, other suitable materials may be used when the technical documentation defining the characteristics of the materials has been accepted in accordance with the requirements for European approval for materials (EAM) or particular material appraisal (PMA).
Table 5.1-2 — Allowable material grades for low or high temperature design conditions Material standard Material designation b Design temperature limits °C Symbol Number EN 1563 EN-GJS-350-22-LT EN-JS1015 -40  TS  300 EN-GJS-350-22U-LT a EN-JS1019 -40  TS  300 EN-GJS-400-18-LT EN-JS1025 -20  TS  300 EN-GJS-400-18U-LT a EN-JS1049 -20  TS  300 EN 13835 EN-GJSA-XNiMn23-4 EN-JS3021 -196  TS  300 EN-GJSA-XNi22 EN-JS3041 -40  TS  540 EN-GJSA-XNiMn13-7 EN-JS3071 -40  TS  300 a
Mechanical properties verified on test pieces from cast-on samples. These grades should be chosen in preference to the material grades with the separately cast samples when the unit mass of the casting is equal to or greater than 2 000 kg or when the relevant wall thickness varies between 30 mm and 200 mm. The material grades listed in Table 5.1-1 and Table 5.1-2 may be produced in the as-cast or heat treated condition (seeEN 1563:1997, Clause 6 and EN 13835:2002, Clause 6). b
When materials specified in these tables are not available, other suitable materials may be used when the technical documentation defining the characteristics of the materials has been accepted in accordance with the requirements for European approval for materials (EAM) or particular material appraisal (PMA). SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 14 Material grades EN-GJS-350-22-LT or EN-GJS-350-22U-LT can be used at design temperatures down to –60 °C. When used between (–40 ± 2) °C and (–60 ± 2) °C, impact testing at the minimum design temperature shall be:  mean value from 3 tests 12 J for acte ≤ 60 mm;  10 J for 60 mm ≤ acte ≤ 200 mm;  individual value 9 J for acte ≤ 60 mm and 7 J for 60 mm ≤ acte ≤ 200 mm. The applicable requirements for the delivery conditions given in EN 1559-1:2011 and EN 1559-3:2011 shall also apply. NOTE The use of materials working in the creep domain is not applicable to this standard since stress ranges are limited to elastic behaviour. 5.2 Design 5.2.1 Technical documentation The manufacturer shall document those items listed in EN 13445-5:2014, Clause 5 prior to fabrication. 5.2.2 Design methods 5.2.2.1.1 Principle The loadings to be accounted for shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3:2014, Clause 5. The service conditions of Clause 4 shall be accounted for. Design methods shall be in accordance with this European Standard and, when applicable, with the relevant clauses of EN 13445-3:2014. If the geometry of the component or the loading case do not allow calculation by the formulas given in EN 13445-3:2014 and Annex G, design by analysis (DBA) (see Annex E) or design by experiment (DBE) shall be applied. Depending on the complexity of the component, the loading conditions and the level of NDT testing, the designer may choose one of the following available design methods mentioned below. Guidance is given on the correlation between safety factor, testing factor and the method to assess dynamic loading (see Table 5.2-1). 5.2.2.1.2
Static loading In order to design the part for static loading, the following options can be considered by the designer. 5.2.2.1.3 Design by formula (DBF) Equations for the calculation of the various components of the pressure part are given in EN 13445-3:2014 and Annex G. Annex G gives additional equations for non-standard shaped parts often used in casting design. SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 15 5.2.2.1.4 Design by analysis (DBA) The following applies: 1) decide whether the direct route (limit load – EN 13445-3:2014, Annex B) or the stress categorisation method (EN 13445-3:2014, Annex C) will be followed. Decide whether linear or non-linear approach will be used; 2) base modelling and interpretation of calculation results shall be based on analysis thicknesses (ea) and material characteristics at operation temperature; 3) for interpretation of calculation results, follow the evaluation procedures and assessment criteria in order to evaluate the fitness for purpose of the real structure. These design checks and related procedures are typical for the failure mode to be dealt with. For the different failure modes see EN 13445-3:2014. 5.2.2.1.5 Design by experiment (DBE) Where design by equations according to EN 13445-3:2014 is not considered appropriate due to complex shape of the component, then a hydraulic burst test to determine the analysis thickness ea and the minimum thickness emin shall be performed according to the procedure in 5.2.2.1.6. This test is also a part of the technical documentation. This design method may be used without additional calculations if Pd · V < 60 00 barL. If Pd · V > 6 000 barL
