ASTM D8141-22

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8141 − 17 D8141 − 22
Standard Guide for
Selecting Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Semi-
Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) Emission Testing
Methods to Determine Emission Parameters for Modeling of
Indoor Environments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8141; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended to serve as a foundation for understanding when to use emission testing methods designed for volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) to determine area-specific emission rates that are typically used in modeling indoor air VOC
concentrations and when to use emission testing methods designed for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) to determine
mass transfer emission parameters that are typically used to model indoor air, dust, and surface SVOC concentrations.
1.2 This guide discusses how organic chemicals are conventionally categorized with respect to volatility.
1.3 This guide presents a simplified mass transfer mass-transfer model describing organic chemical emissions from a material to
bulk air. The values of the model parameters are shown to be specific to material/chemical/chamber combinations.
1.4 This guide shows how to use a mass transfer mass-transfer model to estimate whether diffusion of the chemical within the
material or convective mass transfer of the chemical from the surface of the material to the overlying air limits chemical emissions
from the material surface.
1.5 This guide describes the range of different chambers that are available for emission testing. The chambers are classified as
either dynamic or static and either conventional or sandwich. The chambers are categorized as being optimal to determine either
the area-specific emission rate or mass transfer mass-transfer emission parameters.
1.6 This guide discusses the roles sorption and convective mass transfer mass-transfer coefficients play in selecting the
properappropriate emission chamber and analysis method to accurately and efficiently characterize emissions from indoor
materials for use in modeling indoor chemical concentrations.
1.7 This guide gives recommendations on recommends when to choose an emission test method that is optimized to determine
either the area-specific emission rate or mass transfer mass-transfer emission parameters. For chemicals where the controlling mass
transfer mass-transfer process is unknown, the guide outlines a procedure to determine if the chemical emission is controlled by
convective mass transfer of the chemical from the material.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017Nov. 1, 2022. Published October 2017December 2022. Originally approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as
D8141 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/D8141-17.10.1520/D8141-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8141 − 22
1.8 This guide does not provide specific guidance for measuring emission parameters.parameters or conducting indoor exposure
modeling.
1.9 Mechanisms controlling emissions from wet and dry materials and products are different. This guide considers the emission
of chemicals from dry materials and products. Examples of functional uses of VOCs and SVOCs that this guide applies to include
blowing agents, flame retardants, adhesives, plasticizers, solvents, antioxidants, preservatives, and coalescing agents (1). Emission
estimations for other VOC and SVOC classes including those generated by incomplete combustion, sprayed, spray application, or
appliedapplication as a powder (pesticides, termiticides, herbicides, stain repellents, sealants, water repellants) (1) may require
different approaches than outlined in this guide.guide because these processes can increase short-term concentrations of chemicals
in the air independent of the volatility of the chemical and its categorization as a VVOC (very volatile organic compounds), VOC,
SVOC, or NVOC (non-volatile organic compounds).
1.10 The effects of the emissions (for example, exposure, and health effects on occupants) are not addressed and are beyond the
scope of this guide.
1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
D6007 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small-Scale Chamber
D6177 Practice for Determining Emission Profiles of Volatile Organic Chemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets
D6330 Practice for Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions from Wood-Based
Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Under Defined Test Conditions
D6345 Guide for Selection of Methods for Active, Integrative Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air (Withdrawn
2018)
D6670 Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
D7706 Practice for Rapid Screening of VOC Emissions from Products Using Micro-Scale Chambers
D8142 Test Method for Determining Chemical Emissions from Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Insulation using Micro-Scale
Environmental Test Chambers
D8345 Test Method for Determination of an Emission Parameter for Phthalate Esters and Other Non-Phthalate Plasticizers from
Planar Polyvinyl Chloride Indoor Materials for Use in Mass Transfer Modeling Calculations
E1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a
Large Chamber
2.2 Other Documents:
Directive 2004/42/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic
compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products and amending
Directive 1999/13/EC
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available at https://www.legislation.gov.uk/.
