ASTM D7144-05

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D 7144 – 05a
Standard Practice for
Collection of Surface Dust by Micro-vacuum Sampling for
Subsequent Metals Determination
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7144; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration
D 4840 Guide for Sampling Chain of Custody Procedures
1.1 This practice covers the micro-vacuum collection of
D 5438 Practice for Collection of Floor Dust for Chemical
surface dust for subsequent determination of metals. The
Analysis
primary intended application is for sampling from soft, rough,
D 6966 Practice for Collection of Dust Wipe Samples for
or porous surfaces.
Subsequent Metals Determination
1.2 Micro-vacuumsamplingiscarriedoutusingacollection
2.2 ISO Standard:
nozzle attached to a filter holder (sampling cassette) that is
ISO 15202-1 Workplace air—Determination of metals and
connected to an air sampling pump.
metalloids in airborne particulate matter by inductively
1.3 This practice allows for the subsequent determination of
coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry—Part 1:
metals on a loading basis (mass of metal(s) per unit area
Sampling
sampled),oronaconcentrationbasis(massofmetal(s)perunit
mass of sample collected), or both.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to sam-
1.5 Limitations—Due to a number of physical factors inher-
pling and analysis of dust not given here, refer to D 1356.
ent in the micro-vacuum sampling method, analytical results
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
for vacuum dust samples are not likely to reflect the total dust
3.2.1 air sampling pump—a portable pump that is used to
contained within the sampling area prior to sample collection.
draw air through a filter holder/collection nozzle assembly for
Indeed, dust collection will generally be biased towards
micro-vacuum collection of surface dust. An example would
smaller, less dense dust particles. Nevertheless, the use of this
include a personal sampling pump (D 1365).
standard practice will generate data that are consistent and
3.2.2 batch—a group of field or quality control samples, or
comparable between operators performing micro-vacuum col-
2 both, that are collected together in a similar environment and
lection at a variety of sampling locations and sites.
are processed together using the same reagents and equipment.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.3 collection nozzle—a piece of flexible plastic tubing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cut at a 45º angle at the inlet end, and connected at the outlet
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
end to the inlet orifice of a filter holder (sampling cassette).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.4 field blank—a sample that is handled in exactly the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
same way that field samples are collected, except that no air is
2. Referenced Documents drawn through it.
3.2.5 filter holder—an apparatus that supports and contains
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the filter medium upon which dust is collected. It is also often
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
referred to as a sampling cassette.
Atmospheres
3.2.6 internal capsule—a device inserted into a filter holder
(sampling cassette) that allows complete capture of contami-
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 onAir Quality
nant within its envelope and prevents deposition of collected
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD22.04onWorkplaceAtmospheres.
material on the internal walls of the sampling cassette. Use of
Current edition approved October 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally
an internal capsule is necessary for gravimetric analysis
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 7144 - 05.
Reynolds, S. J., et al., “Laboratory comparison of vacuum, OSHA, and HUD
purposes.
sampling methods for lead in household dust.” American Industrial Hygiene
NOTE 1—Such capsules are commercially available.
Association Journal, Vol. 58, pp. 439-446 (1997).
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
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the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
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D 7144 – 05a
3.2.7 sampling device (assembly)—for micro-vacuum sam-
pling, an apparatus consisting of the collection nozzle, filter
holder (containing internal capsule, if necessary), and air
sampling pump, used to collect surface dust. The collection
nozzle is attached to the inlet end of the filter holder. The filter
holderhousesthefilter,throughwhichairisdrawnbyusingthe
air sampling pump.The filter holder is attached to the pump by
flexible tubing.
