ASTM E2112-23

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2112 − 23
Standard Practice for
Installation of Exterior Windows, Doors and Skylights
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2112; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This document is intended to provide technical guidance to organizations that are developing
training programs for installers of fenestration units in low-rise residential and light commercial
structures. The majority of fenestration units selected for installation in these types of structures are
certified as meeting specified performance characteristics in standardized laboratory testing. Experi-
ence indicates, however, that the performance of fenestration installations is frequently significantly
inferior to the performance of the manufactured units in laboratory testing. Installation of fenestration
units can significantly influence in-service performance.
The requirements promulgated in this practice have, by consensus, (of individuals with specialized
knowledge concerning installation of fenestration units) been identified as necessary to ensure that
as-installed performance is roughly equivalent to performance in laboratory testing. The task group
responsible for development of this practice recognizes that building owners sometimes, accept as
adequate, in-service performance of fenestration installations that are significantly inferior those of the
units in laboratory testing. This practice is not intended for use in such circumstances, where owner
expectations are modest. The intent of this practice is to provide guidance to those concerned with
ensuring that as-installed performance is comparable to the capabilities of the units installed for a solid
majority of installations.
A particularly noticeable behavior that indicates deficiencies in installation is rainwater leakage.
Rainwater leakage has been the leading reason for dissatisfaction of building owners with performance
of fenestration installations. For this reason, this practice places greater emphasis on preventing or
limiting rainwater leakage than on any other single performance characteristic.
This practice emphasizes that the water-shedding surfaces of fenestration units must be adequately
integrated with adjacent water-shedding surfaces of the building envelope. It does not, however,
attempt to promulgate requirements for water-shedding surfaces of building envelopes other than
those interfacing with fenestration units. The standard assumes that the basic design of the building’s
water-shedding system is adequate, that is, that either (1) there is a high probability that the outermost
building surface will dependably prevent all water entry, or (2) the building envelope incorporates an
effective concealed barrier that will dependably prevent further intrusion of incidental water that
breaches the outermost surface. The practice further assumes that fenestration units can be dependably
sealed to, and integrated with, at least one of these surfaces. If the basic design of the building’s
water-shedding system is inadequate, or does not allow for reliable integration of fenestration units
into it, competent installation of the units is unlikely to nullify these deficiencies.
1. Scope* this practice, fenestration products shall be limited to windows,
sliding patio-type doors, swinging patio type doors, and
1.1 This practice covers the installation of fenestration
skylights, as used primarily in residential and light commercial
products in new and existing construction. For the purpose of
buildings.
1.2 This practice assumes that the installer possesses basic
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-
woodworking skills and an understanding of wall and roof
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 on
Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls. construction, sheet metal work, and joint sealant practices.
Current edition approved April 15, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally
1.3 This practice attempts to instruct and familiarize the
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as E2112 – 19c. DOI:
10.1520/E2112-23. installer with the concepts of both Barrier Systems and
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2112 − 23
Membrane/Drainage Systems, in order to ensure the continuity conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
of the building envelope. This practice attempts to educate the and are not considered standard.
installer, builder, architect, and other users in the identification
1.10 This practice does not purport to address all of the
and understanding of the water shedding system of the building
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
envelope.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and to
1.4 This practice covers the installation process from pre-
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
installation procedures through post-installation procedures,
use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 5,
for single units or factory-mulled multiple units in a single
Related Procedures. Where a lead hazard is known or
opening. It does not cover the fabrication or assembly of
suspected, refer to ASTM Standards on Lead Hazards Associ-
multiple units, whether such fabrication takes place in a factory
ated with Buildings and to applicable state and federal regula-
or at the intended installation site. The installer should check
tions. Where an asbestos hazard is known or suspected, refer to
with the manufacturer of factory-assembled units for instruc-
the ASTM Manual on Asbestos Control, and to applicable state
tions for anchoring. When using field-mulled units, follow
and federal regulations.
manufacturer’s recommendations and make certain that they
1.11 Table of Contents:
meet applicable codes. This practice does not cover the
selection of appropriate fenestration products for a given
Section
application, nor the selection of other products or systems for
Scope 1
use in the installation.
Table of Contents 1.11
Referenced Documents 2
1.5 This practice provides minimum requirements that will
Terminology 3
help to accomplish the installation of fenestration products in
Definitions 3.1
an effective manner. Actual conditions in buildings vary greatly Description of Terms Specific to this Standard 3.2
Abbreviations 3.3
and, in some cases, substantial additional precautions may be
Significance and Use 4
required. In the event that the manufacturer’s installation
Related Issues and Procedures 5
instructions provided with the product conflict with require- Continuity with the Weather Barrier Systems 5.1
Joints and Anchorages 5.2
ments of this practice, the manufacturer’s instructions shall
Moisture Entrapment 5.3
prevail. This practice is not intended to limit or exclude other
Water-Resistive Barrier 5.4
Weatherability 5.5
new procedures that may refine or further improve the effec-
Construction Sequence 5.6
tiveness of fenestration installation.