D8141 − 22
Emission Testing Method for CDPH Standard Method V1.2., 2017 Standard Method for the Testing and Evaluation of Volatile
Organic Chemical Emissions from Indoor Sources using Environmental Chambers, Indoor Air Quality Section, Environmen-
tal Health Laboratory Branch, Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Department of Public
Health
I.S. EN 16402:2013 Paints and Varnishes—Assessment of Emissions of Substances from Coatings into Indoor Air—Sampling,
Conditioning, and Testing
ISO 16000-6:2011 Indoor Air—Part 6: Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air by Active
Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorption and Gas Chromatography using MS or MS-FID
ISO 12219-1 Interior Air of Road Vehicles—Part 1: Whole Vehicle Test Chamber—Specification and Method for the
Determination of volatile Organic Compounds in Cabin Interiors
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms commonly used for sampling and analysis of atmospheres, refer to Terminology D1356. For
definitions and terms commonly used when testing materials and products for emissions, refer to Guide D5116 and Practices
D6670 and D7706.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 conventional chamber, n—a chamber with test materials on one surface only.
3.2.2 dynamic chamber, n—a chamber with input and output airflow.
3.2.3 sandwich chamber, n—a chamber with test materials on opposite surfaces (typically top and bottom); typically used to reduce
the surface-to-volume ratio to mitigate wall sorption effects; sometimes these chambers are referred to as material-air-material
chambers.
3.2.4 static chamber, n—a sealed chamber with no airflow.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Emissions of VOCs are typically controlled by internal mass transfer mass-transfer limitations (for example, diffusion through
the material), while emissions of SVOCs are typically controlled by external mass transfer mass-transfer limitations (migration
through the air immediately above the material). The emission of some chemicals may be controlled by both internal and external
mass transfer mass-transfer limitations. In addition, due to their lower vapor pressure, SVOCs generally adsorb to different media
(chamber walls, building materials, particles, and other surfaces) at greater rates than VOCs. This sorption can increase the amount
of time required to reach steady-state SVOC concentrations using conventional VOC emission test methods to months for a single
test (2).
4.2 Thus, existing methods for characterizing emissions of VOCs may not be appropriate or practical to properly characterize
emission rates of SVOCs for use in modeling SVOC concentrations in indoor environments. A mass transfer mass-transfer
framework is needed to accurately assess emission rates of SVOCs when predicting the SVOC indoor air concentrations in indoor
environments. The SVOC mass transfer mass-transfer framework includes SVOC emission characteristics and its partition to
multimedia including sorption to indoor surfaces, airborne particles, and settled dust. Once the SVOC emission parameters and
partitioning coefficients have been determined, these values can be used to modeling SVOC indoor concentrations.
5. Overview of Concepts Related to Organic Chemical Emissions in Indoor Environments
5.1 Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)—There are many physical property based definitions used to describe the difference
between a Very Volatile Organic Compound (VVOC), VVOC, a VOC, an SVOC, and a Non-Volatile Organic Compound (NVOC).
NVOC. The definitions typically are based on the chemicals’ vapor pressure at 25 °C, 25 °C, the chemical boiling point, or the
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), UL Headquarters, 333 Pfingsten Road, Northbrook, IL, 60062, http://www.ul.com.
Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland,
https://www.iso.org.
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relative position (time) a chemical is observed on a chromatograph. These definitions are useful to differentiate between chemicals
in laboratory settings and experiments. Table 1 lists the different physical property-based definitions from ten different references.
