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ASTM A1106/A1106M-17

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plate, Alloy Steel, Austenitic High Manganese for Cryogenic Application

Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plate, Alloy Steel, Austenitic High Manganese for Cryogenic Application

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements, manufacturing practice, and corresponding test methods for austenitic high-manganese alloy steel plates produced by hot rolling and controlled cooling and intended primarily for use in welded pressure vessels. Due to the inherent characteristics of the rolling and cooling processes, or both, the plates shall not be formed at temperatures exceeding 932°F [500°C]. The maximum thickness of plates is limited only by the capacity of the material to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current mill practice typically limits this material to 2.5 in. [63.5 mm] max.
The requirements established by this specification cover steelmaking, plate manufacture, chemical composition, mechanical properties (tension test, impact test), and finish.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers austenitic high-manganese alloy steel plates produced by hot rolling and controlled cooling. The plates are intended primarily for use in welded pressure vessels.  
1.2 Due to the inherent characteristics of the rolling and cooling processes, or both, the plates shall not be formed at temperatures exceeding 932°F [500°C].  
1.3 The maximum thickness of plates is limited only by the capacity of the material to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current mill practice normally limits this material to 2.5 in. [63.5 mm] max.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Mar-2017
ICS
77.080.20 - Steels
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.11 - Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM A20/A20M-15 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
01-Nov-2015
Refers
ASTM A578/A578M-17 - Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Rolled Steel Plates for Special Applications
Effective Date
01-Nov-2017
Refers
ASTM A20/A20M-17 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
15-Nov-2017
Refers
ASTM A20/A20M-18 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
01-Mar-2018
Refers
ASTM A20/A20M-14 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014

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ASTM A1106/A1106M-17 - Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plate, Alloy Steel, Austenitic High Manganese for Cryogenic ApplicationASTM A1106/A1106M-17 - Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plate, Alloy Steel, Austenitic High Manganese for Cryogenic Application
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ASTM A1106/A1106M-17 - Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plate, Alloy Steel, Austenitic High Manganese for Cryogenic Application
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:A1106/A1106M −17
Standard Specification for
Pressure Vessel Plate, Alloy Steel, Austenitic High
1
Manganese for Cryogenic Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1106/A1106M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2 3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers austenitic high-manganese
alloy steel plates produced by hot rolling and controlled A20/A20M SpecificationforGeneralRequirementsforSteel
Plates for Pressure Vessels
cooling. The plates are intended primarily for use in welded
pressure vessels. A435/A435M Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic
Examination of Steel Plates
1.2 Due to the inherent characteristics of the rolling and
A577/A577M Specification for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Ex-
cooling processes, or both, the plates shall not be formed at
amination of Steel Plates
temperatures exceeding 932°F [500°C].
A578/A578M Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic
1.3 The maximum thickness of plates is limited only by the
Examination of Rolled Steel Plates for Special Applica-
capacity of the material to meet the specified mechanical
tions
property requirements; however, current mill practice normally
limits this material to 2.5 in. [63.5 mm] max. 3. General Requirements and Ordering Information
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
3.1 Material supplied to this material specification shall
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the conform to Specification A20/A20M. These requirements out-
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
line the testing and retesting methods and procedures, permit-
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
ted variations in dimensions, and mass, quality and repair of
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the defects, marking, loading, and ordering information.
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
3.2 In addition to the basic requirements of this
cation.
specification, certain supplementary requirements are available
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
when additional control, testing, or examination is required to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
meet end use requirements. The purchaser is referred to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
listed supplementary requirements in this specification and to
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
the detailed requirements in Specification A20/A20M.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
with the requirements of Specification A20/A20M, the require-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ments of this specification shall prevail.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Manufacture
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 Steelmaking Practice—The steel shall be killed.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.2 Plates shall be produced by hot rolling and shall be
controlled cooled after rolling within the temperature range
from 1472 to 932°F [800 to 500°C] at a rate that is on average
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
faster than 18°F/s [10°C/s ].
