ASTM D5819-99

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D5819–99
Standard Guide for
Selecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation of
Geosynthetic Durability
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 4886 Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Geotextiles
(Sand Paper/Sliding Block Method)
1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a system-
D 5101 Test Method for Measuring the Soil-Geotextile
atic determination of those factors of the appropriate applica-
System Clogging Potential by the Gradient Ratio
tion environment that may affect the post-construction service
D 5262 Test Method for Evaluating the UnconfinedTension
life of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recom-
Creep Behavior of Geosynthetics
mended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durabil-
D 5322 Practice for Immersion Procedures for Evaluating
ity of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that the
the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids
durability can be considered in the design process.
D 5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-
1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issues
tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-
associated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, or
stant Tensile Load Test
installation environments.
D 5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-
2. Referenced Documents
thetics
D 5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems
D 1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
D 5885 Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Poly-
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
olefin Geosynthetics by High Pressure Differential Scan-
Temperature
ning Calorimetry
D 1987 Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextiles
D 5970 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles from
or Soil/Geotextile Filters
Outdoor Exposure
D 2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and Flex-
G 23 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus
ural Creep and Creep-Rupture of Plastics
(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
D 3083 Specification for Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
of Nonmetallic Materials
Plastic Sheeting for Pond, Canal, and Reservoir Lining
G 53 Practice for Operating Light- and Water-Exposure
D 3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-
Apparatus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo-
olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
sure of Nonmetallic Materials
D 4355 Test Method for Deterioration of Geotextiles from
G 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-
Exposure to Ultraviolet Light and Water (Xenon-Arc Type
celerated Test Devices That Use Laboratory Light
Apparatus)
Sources
D 4594 Test Method for Effects of Temperature on Stability
G 152 PracticeforOperatingOpenFlameCarbonArcLight
of Geotextiles
Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
D 4716 Test Method for Determining the (In-Plane) Flow
G 153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light
Rate Per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a
Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
G 154 Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus
for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-35 on Geosynthet-
3. Summary of Guide
icsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.02onEnduranceProperties.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1999. Published March 2000. Originally
3.1 The effects of a given application environment on the
published as D 5819 – 95. Last previous edition D 5819 – 95.
durability of a geosynthetic must be determined through
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.13.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
5 6
Discontinued; see 1997 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5819–99
A B
TABLE 1 Functions and Other Performance Characteristics
B C
Containment (C)—A geosynthetic provides containment when it encapsulates or surrounds materials such as sand, rocks, and fresh concrete.
A
Filtration (F)—A geosynthetic performs the filtration function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for adequate liquid flow with limited soil loss
across the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
A
Fluid Barrier (FB)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid barrier function when it essentially eliminates the migration of fluids through it.
A
Fluid Transmission (a.k.a. drainage)—A geosynthetic performs the fluid transmission function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for
adequate flow with limited soil loss within the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.
B
Insulation (I)—A geosynthetic provides insulation when it reduces the passage of heat, electricity, or sound.
A
Protection (P)—A geosynthetic, placed between two materials, performs the protection function when it alleviates or distributes stresses and strains
transmitted to the material to be protected.
A
Reinforcement (R)—A geosynthetic performs the reinforcement function when it provides often synergistic improvement of a total system’s strength created by
the introduction of a tensile force into a soil (good in compression but poor in tension) or other disjointed and separated material.
B
Screening (Scr)—A geosynthetic, placed across the path of a flowing fluid (ground water, surface water, wind) carrying particles in suspension, provides
screening when it retains some or all soil fine particles while allowing the fluid to pass through. After some period of time, particles accumulate against the
screen which requires that the screen be able to withstand pressures generated by the accumulated particles and the increasing fluid pressure.
A
Separation (S)—A geosynthetic placed between dissimilar materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain intact or be improved
performs the separation function.
B
Surface Stabilization (SS)—A geosynthetic, placed on a soil surface, provides surface stabilization when it restricts movement and prevents dispersion of
surface soil particles subjected to erosion actions (rain, wind), often while allowing or promoting vegetative growth.
B
Vegetative Reinforcement (VR)—A geosynthetic provides vegetative reinforcement when it extends the erosion control limits and performance of vegetation.
A
Functions are used in the context of this guide as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.
B
Other performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by standard tests or generally accepted design techniques.
Note—during the placement of fresh concrete in a geotextile flexible form, the geosynthetic functions temporarily as a filter to allow excess water to escape.
appropriate testing. Selection of appropriate tests requires a 5.1.1 The intended geosynthetic application,
systematic determination of the primary function(s) to be
5.1.2 The end use of the geosynthetic via its primary
performedandtheassociateddegradationprocessesthatshould
function(s) or performance characteristic(s), or both,
be considered. This guide provides a suitable systematic
5.1.3 The specific environment to which the geosynthetic
approach.
will be exposed,
3.2 Primary functions of geosynthetics are listed and de-
5.1.4 The types of geosynthetics that may or will be used,
fined in Table 1. With knowledge of the specific geosynthetic
and
application area and end use, the corresponding primary
function(s) is (are) identified. Table 2 gives degradation con- 5.1.5 The duration or time of use (that is, service life).
cerns as they relate to geosynthetic functions.Table 3 gives the
5.2 With this knowledge, the designer/specifier follows the
environmental elements that relate to the various degradation
following procedure:
processes and the currently available ASTM Committee D-35
5.2.1 Identify the primary function(s) or performance char-
test method for the experimental evaluation of specific types of
acteristic(s),orboth,tobeperformedbythegeosyntheticinthe
geosynthetic degradation. The following appendixes are in-
specific application and end use intended. Functions and
cluded to provide background information:
performance characteristics are defined in Table 1. (Tables for
X1. Terminology
guidance in identifying primary function(s) and performance
X2. Application/End Use/Primary Function Tables
X3. Example of Test Method Selection Procedure
characteristics are given in Appendix X2.)