The data in Table 1 are not provided as authoritative definitions for VOC and SVOCs, but rather to inform the reader to the extent
of variation in accepted definitions for these terms. As an example, the chemical properties used to differentiate between a VOC
and an SVOC are listed in the row between the VOC and SVOC rows. There are five different boiling points spanning a 107 °C
107 °C range that have been used to define the cut off between a VOC and an SVOC. The delineation between VOC and SVOC
is further complicated by the fact that some chemicals do not have an accurately measured boiling point or decompose prior to
boiling. Likewise, there are no universally accepted vapor pressure or chromatographic retention time delineations between VOCs
and SVOCs. The use of chromatographic retention time as a delineator is further complicated because retention times are strongly
influenced by chromatographic conditions such as the choice of the column stationary phase polarity.
5.1.1 Labeling chemicals as VVOCs, VOCs, SVOCs, or NVOCs using chemical properties such as vapor pressure and boiling
point may have limited value when trying to describe how chemicals emit from materials in indoor environments. This is especially
true for chemicals close to the edge of these physical property definitions.
5.1.2 When modeling material emissions into an indoor environment, the classification (VOC, SVOC) is not as important as
defining the rate limiting step for the emission of the chemical. The rate limiting step is the slowest step in the migration of a
chemical from the interior of the material to the bulk air and is a function of the chemical, material, and environment combination.
Chemicals emitting from materials can be broadly classified into three groups: (1) chemicals where the rate limiting step is the
migration of the chemical to the material’s surface (internal mass transfer, typical of chemicals classified as VOCs), (2) chemical
where the rate limiting step is the migration of the chemical from the materials surface to the bulk air (external mass transfer,
typical of chemicals classified as SVOCs), or (3) chemicals where the rate of migration of the chemical to the material surface and
migration of the chemical from the material surface into the bulk air are similar for a given environment.
5.1.3 In addition, the emission of a chemical might be limited by internal diffusion in one material, but limited by external mass
transfer in another material depending upon the material composition and physical structure. These cases illustrate that there is no
definitive delineation between a VOC or an SVOC from either a chemical characteristic definition or from a mass transfer
framework. However, if applicable, common assumptions for SVOCs will be stated explicitly for context.
TABLE 1 Chemical Classification Definition Ranges for VVOC, VOC, SVOC, and NVOC
NOTE 1—The chemical properties used to differentiate between different classifications are listed in the row between the classification rows. Some
values listed are illustrative examples given in the references listed below the table. The maximum chromatogram retention time describes how the
chemical elutes from a non-polar or slightly polar gas chromatographic separation column compared to n-alkane.
Maximum Vapor Pressure Maximum Boiling Point Maximum Chromatogram
at 25 °C at 101.3 kPa Retention Time
VVOC
A A B
VVOC / VOC Delineation 15 kPa 30 °C C
C D E,D
500 kPa 68 °C C
F
50–100 °C
VOC
-2 G,H,I,J,C A E,D
VOC / SVOC Delineation 10 kPa 180 °C C
K B
250 °C C
F,H
240–260 °C
E,D
287 °C
-4 L
10 kPa
SVOC
-8 G,H,J A D
SVOC / NVOC Delineation 10 kPa >300–350 °C C
-12 I F,H
10 kPa 380–400 °C
-11 L
10 kPa
NVOC
A
Guide D6345 – 10
B
Emission Testing Method for CDPH Standard Method V1.2., 2017 (also known as California Specification 01350)
C
Practice D6330
D
I.S. EN 16402:2013
E
ISO 16000-6:2011
F
WHO (3)
G
Terminology D1356 – 15b
H
ISO 12219–1
I
Little, Weschler (1)
J
Practice D6177 – 14
K
Directive 2004/42/CE
L
Donahue, et al. 2006 (4)
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5.2 Mass Transfer Mass-Transfer Parameters—To understand how VOC and SVOC emissions differ, it is important to understand
a mathematical model of mass transfer for a chemical moving from the solid material phase to the air phase. Fig. 1 illustrates a
simplified, one dimensional mass transfer one-dimensional mass-transfer model for a chemical emitting from a material. This
model is applicable to the emission of both VOCs and SVOCs from a material. However, several simplifications of the model are
often made if the model is applied to SVOCs. In this model, the following parameters are defined as:
C = the chemical concentration in the solid material at a depth x at time t (μg/m )
(x,t)
C = the chemical concentration on the surface of the solid material (x = L) at time t (μg/m )
(L,t)
y = the chemical concentration in the bulk air at time t (μg/m )
(t)
y = the chemical concentration in the air phase immediate above the material surface at time t (μg/m )
o(t)
L = the thickness of the material (m)
K = the ratio of chemical concentrations in the solid and air phases when the chemical is in equilibrium across the interface
3 3
between the two phases (dimensionless or m air 1/m material)
D = the diffusion constant for the chemical in the bulk material (resistance to movement through the material (m /s)
h = the convective mass transfer coefficient (resistance to movement through the gaseous boundary layer, (m/s)
m
C = the chemical concentration in the solid material at a depth x at time t (μg/m ). For SVOCs, this parameter is often assumed
(x,t)
to be constant over time (no depletion) and throughout the material (6). Then, C is replaced by C for 0 ≤ x ≤ L and
(x,t) 0
t > 0.