Construction Damage 5.7
1.5.1 This practice is intended to be used for background
Inspection 5.8
Rough Opening 5.9
information in order to develop training manuals and training
Rough Opening Size 5.9.1
programs. Further, this practice attempts to consolidate and
Insulating or Filling the Rough Opening Gap 5.9.2
unify the various steps of construction, tying together the
Materials Protection 5.10
Cleaning and Maintenance 5.11
various trades involved with the continuity between fenestra-
Dissimilar Materials 5.12
tion products and the building envelope.
Flashing Requirements 5.13
Fastening Systems/Anchorage 5.14
1.6 The text of this practice references notes and footnotes
Shimming 5.15
that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
Pan Flashing Systems and Subsills for Weatherability 5.16
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
Pre-Installation Procedures 5.17
Sealants—Selection and Use 5.18
as requirements of this practice.
Window Cleaner Anchors and Related Safety 5.19
1.7 This standard has not been created to address all issues Hardware
Continuity Between the Fenestration Products and 6
related to every possible installation situation one might
Other Components of the Building Envelope
experience in the field. Furthermore, this practice does not
Water Shedding Strategies of Wall and Roof Systems 7
Concept of Surface Barrier Systems and 7.1
purport to provide fail-safe installation methods, assurance or
Membrane/Drainage Systems
protection against installation deficiencies, or a standard by
Surface Barrier Systems 7.1.1
which architects can specify or ensure delivered performance.
Membrane/Drainage Systems 7.1.2
NOTE 1—There are no ISO standards covering the primary subject Identification of Systems 7.2
Installation Methods For Windows 8
matter of this practice.
Windows in Walls Utilizing a Membrane/Drainage 8.1
1.8 Design Professional—This practice is not intended to
System
Windows with Perimeter Mounting Flanges 8.1.1
limit the role and authority of a registered design professional
(Nail Fins) in Drainage Type Wall Construction
to select a method of installation or to change, modify, or
Flange Types 8.1.1.1
develop other methods of installation to meet the specific
Selection of Installation Method 8.1.1.2
Method A 8.1.1.3.1
requirements of a building project for a particular location. A
Method B 8.1.1.3.2
design professional retains the authority to prepare construc-
Method A1 8.1.1.3.3
tion documents indicating window/door/skylight installations
Method B1 8.1.1.3.4
Non-Finned Windows in Membrane/Drainage 8.1.2
integrated with the water-resistive barrier (WRB).
Type Walls
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded Windows in Walls Utilizing a Barrier Wall System 8.2
(Sealant Method)
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
E2112 − 23
Plus Nickel Plus Chromium and Nickel Plus Chromium
Windows in Walls Utilizing an Exterior Barrier System 8.3
(EIFS or Direct Applied)
B663/B663M Specification for Silver-Tungsten Carbide
Alternative Approved Installation Methods for the 8.4
Electrical Contact Material
Installation of Windows
Extreme Wind/Water Conditions 8.4.1 B766 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cad-
Membrane Drainage Wood Frame Construction 8.4.1.1
mium
Masonry Construction with Surface Barrier 8.4.1.2
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
Stucco Facade
C755 Practice for Selection of Water Vapor Retarders for
Special Considerations 8.5
Aluminum Framed Windows 8.5.1
Thermal Insulation
Vinyl Framed Windows 8.5.2
C794 Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint
Replacement Window Installation 8.6
Partial Window Replacement for Existing Integral 8.6.1 Sealants
Flange Windows
C834 Specification for Latex Sealants
Partial Replacement of Mill Shop Wood Windows 8.6.2
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
“Mill Shop” Wood Windows (Vertical or Horizontal 8.6.2.1
Sliding) C1085 Specification for Butyl Rubber Based Solvent-
Complete Window Replacement 8.6.3
Release Sealants (Withdrawn 1997)
Destructive Window Replacement (Fin Type) 8.6.3.1
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
Non-Destructive Window Replacement 8.6.3.2
(Non-Fin Type) C1281 Specification for Preformed Tape Sealants for Glaz-
Installation Methods for Doors 9
ing Applications
Doors in Walls Utilizing a Membrane/Drainage System 9.1
C1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-
Doors with Perimeter Mounting Flanges 9.1.1
(Nailing Fins) in Drainage Type Wall
ants (Withdrawn 2012)
Construction
C1311 Specification for Solvent Release Sealants
Flange Types 9.1.1.1
C1382 Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Prop-
Selection of Installation Method 9.1.1.2
Method A 9.1.1.4.1
erties of Sealants When Used in Exterior Insulation and
Method B 9.1.1.4.2
Finish Systems (EIFS) Joints
Method A1 9.1.1.4.3
C1397 Practice for Application of Class PB Exterior Insula-
Method B1 9.1.1.4.4
Hinged Swing (Non-finned) Doors in Membrane/ 9.1.2