FIG. 1 Schematic of Sampling Assembly for Micro-Vacuum
3.2.8 surface dust—particulate matter on a given surface
Surface Dust Sampling
which has been transported to its present location by various A: Flexible tubing connecting the filter holder to the sampling
pump (not shown); B: Outlet of filter holder; C: Back-up pad/
means, such as settling through the air or tracking from other
support; D: Filter; E: Inlet of filter holder; F: Housing of filter
sources.
holder; G: Flexible tubing collection nozzle
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Samples of surface dust are collected from selected vacuum sampling technique that may be used for sampling
sampling locations into individual filter holders by using a carpets is described in Practice D 5438.
micro-vacuum collection technique that employs a personal 5.6 Procedures presented in this practice are intended to
sampling pump. The sample is then processed for transport provide a standardized method for dust collection from sur-
and subsequent laboratory analysis for determination of metals faces that cannot be reliably sampled using wipe collection
content. methods (for example, Practice D 6966). Additionally, the
4.2 The collected sample may include particles which ad- procedure described uses equipment that is readily available
here to the internal walls of the filter holder. This material and in common use for other environmental and occupational
should be rinsed or wiped off and added to the sample meant hygiene sampling applications.
for subsequent chemical analysis. However, this material 5.7 The entire contents of the filter holder, that is, the filter
cannot be included in gravimetric determination unless an plus collected dust, is targeted for subsequent analysis for
internal capsule that can be accurately weighed is used during metals content. An internal capsule is used if gravimetric
sample collection. analysis is necessary.
5. Significance and Use 6. Apparatus
5.1 Human exposure to toxic metals present in surface dust 6.1 Dust sampling equipment—The sampling assembly (see
can result from dermal contact with or ingestion of contami- Fig.1)forthemicro-vacuumcollectionofsurfacedustsamples
nateddust.Also,inhalationexposurecanresultfromdisturbing has the following components:
6.1.1 Filters, of a diameter suitable for use with the filter
dust particles from contaminated surfaces. Thus standardized
methods for the collection and analysis of metals in surface holders,andwithacollectionefficiencyofnotlessthan99.5 %
dust samples are needed in order to evaluate the potential for for particles with a diffusion diameter of 0.3 µm, and with a
human exposure to toxic elements. verylowmetalcontent(typicallylessthan0.1µgofeachmetal
5.2 This practice involves the use of sampling equipment to of interest per filter) (see ISO 15202-1).
collect surface dust samples that may contain toxic metals, and 6.1.1.1 Weight-stable filters or matched-weight filters shall
is intended for use by qualified technical professionals. be used if it is desired to determine the mass of collected dust.
5.3 This practice allows for the subsequent determination of
NOTE 2—If the filters are to be weighed in order to determine the mass
collected metals concentrations on an area (loading) or mass
of dust collected, it is important that they be resistant to moisture
concentration basis, or both.
retention, so that blank weight changes that can occur as a result of
5.4 Because particle losses can occur due to collection of
changes in temperature and humidity are as low and repeatable as
possible. Also, filters selected for weight stability should not be exces-
dust onto the inner surfaces of the nozzle, the length of the
sively brittle, since this can introduce weighing errors due to loss of filter
collection nozzle is specified in order that such losses are
material.
comparable from one sample to another.
5.5 Thispracticeissuitableforthecollectionofsurfacedust 6.1.2 Filter holders, for 25- or 37-mm diameter filters.
6.1.3 Internal capsules, for gravimetric analysis—Ifitis
samples from, for example: (a) soft, porous surfaces such as
carpet or upholstery; (b) hard, rough surfaces such as concrete desired to determine the mass of collected dust, internal
capsules shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg.
or roughened wood; (c) confined areas that cannot be easily
sampled by other means (such as wipe sampling as described
NOTE 3—If pre-weighed internal capsules and filters are used, it will be
inPracticeD 6966).Acompanionsamplingtechniquethatmay
necessary to tare the internal capsules, plus backup pads, prior to use.
be used for collection of surface dust from hard, smooth
Procedures for accurate weighing of internal capsules are described in
surfaces is wipe sampling (Practice D 6966). A companion detail elsewhere.
5 6
Que Hee, S. S., et al., “Evolution of efficient methods to sample lead sources, NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed.; Methods 0500 and 0600.
such as house dust and hand dust, in the homes of children.” Environmental Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational
Research, Vol. 38, pp. 77-95 (1985). Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1994.
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