C = the chemical concentration on the surface of the solid material (x = L) at time t (μg/m ). For SVOCs, this parameter is
(L,t)
often assumed to equal C (6).
y = the chemical concentration in the bulk air at time t (μg/m ).
(t)
y = the chemical concentration in the air phase immediate above the material surface at time t (μg/m ).
o(t)
L = the thickness of the solid material (m).
K = the material-air partition coefficient, that is, the ratio of the chemical concentrations in the solid and air phases when the
ma
3 3
chemical is in equilibrium across the interface between the two phases (dimensionless or m air 1/m material).
D = the diffusion constant for the chemical in the solid material (resistance to movement through the material) (m /s). For
m
SVOCs, emission from solid materials is often assumed to be controlled only by external mass transfer (that is, by h )
m
and further it is often assumed that C = C , the influence of D becomes negligible for SVOCs (6, 7).
(x,t) 0 m
h = the convective mass-transfer coefficient (resistance to movement through the gaseous boundary layer, (m/s).
m
5.2.1 Other parameters used in this guide include:
A = the surface area of the material of interest (m )
h L
Bi = m
m
Biot number for mass transfer, Bi 5 (dimensionless)
S D
m
D
Dt
Fo =
m
Fourier number for mass transfer, Fo 5 (dimensionless)
m
L
A = the surface area of the solid material of interest (m ),
h L
Bi = m
m
Biot number for mass transfer, Bi 5 (dimensionless), and
S D
m
D
m
D t
Fo =
m
m
Fourier number for mass transfer, Fo 5 (dimensionless).
m 2
L
6. Choosing between VOC and SVOC Emission Test Methods using a Mass Transfer Framework
6.1 Choosing the correct emission test method to determine emission parameter values requires knowledge of how the emission
parameters are going to be used in a model. Over twenty mass transfer Many mass-transfer models have been used to describe dry
(diffusional) sources of VOCs and SVOCs (6, 5-8 and 97). The models differ in their assumptions and how they are solved
FIG. 1 Mass Transfer from a One Dimensional One-Dimensional Material to Bulk Air (adapted from Xu and Zhang (45))) and Liu et al.
(6))
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(analytically, numerically, ordinary differential equations or partial differential equations). However, all the mass transfer
mass-transfer models require the surface area of the material of interest (A), the thickness of the material (L), the chemical partition
coefficient (K ), and the diffusion constant in the bulk material (D ). Some of the models also require the initial chemical
ma m
concentration in the material of interest (C ), and the convective mass transfer mass-transfer coefficient (h ). The values of these
(L,0) m
parameters can be used to determine which type of emission test method is appropriate for the chemical and material of interest.