tion and Finish Systems (EIFS) and EIFS with Drainage
Drainage Type Walls
C1620 Specification for Aerosol Polyurethane and Aerosol
Installation Methods for Skylights 10
Latex Foam Sealants
Product Types 10.1
Flashing Procedures 10.2
C1642 Practice for Determining Air Leakage Rates of Aero-
Aluminum/Copper Sheet Flashing 10.3
sol Foam Sealants and Other Construction Joint Fill and
Aluminum/Copper Step Flashing (Fabricated or 10.4
Insulation Materials
Engineered)
Membrane Flashing 10.5
D779 Test Method for Determining the Water Vapor Resis-
Post-Installation Procedures 11
tance of Sheet Materials in Contact with Liquid Water by
Keywords 12
the Dry Indicator Method
Air Barrier Foam Sealant Used in the Rough Annex A1
Opening Gap
D1970/D1970M Specification for Self-Adhering Polymer
Emergency Escape and Rescue Requirements Annex A2
Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Used as Steep
Minimum Height Requirements for Interior Height of Annex A3
Roofing Underlayment for Ice Dam Protection
Pan Flashing
Sealants Annex A4
D2822/D2822M Specification for Asphalt Roof Cement,
Window/Door Flashing Types Appendix X1
Asbestos-Containing (Withdrawn 2016)
Cautions for Installation Appendix X2
E283 Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage
Other Referenced Installation Guides Appendix X3
Alternate Installation Methods Appendix X4
Through Exterior Windows, Skylights, Curtain Walls, and
Air Leakage Sealing of Interior Perimeter Rough Appendix X5
Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the
Opening (Air & Water Seal)
Specimen
1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-
E331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uni-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
form Static Air Pressure Difference
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E547 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Static Air Pressure Difference
E621 Practice for Use of Metric (SI) Units in Building
2. Referenced Documents
Design and Construction(Committee E06 Supplement to
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3
E380) (Withdrawn 2008)
A123/A123M Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized)
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
E783 Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage
B456 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Copper
Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors
E1105 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Pen-
etration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
E2112 − 23
and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air 2.11 FMA/AAMA/WDMA Standards:
Pressure Difference 300 Standard Practice for the Installation of Exterior Doors
E1677 Specification for Air Barrier (AB) Material or Assem- in Wood Frame Construction for Extreme Wind/Water
blies for Low-Rise Framed Building Walls Exposure
E2357 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate of Air 400 Standard Practice for the Installation of Exterior Doors
Barrier Assemblies for Surface Barrier Masonry Construction for Extreme
Wind/Water Conditions
2.2 AAMA Standards:
502 Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Windows
2.12 FMA/WDMA Standard:
and Doors
250 Standard Practice for the Installation of Non-Frontal
711 Voluntary Specification for Self Adhering Flashing Used
Flanged Windows with Mounting Flanges for Surface
for Installation of Exterior Wall Fenestration Products
Barrier Masonry Construction
712 Voluntary Specification for Mechanically Attached
2.13 WDMA Standard:
Flexible Flashing
I.S.4 Industry Standard for Water-Repellent Preservative
713 Voluntary Test Method to Determine Chemical Compat-
Treatment for Millwork
ibility of Sealants and Self-Adhered Flexible Flashings
2.14 OSHA Standards:
714 Voluntary Specification for Liquid Applied Flashing
29 CFR 1926.62 Lead in Construction Standard
Used to Create a Water Resistive Seal around Exterior
29 CFR 1926.1101 Asbestos Construction Standard
Wall Openings in Buildings
800 Voluntary Specifications and Test Methods for Sealants
3. Terminology
808.3 Voluntary Specifications for Exterior Perimeter Seal-
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
ing Compounds
nology E631 and Terminology C717, unless otherwise speci-
809.2 Voluntary Specification for Non Drying Sealant
fied.
850 Fenestration Sealants Guide Manual
2.3 ANSI/AAMA/WDMA Standard: 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 accessory groove, n—a shape included on a fenestra-
101/I.S.2 Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum, Vinyl
(PVC) and Wood Windows and Glass Doors tion product frame that is designed to mate with installation
accessories.
2.4 AAMA/WDMA Standard:
1600/IS7 Voluntary Specifications for Roof Windows and
3.2.2 air barrier, n—the assembly of materials used in
Skylights
building construction to reduce or retard the uncontrolled
2.5 ANSI/ASME Standard:
passage of air into and out of the building.