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.11 on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels.
4.3 Heat treatment following the final rolling process shall
Current edition approved March 15, 2017. Published March 2017. DOI:
not be permitted.
10.1520/A1106_A1106M-17.
2
POSCO has the patented materials that meet this specification. Interested
parties are invited to submit information regarding the identification of acceptable
3
alternatives to these patented items to the Committee on Standards, ASTM For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428–2959. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Comments will receive careful consideration at the meeting of the responsible Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
technical committee, which any inte
...

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Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers alloy steel and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. Ferritic steels shall be properly heat treated as best suits the high temperature characteristics of each grade. Immediately after rolling or forging, the bolting material shall be allowed to cool to a temperature below the cooling transformation range. The chemical composition requirements for each alloy are presented in details. The steel shall not contain an unspecified element for ordered grade to the extent that the steel conforms to the requirements of another grade for which that element is a specified element. The tensile property and hardness property requirements are discussed, the tensile property requirement is highlighted by a full size fasteners, wedge tensile testing.
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1.1 This specification2 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting materials and bolting components for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. Bars and wire shall be hot-wrought and may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be carbide solution treated or carbide solution treated and strain-hardened. When strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X1 is thoroughly understood.  
1.2 Several grades are covered, including ferritic steels and austenitic stainless steels designated B5, B8, and so forth. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and high temperature characteristics.  
1.3 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Specification A962/A962M.
Note 1: The committee formulating this specification has included several steel types that have been rather extensively used for the present purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by the committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent.
Note 2: For grades of alloy-steel bolting suitable for use at the lower range of high temperature applications, reference should be made to Specification A354.
Note 3: For grades of alloy-steel bolting suitable for use in low temperature applications, reference should be made to Specification A320/A320M.  
1.4 Nuts for use with bolting are covered in Section 13.  
1.5 Supplementary Requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified in the purchase order or contract.  
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply.  
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1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A320/A320M-22a(Specification)
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers alloy steel bolting materials for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for low-temperature service. Each alloy shall conform to the prescribed chemical composition requirements. The material, as represented by the tension specimens, shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and hardness. The material shall meet the prescribed impact energy absorption requirements and the recommended test temperature. Mechanical tests shall be conducted on the material, namely: impact testing, tension testing, and hardness testing.
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1.1 This specification2 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting materials and bolting components for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for low-temperature service. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. The bars shall be hot-wrought and may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X1 is thoroughly understood.  
1.2 Several grades are covered, including both ferritic and austenitic steels designated L7, B8, etc. Selection will depend on design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and low-temperature characteristics. The mechanical requirements of Table 1 indicate the diameters for which the minimum mechanical properties apply to the various grades and classes, and Table 2 stipulates the requirements for Charpy impact energy absorption. The manufacturer should determine that the material can conform to these requirements before parts are manufactured. For example, when Grade L43 is specified to meet the Table 2 impact energy values at −150 °F [−101 °C], additional restrictions (such as procuring a steel with lower P and S contents than might normally be supplied) in the chemical composition for AISI 4340 are likely to be required.  
Note 1: The committee formulating this specification has included several grades of material that have been rather extensively used for the present purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by the committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent. Users should note that hardenability of some of the grades mentioned may restrict the maximum size at which the required mechanical properties are obtainable.    
1.3 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Specification A962/A962M.  
1.4 Nuts for use with bolting are covered in Section 10 and the nut material shall be impact tested.  
1.5 Supplementary Requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified in the purchase order or contract.  
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI) units, the inch-pound units shall apply.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A1082/A1082M-16(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for High Strength Precipitation Hardening and Duplex Stainless Steel Bolting for Special Purpose Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers high strength stainless steel bolting for special purpose applications such as pressure vessels. Several grades of precipitation-hardened and duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels are covered. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties and characteristics related to the application. Bolting supplied to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification A962/A962M. These requirements include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking, terminology, testing, certification, optional supplementary requirements, and others. Bars shall be produced in accordance with Specifications A276/A276M, A479/A479M or A564/A564M as applicable while the fasteners shall be produced in accordance with this specification and the requirements of A962/A962M.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers high strength stainless steel bolting materials and bolting components for special purpose applications such as pressure vessels. Several grades of precipitation-hardened and duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steels are covered. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties and characteristics related to the application.  