-13 2 -11 2
6.2 Typically, the variation in the diffusion coefficient (diffusion coefficient, D,D , varies from 10 m m /s to 10 m /s) or the
m
/s. Approaches to estimate D are readily available (10).convective mass transfer coefficient ( The convective mass-transfer
m
-4 -2
coefficient, h , typically varies from 10 m/s to 10 m/s) is relatively small compared to them/s and estimation approaches are
m
1 13
readily available variation(11). in the partition coefficient (The material-air partition coefficient, K,K , varies from 10 to 10 ).
ma
. While estimation approaches are available (12), material- and chemical-specific experimental data are recommended to reduce
uncertainty. Hence, the partition coefficient value can play an important role in determining the rate limiting step controlling
emissions from materials for VOCs and SVOCs.
6.3 The partition coefficient, K,K , describes the ratio of chemical concentrations in the solid and air phases when the chemical
ma
is in equilibrium across the interface between the two phases:phases. Most models assume that equilibrium partitioning across the
interface is instantaneous.
C
~eq!
K 5 (1)
y
~eq!
C
~eq!
K 5 (1)
ma
y
eq
~ !
where:
C = the equilibrium chemical concentration in the solid material (μg/m ), and
(eq)
y = the equilibrium chemical concentration in the air phase (μg/m ).
(eq)
6.4 The dimensionless Biot number for mass transfer (Bi ) divided by the partition coefficient (K ) can be used to determine
m ma
whether chemical emissions are controlled by the migration of the chemical to the materials surface (internal mass transfer) or by
the migration of the chemical from the materials surface to the bulk air (external mass transfer) (45).
h L
m
S D
Bi D L h
m m
5 5 (2)
S DS D
K K D K
h L
m
S D
Bi D L h
m m m
5 5 (2)
S DS D
K K D K
ma ma m ma
6.5 Bi /K relates the two fundamental processes that control the rate of emissions of organic chemicals from indoor materials:
m ma
diffusion within the material (represented by L/D above), and convective mass transfer from the surface of the material to the
m
overlying air (represented by h /K above). For any given chemical/material/chamber combination, one of these two processes
m ma
will typically be the rate limiting step controlling the rate of chemical emissions from the material. However, in some cases the
emission rate is controlled by both processes.
6.6 If Bi /K is greater than 35, then the rate of migration of the chemical from the surface to the bulk air is twenty times greater
m ma
than the rate of migration of the chemical to the materials surface (valid for cases when the Fourier number for mass transfer,
Dt D t
m -4
Fo 5 Fo 5 is equal to 10 ) (45, 6). Hence, the emission of the chemical in these cases will be controlled by the rate limiting
2 2
m m
L L
diffusion of the chemical to the material’s surface and not dependent on the air flow airflow above the material. In these cases, the
modeled emission rate in an indoor environment can be directly represented by a constant determined in a conventional emission
test chamber study. This emission rate for modeling indoor environments is often referred to as the area-specific emission rate (E ,
AS
μg/mμg/(m h)h)) and is calculated from conventional emission chamber studies as follows:
Q y
~Chamber! ~SS 2 Chamber!
E 5 (3)
AS
A
Chamber
~ !
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where:
Q = the flow into the chamber (m /h),
(Chamber)
y = the steady state chemical concentration in the air phase (μg/m ), and
(SS-Chamber)
y = the steady-state chemical concentration in the air phase (μg/m ), and
(SS-Chamber)
A = the area of the source material (m ).
(Chamber)
6.7 Calculating the area-specific emission rate by means of Eq 3 assumes that (1) there is no chemical concentration in the inflow
to the chamber, (2) the chemical has reached a steady state steady-state concentration, and (3) sorption to chamber walls is minimal
or has reached a steady state steady-state condition. In summary, when Bi /K is greater than 35, the chamber determined
m ma
area-specific emission rate (E ) can be used to estimate emissions when modeling chemical concentrations in indoor
AS
environments.