A39.1 Standard, Safety Requirements for Window Cleaning
3.2.3 air barrier foam sealant, n—an aerosol foam product
2.6 ANSI/EIMA Standard:
dispensed as a bead into the air gap area around the fenestration
99-A-200 Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS)
perimeter to reduce the infiltration or exfiltration of air past the
2.7 ANSI/ISDI Standard:
fenestration product.
102 Insulated Steel Door Systems—Installation Standard
6 3.2.4 air leakage, n—also referred to as air infiltration.
2.8 CSA Standards:
According to Terminology E631 in buildings, the passage of
A440.4 Fenestration Product Installation
uncontrolled air through cracks or openings in the building
A440-M90 Windows—A National Standard of Canada
7 envelope or its components, such as ducts, because of air
2.9 CPSC Standard:
pressure or temperature difference. See Appendix X5.
16 CFR 1201 USA Consumer Product Safety Commission,
3.2.5 anchor line (or anchor point), n—a line (or point) of
Code of Federal Regulations; Part 1201, Safety Standard
reference on a fenestration product or the building, or both,
for Architectural Glazing Materials, 1977
where attachment is made.
2.10 FMA/AAMA Standards:
100 Standard Practice for the Installation of Windows with
3.2.6 annealed glass, n—raw glass used as a glazing prod-
Flanges or Mounting Fins in Wood Frame Construction uct.
for Extreme Wind/Water Exposure
3.2.6.1 Discussion—Further processing is required to trans-
200 Standard Practice for the Installation of Windows with form annealed glass into safety glazing material.
Frontal Flanges for Surface Barrier Masonry Construction
3.2.7 anodic finishes, n—clear or colored coatings com-
for Extreme Wind/Water Conditions
posed of aluminum oxide that are electrolytically deposited and
are an integral part of the aluminum substrate.
4 3.2.7.1 Discussion—Careful control permitted by the elec-
As of January 2020, AAMA organized with IGMA (Insulated Glass Manufac-
turers Alliance) with a name change to FGIA (Fenestration & Glazing Industry
trolytic anodizing process provides substantial improvement
Alliance). AAMA Standards are now available from FGIA, 1900 E. Golf Rd., Suite
over a natural oxide film due to greater thickness, density, and
1250, Schaumburg, IL 60173. https://fgiaonline.org
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
6 8
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd., Available from Window & Door Manufacturers Association (WDMA), 330 N.
Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org. Wabash Ave., Suite 2000, Chicago, IL 60611, http://www.wdma.com.
7 9
Available from U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO), 732 N. Capitol St., Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200
NW, Washington, DC 20401, http://www.gpo.gov. Constitution Ave., Washington, DC 20210, http://www.osha.gov.
E2112 − 23
hardness of these factory-produced finishes. Pre-anodic chemi- 3.2.17.1 Discussion—Brick mold fenestration units are a
cal treatments clean and prepare the aluminum for the anodic type of non-finned product (either window or door) with
finish. The Aluminum Association classifies architectural an- factory-supplied exterior moldings that are brick moldings.
odic coatings depending on coating thickness and recom- The unit may be supplied without the brick moldings attached,
mended use. Further detailed information and specifications on and intended for installation as a block-frame unit. More
anodic finishes is available from the Aluminum Association commonly, the brick moldings are factory-applied, and the unit
and the American Architectural Manufacturers Association. is secured in the rough opening by nailing through the brick
moldings into framing members.
3.2.8 apron, n—a molding applied horizontally to the wall,
3.2.17.2 Discussion—Ensuring that the water shedding sur-
directly below the window sill and used to hide the rough edge
faces of the fenestration unit are effectively integrated with the
of the drywall or plaster below the window framing.
WRB of a membrane/drainage wall system can be challenging.
3.2.9 backer rod, n—a material placed into a joint, primarily
This practice does not recognize the brick moldings on
to control the depth of the sealant, also serves as a bond
fenestration units as being permanently effective water-
breaker.
shedding surfaces; finger joints in wood brick moldings may
3.2.10 barrier wall system, n—a wall system that is intended
open over time unless paint maintenance is meticulous, and
to manage all water at the exterior surface.
upper-corner miter joints may open sufficiently to permit some
3.2.10.1 Discussion—These wall systems consist of the
water intrusion. This practice assumes that the water-shedding
exterior surface of the wall and the exterior surface of the
surfaces of a brick mold fenestration unit are the window sash
fenestration product, usually connected by a sealant joint.
or door, the top and side jambs of the unit, and the unit’s sill.