X4. Design-by-Function Discussion
5.2.2 Using Table 2, identify the potential degradation
X5. Commentary on Geosynthetic Durability
X6. Bibliography
process(es) that will almost always (denoted as “A”) or
sometimes (denoted as “S”) be of concern when a geosynthetic
4. Significance and Use
performs the primary function(s) or provides the performance
4.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluate
characteristic(s), or both, which were identified in 5.2.1.Annex
geosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosynthetic
A1 contains associated notes toTable 2 that help to identify the
specification/selection process. This guide is intended to guide
process(es) that is (are) sometimes a concern in the specific
a designer/specifier through a systematic determination of
expected application environment.
degradation concerns based on the intended geosynthetic
5.2.3 Using Table 3, select the test method(s) that applies to
function or performance characteristic. This guide then pro-
the potential degradation process(es) identified in 5.2.2 as a
vides a guide to select available test methods for experimen-
concern(s) in the specific application environment expected.
tally evaluating geosynthetic durability and to identify areas
where no suitable test exists.
NOTE 1—Guidance is given in Table 3 to identify the most important
4.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degrada-
elements or variables relating to each degradation process.
tion resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting or
installing the geosynthetic.
6. Keywords
5. Suggested Procedure
6.1 aging; degradation; durability; environment; exposure;
geosynthetic; long-term performance
5.1 To utilize a structured procedure for selecting appropri-
ate test methods, the geosynthetic designer/specifier must have
knowledge of:
D5819–99
A
TABLE 2 Geosynthetic Function/Durability Assessment
B
Potential Degradation Process
Explanations of
Bio- Chem- Chem- Environ- Temper-
Mechan- Photo- Stress Thermal-
Function Primary Long-Term
Abbrevi- logical ical ical Clogging/ mental Hydrol- Plastici- ature
Creep ical Degra- Relax- Degra-
Concerns
ation Degra- Degra- Dissol- Piping Stress ysis zation Insta-
Damage dation ation dation
dation dation ution Cracking bility
C,D E E F G H I J G K
Containment C P S S S S NS S S NS NS Remain intact and
maintain filtration
performance
C,D E E L M H I J M K
Filtration F P S S A S NS S S NS NS Maintain design
filtration and resist
deformation and
intrusion
C E E G N,O H I J G P K
Fluid Barrier FB S S S NS A S S S NS S S Maintain intended
level of essential
impermeability
C,D E E Q R O H I J R K
Fluid Transmission FT P S S A A A S S S NA NS Maintain flow under
compressive loads
C,D E E
Insulation I P S S N N N N NNNN N N Minimizetemperature
losses and gains
across geosyn
C,D E E S H J S K
Protection P P S S NS NS NS NS NS Maintain protective
performance
C,D E E T U O H T J V U U K
Reinforcement R P S S ,P NA P S P S P S S S Provide necessary
strength, stiffness
and soil interaction
C,D E E W H I J K
Screening Scr P S S S NNS S S NN N S Maintain filtration
performance and
resist deformation
C,D E E H X J K
Separation S P S S NN N S P S NN N S Remain intact
C,D E E H Y Y K
Surface SS P S S NN N S A A NN N S Remain intact to resist
Stabilization erosive forces until
vegetation is
established
C,D E E H Y Y K
Vegetative VR P S S NN N S A A NN N S Remain intact
Reinforcement throughout
vegetation
A
Refer to Appendix X1 for terminology relating to Table 2.
B
M = Not a generally recognized concern; S = Sometimes a concern; A = Almost always a concern; P = Potential concern being researched.
C
Microorganisms have been known to attack and digest additives (plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers) used to plasticize some base polymers. This attack will change
physical and mechanical properties. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers incorporated into geosynthetic products. Embrittlement of geosynthetic surfaces
may influence interaction properties.
D
Microbial enzymes have been known to initiate and propagate reactions deteriorative to some base polymers. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers used
in geosynthetic products.
E
Chemical degradation or dissolution, or both, including the leaching of plasticizers or additives from the polymer structure, may be a concern for some geosynthetics
exposed to liquids containing unusually high concentrations of metals, salts, or chemicals, especially at elevated temperatures.
F
If select fill is not available, then a clogging resistance test should be performed with the job-specific soil.
G
Geosynthetics in containment structures which require long term strength characteristics should be designed using appropriate creep and stress relaxation criteria.
H
Hydrolysis may be a concern for polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) geosynthetics exposed to extreme pH conditions, especially at elevated temperatures.
I
When subject to rocking (abrasion), puncture (floating or airborne debris), or cutting (equipment or vandalism).
J
When permanently exposed or in extended construction phases (>2–4 weeks) and in “wrap-around” construction, photo degradation may be a concern for the exposed
geosynthetic.
K
Geosynthetics in applications such as dam facings and floating covers which results in exposure to temperatures at or above ambient must be stabilized to resist
thermal oxidation.
L
Clogging resistance of geotextiles can only be assessed by testing with site-specific soil and (sometimes) liquid.
M
If a filter geotextile is used with a geonet, it is important to assess short-term extrusion and
...