6.8 If Bi /K is less than 1, then the rate of migration of the chemical from the surface to the bulk air is the primary limiting
m ma
mass transfer mass-transfer process (6). The chemical’s emission will be controlled by the migration from the surface to the bulk
air. In these cases, internal diffusion becomes negligible and the chemical emission rate in an indoor environment can be modeled
using a mass transfer mass-transfer approach (E , μg/mμg/(m h). h)). This approach is usually chosen for SVOCs. The modeled
MT
emission rate (E ) can be represented by the product of the convective mass transfer mass-transfer coefficient (h ), and the
MT m
difference between the gaseous concentration near the material surface (y ) and the bulk air (y ):
o(t) (t)
E 5 h y 2 y (4)
~ !
MTP m o t t
~ ! ~ !
E 5 h y 2 y (4)
~ !
MT m o t t
~ ! ~ !
6.9 While the gaseous concentration near the material surface (y ) and the bulk air (y ) are the same in a chamber and the indoor
o(t) (t)
environment (assuming the same temperature and relative humidity), the convective mass transfer mass-transfer coefficient (h ),
m
can be different for chamber systems and indoor environments. Hence, when the chemical emission is limited by the migration of
the chemical from the materials surface to the bulk air, the emission rate calculated in Eq 4 may be different in the chamber and
in an indoor environment.
6.10 For chemicals in dynamic flow environments (chambers and indoor environments) with emission rates that are limited by
external mass transfer (diffusion through the air boundary layer), the bulk air concentration, y , will not be equal to the equilibrium
(t)
concentration, y . In these cases, the chemical concentration in the air phase immediately above the material surface, y , is
(eq) o(t)0(t)
C C
~L , 0! ~L , 0!
often assumed to be in equilibrium with solid phase y 5 y 5 , Fig. 1) and constant (45, 79, 813). The assumption of a
o 0
K K
ma
constant y value is typically valid for materials with large partitioning coefficientpartition coefficients (for example, K > 10 ) and
o0
large initial concentrations (for example, > 10%) >10 %) (79). Further, for SVOCs it is often assumed that the chemical
concentration in the material is uniform and then C is replaced by C .
(L,0) 0
6.11 In summary, when Bi /K K is less than 1, the mass transfer mass-transfer parameters (K,K ,h ,y ,C ) should be used
m ma ma m o0 (L,0)
to estimate the emission rate (E ) when modeling indoor chemical concentrations.
mass transferMT
6.12 For situations where 1 < Bi /K < 35, the rates of the chemical’s migration from the surface to the bulk air and its rate of
m ma
migration to the material’s surface will be similar. An experimental approach like that outlined in 8.4 should be used to determine
how to best estimate emissions when modeling indoor chemical concentrations.
7. Chambers for Emission Testing to Determine Emission Modeling Parameters
7.1 Once the best approach for estimating emissions in modeling of chemical concentrations in indoor environments (chamber
area-specific emission rate or mass transfer mass-transfer parameters) is determined, the optimal experimental chamber method
should be selected. There are wide variety of chambers and methods used to measure chemical emissions from materials in the
literature (914). Chambers used for emission testing are summarized in Table 2. Literature examples of products, materials, and
chemical groups used for emission testing are summarized in Table 3. Emission test chambers can be described by two major
characteristics.
7.1.1 First, chambers can be dynamic or static. Dynamic chambers have airflow through the chamber. Chemical concentrations
are typically measured at the exhaust of the chamber. Static chambers have no airflow through them. Chemical concentrations are
measured by sampling in the chamber.
D8141 − 22
TABLE 2 Example Chamber Types Used to Measure Emissions from Materials
Possible Limitations in Using Chamber for
Typical Use for
Chamber Description Type Typical Volume Determining Emission Modeling Parameters Examples
A
Emission Modeling
of Typical SVOCs
Large chamber Dynamic, 30 m E Sorption to chamber w
...