This practice further recognizes, however, that over the service
3.2.11 bead, n—sealant applied in a joint, such as sealant
bead, glazing bead, and so forth. According to Terminology life of the fenestration unit, water leakage may occur between
the side jambs and sill, which is why pan flashings are
E631, in glazing, (1) a strip of metal or wood used around the
periphery of a pane of glass to secure it in place (also referred recommended for use with these units (see 8.2).
to as a stop) and (2) a strip of sealant, glazing compound, or
3.2.18 buck, n—a rough wooden framework, built into a
putty.
window or door opening in a concrete or masonry wall, to
3.2.12 bite, n—amount of overlap between the stop and the which the window or door frame is secured.
panel or light. According to Terminology E631, the distance
3.2.19 building envelope, n—the exterior of a building.
that the surround member (rail or stile) overlaps the glazing.
3.2.19.1 Discussion—According to Terminology E631, the
3.2.13 blind nailing, n—nailing in such a way that the nail
outer elements of a building, both above and below ground,
heads are not visible on the face of the finished work.
that divide the external from the internal environments.
3.2.14 blind stop, n—a rectangular molding attached to the
3.2.20 building paper, n—a membrane material made of
side and head of a window to serve as a stop for storm windows
cellulose paper impregnated with asphalt (to inhibit passage of
and screens.
liquid water through the material) and which is commonly used
3.2.15 block frame fenestration product (sometimes called as a concealed water-resistive barrier in membrane/drainage
walls.
box frame), n—a type of non-finned fenestration product
(either window or door) that has no factory-applied moldings
3.2.20.1 Discussion—Typically installed after windows and
and that is installed into the rough opening either by driving window flashing. Block or brick-mold windows may be
fasteners through shimmed side jambs or by use of installation
installed after building paper (defer to manufacturer’s instruc-
clips or brackets. tions).
3.2.15.1 Discussion—Exterior moldings or casings may be
3.2.21 buttering, n—application of sealant compound to the
supplied with the fenestration unit (that is, by the manufac-
flat surface of a member before placing the member in position.
turer) for installation after the unit is secured in the rough
3.2.22 cap/capping, n—see pan/panning.
opening. It is generally easier to ensure effective integration of
a block-frame unit’s water-shedding surfaces with the water-
3.2.23 casing, n—a trim molding used around doors and
resistive barrier of a membrane/drainage wall system than it is
windows to cover the area between the wall and the edge of the
to accomplish the same task with a non-finned unit to which
jamb.
exterior moldings have been factory-installed.
3.2.24 caulk (non-elastomeric), n—see sealant.
3.2.15.2 Discussion—Block-frame windows are commonly
3.2.25 cementitious material, n—material binding aggregate
used in most of the Canadian provinces. They are relatively
particles together into a heterogeneous mass.
rare in residential construction in the United States, where
nailing flange windows and windows with factory-applied
3.2.26 channel, n—a three-sided, U-shaped opening in sash
brick moldings are more common.
or frame to receive a light or panel.
3.2.26.1 Discussion—In sash or frame units in which the
3.2.16 bond breaker, n—a material used to prevent three-
sided adhesion in sealant joints. light or panel is retained by a removable stop.
3.2.17 brick mold, n—an exterior trim molding which forms 3.2.27 channel depth, n—the measurement from the bottom
a boundary between bricks or other siding and a fenestration of the channel to the top of the stop, or measurement from sight
product. line to base of channel.
E2112 − 23
3.2.28 channel glazing, n—the sealing of the joints around 3.2.44 drip cap, n—a molding or flashing commonly in-
lights or panels set in a U-shaped channel employing remov- stalled over windows and doors to direct water away from the
able stops. building in order to prevent seepage; also called a drip
molding.
3.2.29 channel width, n—the measurement between station-
3.2.44.1 Discussion—A rounded or beveled metal strip at-
ary and removable stops in a U-shaped channel at its widest
tached to the bottom of an exterior door to prevent water from
point.
draining or blowing under the door.
3.2.30 cladding system, n—the aesthetic covering of a
3.2.45 drying, n—the process of removing water from a
building.
material; usually accomplished with heated air.
3.2.30.1 Discussion—According to Terminology E631, ma-
3.2.45.1 Discussion—According to Terminology E631, the
terial assembly applied to a building as a non-load-bearing
process of developing, solely by evaporation of volatile
wall, or attached to a wall surface as a protective and
ingredients, ultimate properties of a finish or other material
ornamental covering.
over a specified period of time; compare curing.
3.2.31 cohibition point, n—a location where movement is
3.2.46 durometer, n—an instrument used to measure hard-
restricted between the sash and the frame, such as at a hinge or
ness of a material.
lock.
3.2.46.1 Discussion—Shore hardness is a commonly used
hardness measurement scale.