for the complete vessel, this method can be used in addition to DBA or DBF. The minimum required thickness at a specific location is given by: neTQpactbmactaCCCRPRPSSee12,0,)3( (5-1) ceeamin (5-2) where eact. is the minimum measured wall thickness at the specific location; Rp0,2 is in accordance with Annex A; Pb,act is the actual obtained value of burst pressure or the highest pressure during the test; n = 1
for curved surfaces (cylinders, spheres) or cones with angles   60°, stayed surfaces and stressed parts if bending stress is less than 2/3 of the total stress;
n = 2
for all other surfaces. 5.2.2.1.6 Determination of the hydraulic burst pressure and maximum allowable pressure for static loading A random sample from the production of the vessel or vessel part shall be taken for the burst test or to determine the maximum allowable working conditions. The procedure shall be as follows: SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 16 1) verify that the part or vessel to be tested is cast according to the specified drawing and any revision thereof. The material used shall be the same type and grade as for the production part; 2) verify that the part or vessel is machined to the same dimensions as the production part; 3) verify that the material properties meet the requirements of 5.1. For each casting used for the burst test, 3 test pieces for tensile testing, and, if applicable, for impact testing, shall be separately cast and tested. The results and the calculated average tensile strength shall be certified in accordance with 6.5; 4) the wall thicknesses of the entire casting shall be measured (at least one measurement per 100 mm x 100 mm). The results shall be marked on the casting at the location of the measurement or on the drawing; 5) verify that a calibrated pressure gauge is used; maximum tolerance shall conform to at least class 1 or better according to EN 837-1 and EN 837-3. The scale of the pressure gauge shall be approximately 4/3 of the anticipated burst pressure; 6) the pressure shall be increased in a controlled manner until the minimum required burst pressure is obtained: nceefRPSPminact)3(mb (5-3) The pressure shall be increased further in a controlled manner until rupture occurs. Record burst pressure Pb,act, test date, material specification, details of material, part number, and wall thickness eact measured at burst location. A relation with the actual burst pressure Pb,act , which can be higher than Pb on account of a better stress distribution, and the maximum allowable pressure PS, can be deducted according the converted Equation (5-3), replacing Pb by Pb,act neceRfPPSactmin)3(mact,b (5-4) 7) if a part fails to meet any of those requirements, a second identical production part may undergo the same test procedure. If this second part meets the test requirements, this part may be accepted after investigation of the cause of failure of the first part. If the second part does not meet the test requirements, the design of the part shall be deemed not to conform to the specification; 8) during the burst test, it is acceptable for leaks and lack of pressure tightness to occur between flanged, gasketted or bolted parts as long as the pressure Pb can be reached during the test. It is acceptable for gasket(s) to break during the burst test; their characteristics may be modified without unduly changing flange load properties as long as their design meets the design rules of EN 13445-3:2014 for the anticipated maximum allowable pressure Ps; 9) only for the test, bolts of higher mechanical strength than required by the design specification may be accepted; SIST EN 13445-6:2014

Issue 1 (2014-09) 17 10) when flanged connections are designed according to the requirements of EN 13445-3:2014 with respect to minimum required thickness, minimum required bolt area and shape, it is acceptable, in order to reach burst test pressure, to install extra bolts in addition to the number specified for production; 11) the rupture under test pressure or any hydraulic test shall not be performed by means of a construction on a hydraulic press that can counteract the free shell bending under pressure. 5.2.2.1.7 Dynamic loading If the number of full pressure cycles or equivalent full pressure cycles according to Equation (4.1-1) exceeds the number of full pressure cycles for static loading considered in Table 4.1-1, a fatigue assessment of the complete design is required. In order to design the part for dynamic loading, the following options can be considered by the designer. 5.2.2.1.8 Simplified fatigue assessment (SFA) A simplified fatigue assessment will return a value of maximum allowable number of equivalent pressure fluctuations under service conditions. The assessment shall be performed according to Annex D. A maximum stress factor of 3 is pre-supposed, unless for construction details as limited in Table D.1A where equal or lower values than 3 may be used. NOTE This Table D.1A may als
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