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Standard Test Methods for Determining Hardenability of Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the hardenability of steel by the end-quench or Jominy test. The test consists of water quenching one end of a cylindrical test specimen 1.0 in. in diameter and measuring the hardening response as a function of the distance from the quenched end.
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1.1 These test methods cover the identification and description of test methods for determining the hardenability of steels. The two test methods include the quantitative end-quench or Jominy Test and a method for calculating the hardenability of steel from the chemical composition based on the original work by M. A. Grossman.  
1.2 The selection of the test method to be used for determining the hardenability of a given steel shall be agreed upon between the supplier and user. The Certified Material Test Report shall state the method of hardenability determination.  
1.3 The calculation method described in these test methods is applicable only to the range of chemical compositions that follow:    
Element  
Range, %  
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0.10–0.70  
Manganese  
0.50–1.65  
Silicon  
0.15–0.60  
Nickel  
1.50 max  
Chromium  
1.35 max  
Molybdenum  
0.55 max  
Copper  
0.35 max  
Vanadium  
0.20 max  
1.4 Hardenability is a measure of the depth to which steel will harden when quenched from its austenitizing temperature (Table 1). It is measured quantitatively, usually by noting the extent or depth of hardening of a standard size and shape of test specimen in a standardized quench. In the end-quench test the depth of hardening is the distance along the specimen from the quenched end which correlates to a given hardness level.    
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ASTM A710/A710M-19(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation–Strengthened Low-Carbon Nickel-Copper-Chromium-Molybdenum-Columbium (Niobium) Alloy Structural Steel Plates

ABSTRACT
This specification covers precipitation-strengthened low carbon nickel copper-chromium-molybdenum-columbium alloy structural steel plates. Precipitation strengthening and precipitation heat treatment shall be performed on the material to enhance and alter the required structural and mechanical properties. Heat analysis shall be used to determine the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, copper, columbium, and titanium. Yield strength, tensile strength, and elongation shall be evaluated using tension test and the required toughness shall be evaluated using notch toughness test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers low-carbon precipitation — strengthened nickel - copper - chromium - molybdenum - columbium (niobium) alloy steel plates for general applications. The alloys in this specification are strengthened by precipitation in various temperature ranges. Precipitation strengthening can occur upon air cooling after hot rolling, during normalizing, and by another heat treatment. These grades are not intended for use in applications above 900°F [480°C].  
1.2 Two grades, each with three classes, are provided as follows:    
Grade and Class  
Condition  
Grade A, Class 1  
as-rolled and precipitation heat treated  
Grade A, Class 2  
normalized and precipitation heat treated    
Grade A, Class 3  
quenched and precipitation heat treated    
Grade B, Class 1  
as-rolled  
Grade B, Class 2  
normalized  
Grade B, Class 3  
normalized and precipitation heat treated  
1.3 Grade A provides minimum yield strength levels ranging from 50 to 85 ksi [345 to 585 MPa], depending on thickness and condition.  
1.4 Grade A, Class 1, plates are limited to a maximum thickness of 3/4 in. [20 mm]. The maximum thickness of Grade A, Classes 2 and 3, is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current practice normally limits the maximum thickness to 8 in. [200 mm].  
1.5 Mandatory notch toughness requirements are specified for Grade A, Class 1.  
1.6 Grade B provides minimum yield strength levels ranging from 70 to 75 ksi [485 to 515 MPa], depending on thickness and condition.  
1.7 Grade B plates are limited to a maximum thickness of 2 in. [50 mm].  
1.8 Mandatory notch toughness requirements are specified for the three classes of Grade B.  
1.9 When the steel is to be welded, it is presupposed that a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service will be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.  