3.2.32 complete window replacement, n—the installation of
a replacement window where the previously-installed window
3.2.47 egress, n—a means of exiting a room or building in
is completely removed.
an emergency.
3.2.47.1 Discussion—An egress window is one that is large
3.2.33 composite materials, n—fenestration members which
contain two or more materials, structurally combined or enough for an adult to exit the room in case of an emergency.
The size is defined by national or local building codes.
connected so as to perform structurally as a singular material
such as poured and de-bridged aluminum shapes, fiberglass
3.2.48 EIFS, n—see exterior insulation and finish system.
and man-made wood products.
3.2.49 elastomer, n—an elastic, rubber-like substance, such
3.2.34 compound, n—a formulation of ingredients, usually
as natural or synthetic rubber.
grouped as vehicle or polymer pigment and fillers to produce
3.2.50 elastomeric sealant, n—a sealant that returns to its
caulking compounds and elastomeric joint sealants.
initial dimensions and shape after substantial deformation.
3.2.35 consistency, n—degree of softness or firmness of a
3.2.51 end dam, n—any means provided to stop the flow of
compound as supplied in the container.
water out of the ends of a sill, panning system or subsill and
3.2.35.1 Discussion—Consistency varies according to
into the wall cavity, such as sealants, upstands, plates, or
method of application, such as gun, knife, trowel, and so forth.
gasketing.
3.2.36 construction documents, n—architectural drawings,
3.2.52 exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS),
specifications, shop drawings, manufacturing details, test
n—according to Practice C1397, a non-load-bearing outdoor
reports, contracts, building permits, applicable codes.
wall finish system consisting of a thermal insulation board, an
attachment system, a reinforcement system, and a compatible
3.2.37 counter-flashing, n—horizontally applied sheet
finish.
(flashing) material that joins layers of flashings where they join
3.2.52.1 Discussion—ANSI/EIMA Standard 99-A-200 fur-
the water-resistive barrier, enhancing drainage by gravity.
ther defines EIFS as consisting of five elements: adhesive,
3.2.38 cripple stud, n—a short stud above or below a
foam, reinforcement fiberglass mesh, base coat, and finish coat,
window or door opening.
which does not include exterior joint sealant per Terminology
E631.
3.2.39 cross shims, n—see shim.
3.2.53 fenestration product, n—any transparent or translu-
3.2.40 curing, n—a chemical process which over time
cent glazing material plus associated sash, frame, mullions, and
results in the ultimate properties of a finish or other material.
dividers, in the envelope of a building, including but not
3.2.41 curing agent, n—one part of a two-part sealant
limited to windows, sliding glass doors, French doors,
which, when added to the base, will cause the base to change
skylights, curtain walls, and garden windows.
its physical state.
3.2.54 flashing, n—sheet material, integrated with the water-
3.2.42 drainage wall system, n—see membrane/drainage
resistive barrier, that bridges and protects the joint (gap)
system.
between the window or door frame members and the adjacent
construction for the purpose of preventing water penetration by
3.2.43 drip, n—any exterior horizontal course or molding
draining water away from the window or door. For further
that projects to the weather side of a wall or other surface to
discussion, see Appendix X1—Window/Door Flashing Types.
throw off water.
(See also pan flashing.)
3.2.43.1 Discussion—A small drip groove is sometimes
used on the underside of a drip cap or window sill to prevent
NOTE 2—Flashing is to be water-resistive and durable for the intended
water from running back under the cap or window. use. Flashing is to be a single component or a series of connected
E2112 − 23
components that provides a mechanism to direct incidental water penetra-
non-fossil remnants of dead organisms (for example, mollusks,
tion to the exterior. Flashing is used to direct incidental water to the
limestone) are generally classified as inorganic materials pro-
exterior either directly or via the wall cavity between the water-resistive
vided that they are not composed of hydrocarbon molecules.
barrier and cladding to provide a water-shedding system.
3.2.66 installation accessories, n—components that are spe-
3.2.55 flashing system, n—integrated system of flashings
cifically designed to trim out the product with various sur-
intended to move incidental water to the building exterior or to
rounding constructions.
the drainage plane.
3.2.67 installation holes, n—holes in window or door
3.2.56 frame, n—the outside perimeter of a window or door
frames that are fabricated by the manufacturer to locate and
consisting of 2 side jamb members, 1 head member, and 1 sill
accommodate installation fasteners.
member which holds the glass lites or sash panels.
3.2.56.1 Discussion—According to Terminology E631, an
3.2.68 installer, n—for the purpose of this practice the
assembly of structural members that surrounds and supports
installer, of fenestration products is person or persons who do
the sash, ventilators, doors, panels, or glazing that is installed
the installation labor and those who supervise such labor.
into an opening in a building envelope or wall.
3.2.69 integral fin, n—a permanent appendage protruding
3.2.57 frame liners, n—covers or track assemblies, typically
from the body of a window or door, used as either an
of vinyl or aluminum, designed to fit into an existing fenestra-
installation attachment feature or part of the water-resistive
tion product frame for the purpose of accepting new sash or
barrier interface between the product and the wall, or both. The
glazing. (Also known as jamb liners.)
term “fin” is also known as “flange.”
3.2.58 galvanic corrosion, n—a form of deterioration of 3.2.69.1 Discussion—Some fin designs allow them to be
metal resulting from the electrochemical reaction that occurs folded against the fenestration frame for shipping and folded up
when certain dissimilar metals are in contact with each other in for installation.
the presence of moisture.
3.2.70 isolation coating, n—a material which separates two
3.2.59 glazing, n—window sash and door panel in-fills that adjacent materials to prevent galvanic corrosion of one of the
contain glass or glass-like materials.
materials by the other material. (See also galvanic corrosion.)
3.2.59.1 Discussion—According to Terminology E631, a
3.2.71 jack stud, n—a stud that does not extend from floor to
material installed in a sash, ventilator, or panel such as glass,
ceiling, and which supports a lintel on its (the stud’s) upper
plastic, and so forth.
end.
3.2.60 head, n—the top of a fenestration product.
3.2.71.1 Discussion—Jack studs are used in conjunction
3.2.60.1 Discussion—According to Terminology E631, an
with king studs, and form the vertical surfaces of rough
upper horizontal member of a window or door frame.
openings.
3.2.61 header, n—a horizontal structural member (beam)
3.2.72 jamb, n—a vertical member of a fenestration product
that supports the load over an opening, such as that of a door
frame (side jamb); or the horizontal member across the top of
or window. The header transfers that load to the vertical
a fenestration product frame (head jamb).
members at the sides of the opening.
3.2.73 jamb flashing, n—sheet material, integrated with the
3.2.62 head expander, n—an inverted U-channel fenestra-
water-resistive barrier, that bridges and protects the joint (gap)
tion installation accessory that may be fitted to the head of a
between the window or door frame members at the jambs, and
replacement window to accommodate differences between
the adjacent construction for the purpose of preventing water
rough opening height and product height.
penetration by draining water away from the window or door.
3.2.63 head flashing, n—sheet material, integrated with the For further discussion, see Appendix X1—Window/Door
Flashing Types.
water-resistive barrier, that bridges and protects the joint (gap)
between the window or door frame members at the head, and
3.2.74 king stud, n—the full length stud next to a door or
the adjacent construction for the purpose of preventing water
window opening to which the jack stud or trimmer and lintel
penetration by draining water away from the window or door.
are nailed.
For further discussion, see Appendix X1—Window/Door
3.2.75 level, n—having a horizontally flat, even surface with
Flashing Types.
no irregularities and no vertical tilt.
3.2.64 house wrap, n—a polymer-based sheet material pro-
3.2.75.1 Discussion—No part of the surface is higher or
vided in a variety of dimensions and used as a water-resistive
lower than any other part. The end points of a line drawn on a
barrier (user of this product should defer to manufacturer’s
level surface are equal distances from the center of the earth.
instructions).
3.2.76 lintel, n—a horizontal member above a window or
3.2.65 inorganic, n—designating or composed of materials
door that supports the exterior wall surface such as brick
that are derived from neither living organisms nor hydrocarbon
veneer.
sources.
3.2.77 lite, n—another term for a pane of glass used in a
3.2.65.1 Discussion—Most inorganic compounds do not
window; sometimes spelled light.
contain carbon and are derived from mineral sources. Calcium
carbonate (that is, limestone) is generally classified as an 3.2.77.1 Discussion—According to Terminology E631, lite
inorganic material, although it contains carbon. Fossil or is one piece of glazing (preferred term); (synonym: pane).
E2112 − 23
3.2.78 mastic/roofing mastic, n—water-proofing material 3.2.91 pane, n—see lite.
used to seal or decorate.
3.2.92 pan flashing, n—a type of flashing used at the base of
3.2.78.1 Discussion—According to Terminology E631, a
rough opening to divert incidental water to the exterior or to the
material composition that, after application as a thin layer, is
exterior surface of a concealed WRB.
converted to a solid protective, or decorative, or functional
NOTE 3—Pan flashings have upturned legs at the interior edge and ends
adherent film.
of the rough opening to form a three-sided pan. They are intended to
3.2.79 membrane/drainage system, n—a wall system em- collect and drain water toward the exterior, including water that may enter
through the window unit (for example, between the jambs and sill) or
ploying a concealed water-resistive barrier in which the exte-
around the window (between the rough opening and the fenestration). The
rior building surface is not the sole method of protecting the
pan flashing must be integrated with other flashings and the window
building from moisture penetration; that is, stucco, brick
assembly to capture water that may otherwise penetrate to the sill framing
veneer, siding.