1.10 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A1112/A1112M-18(Specification)
Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded High Strength Carbon Steel or High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) in Rounds and Shapes

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1.1 This specification covers cold-formed welded high strength carbon steel or high strength low-alloy steel Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) or special shape structural tubing for welded, riveted, or bolted construction of bridges, buildings, and for structural purposes.  
1.2 This HSS is produced in welded sizes with a periphery of 64 in. [1626 mm] or less, and a specified wall thickness of 0.625 in. [16 mm] or less.
Note 1: Products manufactured to this specification may not be suitable for those applications such as dynamic loaded elements in welded structures, etc. where low-temperature notch-toughness properties may be important. Inquire if dynamic loaded elements are required.  
1.3 The text of this specification contains notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. Such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A193/A193M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers alloy steel and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. Ferritic steels shall be properly heat treated as best suits the high temperature characteristics of each grade. Immediately after rolling or forging, the bolting material shall be allowed to cool to a temperature below the cooling transformation range. The chemical composition requirements for each alloy are presented in details. The steel shall not contain an unspecified element for ordered grade to the extent that the steel conforms to the requirements of another grade for which that element is a specified element. The tensile property and hardness property requirements are discussed, the tensile property requirement is highlighted by a full size fasteners, wedge tensile testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting materials and bolting components for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. Bars and wire shall be hot-wrought and may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be carbide solution treated or carbide solution treated and strain-hardened. When strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X1 is thoroughly understood.  
1.2 Several grades are covered, including ferritic steels and austenitic stainless steels designated B5, B8, and so forth. Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and high temperature characteristics.  
1.3 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Specification A962/A962M.
Note 1: The committee formulating this specification has included several steel types that have been rather extensively used for the present purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by the committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent.
Note 2: For grades of alloy-steel bolting suitable for use at the lower range of high temperature applications, reference should be made to Specification A354.
Note 3: For grades of alloy-steel bolting suitable for use in low temperature applications, reference should be made to Specification A320/A320M.  
1.4 Nuts for use with bolting are covered in Section 13.  
1.5 Supplementary Requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified in the purchase order or contract.  
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E693-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Exposures in Iron and Low Alloy Steels in Terms of Displacements Per Atom (DPA)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A pressure vessel surveillance program requires a methodology for relating radiation-induced changes in materials exposed in accelerated surveillance locations to the condition of the pressure vessel (see Practice E853). An important consideration is that the irradiation exposures be expressed in a unit that is physically related to the damage mechanisms.  
4.2 A major source of neutron radiation damage in metals is the displacement of atoms from their normal lattice sites. Hence, an appropriate damage exposure index is the number of times, on the average, that an atom has been displaced during an irradiation. This can be expressed as the total number of displaced atoms per unit volume, per unit mass, or per atom of the material. Displacements per atom is the most common way of expressing this quantity. The number of dpa associated with a particular irradiation depends on the amount of energy deposited in the material by the neutrons, and hence, depends on the neutron spectrum. (For a more extended discussion, see Practice E521.)  
4.3 No simple correspondence exists in general between dpa and a particular change in a material property. A reasonable starting point, however, for relative correlations of property changes produced in different neutron spectra is the dpa value associated with each environment. That is, the dpa values themselves provide a spectrum-sensitive index that may be a useful correlation parameter, or some function of the dpa values may affect correlation.  
4.4 Since dpa is a construct that depends on a model of the neutron interaction processes in the material lattice, as well as the cross section (probability) for each of these processes, the value of dpa would be different if improved models or cross sections are used. The calculated displacement cross section for ferritic iron, as given in this practice, is determined by the procedure given in 6.3. The currently recommended iron displacement cross section in this practice (Table 1) wa...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a standard procedure for characterizing neutron irradiations of iron (and low alloy steels) in terms of the exposure index displacements per atom (dpa) for iron.  