and allow it to freely drain to the exterior. The window, flashings, and pan
3.2.79.1 Discussion—The waterproofing and weatherability are to be sealed in a manner that reliably inhibits air and moisture flow to
the interior.
of the fenestration product is integrated into the system and is
waterproofed and sealed to a surface that is behind the exterior 3.2.93 pan or panning, n—cosmetic covering, usually found
on the exterior of the fenestration product to achieve aesthetic
building surface. The fenestration product is usually integrated
(sealed) to an underlayment membrane or flashing system sight lines or to integrate the fenestration product system into
the building surface or weatherproofing system.
which is a water-resistive barrier that is not exposed directly to
the weather. Incidental moisture that is collected at the under- 3.2.93.1 Discussion—If panning is being used for
weatherability, the panning is not considered cosmetic, but part
layment membrane or flashing is drained to the exterior at the
bottom most locations of each floor/story/level. Fenestration of the window system.
products and other wall penetrations are typically integrated
3.2.94 partial window replacement, n—the installation of a
(sealed) to the membrane, underlayment, or flashing system
replacement window where a component of the previously-
such that the membrane/drainage system provides continuous
installed window frame will remain.
protection against wall moisture penetration. See also primary
3.2.95 plumb, n—to make vertical.
seal.
3.2.95.1 Discussion—Aligned with an imaginary line
3.2.80 mill finish aluminum, n—uncoated aluminum that
through the center of the earth and the point of measurement.
possesses a silvery, natural finish.
3.2.96 primary seal, n—the seal beyond which no water is
3.2.80.1 Discussion—This finish protects aluminum against
intended to pass.
most atmospheric corrosion. Atmospheric or certain job site
3.2.96.1 Discussion—This is the location included in the
conditions may affect the surface appearance of mill finish
building envelope construction which forms a water-resistive
aluminum.
barrier that is ultimately responsible for maintaining water
3.2.81 modular opening (M.O.), n—nominal (callout) open-
impermeability between the interior and exterior of a building
ing.
envelope.
3.2.82 modular size (M.S.), n—nominal (callout) size.
3.2.97 prime window (primary window), n—the first (main)
3.2.83 molding, n—a strip of wood or other material having window, completely installed in a rough opening, which is
designed to function as the sole fenestration product.
a rounded or otherwise decorative surface used to conceal
joints or to accent and highlight other surfaces. 3.2.97.1 Discussion—This is contrasted to a storm window,
which serves as a secondary window in conjunction with a
3.2.84 mullion, n—a slender bar separating the compart-
primary window.
ments or apertures in a screen or window.
3.2.98 pultrusion, n—fiberglass reinforced polymer (plastic)
3.2.85 multiple units, n—single fenestration products
structural members having a constant cross-section.
mulled together to form a larger unit.
3.2.98.1 Discussion—Pultruded fenestration product mem-
3.2.86 muntin, n—grids, or grilles
bers are typically polyester polymer reinforced by continuous
3.2.87 new installation, n—installation of a fenestration
fiberglass filaments.
product in a new building or wall.
3.2.99 rabbet, n—a two-sided L-shaped opening used on a
3.2.88 non-fin window, n—a fenestration product that has no
face glazed window sash to receive the glass.
integral appendage (fin) attached to the body of the window or
3.2.100 rack, v—by application of force to adjust the form
door for the purposes of installation or air/water resistance.
of a fenestration unit or the sash of a fenestration unit with
(Also called block frame or box frame.) See discussion under
respect to either: (1) squareness within a flat plane or (2)
block frame fenestration product.
deviation from a flat plane (that is, twist).
3.2.89 organic, n—designating any material derived from
3.2.100.1 Discussion—The term can be used to indicate
hydrocarbon sources (for example, petroleum, coal, or natural
adjustment to or from squareness and flatness, but is more
gas) or from living organisms (for example, carbohydrates,
commonly used to indicate the latter (that is, adjustment to an
proteins, or lipids).
out-of-square or out-of-flat condition). The term is also some-
3.2.90 organic finishes, n—organic coatings such as paints, times used to denote unintentional application of force that
enamels, and resins having a wide range of colors achieved deforms a unit or sash to an out-of-square or out-of-plane
through the addition of pigments. condition.
E2112 − 23
3.2.101 R-point, n—reference anchoring point which has a 3.2.114 safety glazing materials, n—materials that reduce
rigidity (strength) equal to double that of other anchors. the possibility of severe injury upon accidental impact. These
materials shall meet 16 CFR 1201 and ANSI Z97.1.
3.2.101.1 Discussion—This may b
...