1.2 Although the methods of this practice apply to any material for which a displacement cross section σd(E) is known (see Practice E521), this practice is written specifically for iron.  
1.3 It is assumed that the displacement cross section for iron is an adequate approximation for calculating displacements in steels that are mostly iron (95 to 100 %) in radiation fields for which secondary damage processes are not important.  
1.4 Procedures analogous to this one can be formulated for calculating dpa in charged particle irradiations. (See Practice E521.)  
1.5 The application of this practice requires knowledge of the total neutron fluence and flux spectrum. Refer to Practice E521 for determining these quantities.  
1.6 The correlation of radiation effects data is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E975-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for X-Ray Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel with Near Random Crystallographic Orientation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Significance—Retained austenite with a near random crystallographic orientation is found in the microstructure of heat-treated low-alloy, high-strength steels that have medium (0.40 weight %) or higher carbon contents. Although the presence of retained austenite may not be evident in the microstructure, and may not affect the bulk mechanical properties such as hardness of the steel, the transformation of retained austenite to martensite during service can affect the performance of the steel.  
2.2 Use—The measurement of retained austenite can be included in low-alloy steel development programs to determine its effect on mechanical properties. Retained austenite can be measured on a companion specimen or test section that is included in a heat-treated lot of steel as part of a quality control practice. The measurement of retained austenite in steels from service can be included in studies of material performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of retained austenite phase in steel using integrated intensities (area under peak above background) of X-ray diffraction peaks using chromium  Kα  or molybdenum Kα  X-radiation.  
1.2 The method applies to carbon and alloy steels with near random crystallographic orientations of both ferrite and austenite phases.  
1.3 This test method is valid for retained austenite contents from 1 % by volume and above.  
1.4 If possible, X-ray diffraction peak interference from other crystalline phases such as carbides should be eliminated from the ferrite and austenite peak intensities.  
1.5 Substantial alloy contents in steel cause some change in peak intensities which have not been considered in this method. Application of this method to steels with total alloy contents exceeding 15 weight % should be done with care. If necessary, the users can calculate the theoretical correction factors to account for changes in volume of the unit cells for austenite and ferrite resulting from variations in chemical composition.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A320/A320M-22a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting for Low-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers alloy steel bolting materials for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for low-temperature service. Each alloy shall conform to the prescribed chemical composition requirements. The material, as represented by the tension specimens, shall conform to the requirements as to tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and hardness. The material shall meet the prescribed impact energy absorption requirements and the recommended test temperature. Mechanical tests shall be conducted on the material, namely: impact testing, tension testing, and hardness testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting materials and bolting components for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings for low-temperature service. See Specification A962/A962M for the definition of bolting. The bars shall be hot-wrought and may be further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered, the purchaser should take special care to ensure that Appendix X1 is thoroughly understood.  
1.2 Several grades are covered, including both ferritic and austenitic steels designated L7, B8, etc. Selection will depend on design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and low-temperature characteristics. The mechanical requirements of Table 1 indicate the diameters for which the minimum mechanical properties apply to the various grades and classes, and Table 2 stipulates the requirements for Charpy impact energy absorption. The manufacturer should determine that the material can conform to these requirements before parts are manufactured. For example, when Grade L43 is specified to meet the Table 2 impact energy values at −150 °F [−101 °C], additional restrictions (such as procuring a steel with lower P and S contents than might normally be supplied) in the chemical composition for AISI 4340 are likely to be required.  
Note 1: The committee formulating this specification has included several grades of material that have been rather extensively used for the present purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by the committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent. Users should note that hardenability of some of the grades mentioned may restrict the maximum size at which the required mechanical properties are obtainable.    
1.3 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Specification A962/A962M.  
1.4 Nuts for use with bolting are covered in Section 10 and the nut material shall be impact tested.  
1.5 Supplementary Requirements are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified in the purchase order or contract.  
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI) units, the inch-pound units shall apply.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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