ASTM C1171-16(2022)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Quantitatively Measuring the Effect of Thermal Shock and Thermal Cycling on Refractories
Standard Test Method for Quantitatively Measuring the Effect of Thermal Shock and Thermal Cycling on Refractories
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature.
3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200 °C (2190 °F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes.
3.3 This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes.
3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be rugged:
Temperature
+5 °C
Hot spacing
1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)
Cold spacing
1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)
Center versus end gripping of the bars
Hot hold time
10 to 15 min
Cold hold time
10 to 15 min
Operator air speed
0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)
Initially cold or heated samples
Last in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO)
removal from the furnace
Sawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testing
Bar thickness
0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.
1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.
1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Jan-2022
- Technical Committee
- C08 - Refractories
- Drafting Committee
- C08.02 - Thermal Properties
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2011
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2010
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2010
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2009
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2009
- Effective Date
- 01-Apr-2009
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2008
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2008
- Effective Date
- 01-Aug-2008
Overview
ASTM C1171-16(2022): Standard Test Method for Quantitatively Measuring the Effect of Thermal Shock and Thermal Cycling on Refractories provides a reliable procedure to assess how refractory materials respond to rapid temperature changes. Developed by ASTM International, this test method is crucial for measuring the durability and longevity of refractories exposed to cyclic thermal stresses. It specifically evaluates the strength loss and reduction in structural continuity of refractory specimens subjected to repeated heating and cooling.
Key Topics
- Thermal Shock Resistance: Determining a refractory product's ability to withstand sudden and repeated changes in temperature, simulating conditions found in high-temperature industrial operations.
- Measurement Metrics:
- Modulus of Rupture (MOR): Comparing the flexural strength of uncycled (untested) versus thermally cycled specimens.
- Sonic Velocity: Assessing structural integrity by measuring the change in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.
- Testing Conditions:
- Recommended furnace temperature: 1200 °C (2190 °F)
- Variables considered rugged include temperature, spacing, gripping of test bars, hot/cold hold times, air speed during cooling, sample preparation, and specimen thickness.
- Specimen Requirements: Prism-shaped samples are cut from refractory bricks or shapes, with careful attention to dimensions and surface quality to ensure accurate results.
- Significance of Results: Useful for research, development, and comparative evaluation of various refractory products. Precision and test parameters should be thoroughly considered for specification or quality control purposes.
Applications
Testing refractories using ASTM C1171-16(2022) serves several practical purposes:
- Material Selection: Ensures that refractories chosen for high-temperature applications, such as furnaces, kilns, and reactors, meet performance requirements regarding thermal shock resistance.
- Product Comparison: Enables manufacturers or end-users to compare different refractory products under consistent testing conditions for purchasing or quality assurance.
- Research & Development: Provides valuable data to guide formulation improvements in refractory materials, targeting enhanced lifespan and reliability.
- Quality Assurance: Offers measurable parameters (MOR and sonic velocity) to monitor batch-to-batch consistency and to comply with industry standards or customer requirements.
- Failure Analysis: Assists in investigating root causes of refractory failure in service, leading to better maintenance and material selection decisions.
- Specification Development: Establishes baseline criteria for thermal cycling performance that can be included in procurement specifications for refractory installations.
Related Standards
The testing method described in ASTM C1171-16(2022) references and complements several other ASTM standards used in refractory testing and evaluation:
- ASTM C133: Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories
- ASTM C1419: Test Method for Sonic Velocity in Refractory Materials at Room Temperature and Its Use in Obtaining an Approximate Young’s Modulus
- ASTM C607: Practice for Coking Large Shapes of Carbon-Bearing Materials
- ASTM E4: Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
- ASTM E691: Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Practical Value
Implementing ASTM C1171-16(2022) ensures a quantitative understanding of how refractories will perform under the thermal cycling conditions typical in industrial settings. Using this standard increases confidence in refractory product selection, enhances the reliability of thermal process equipment, and supports compliance with internationally recognized quality and performance requirements.
Keywords: ASTM C1171, thermal shock resistance, thermal cycling test, refractories, modulus of rupture, sonic velocity, refractory testing standards, high-temperature materials, industrial furnace lining, quality assurance.
Get Certified
Connect with accredited certification bodies for this standard
BSMI (Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection)
Taiwan's standards and inspection authority.
Sponsored listings
Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM C1171-16(2022) is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Quantitatively Measuring the Effect of Thermal Shock and Thermal Cycling on Refractories". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature. 3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200 °C (2190 °F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes. 3.3 This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes. 3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be rugged: Temperature +5 °C Hot spacing 1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm) Cold spacing 1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm) Center versus end gripping of the bars Hot hold time 10 to 15 min Cold hold time 10 to 15 min Operator air speed 0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h) Initially cold or heated samples Last in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO) removal from the furnace Sawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testing Bar thickness 0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm) SCOPE 1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling. 1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling. 1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature. 3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200 °C (2190 °F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes. 3.3 This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes. 3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be rugged: Temperature +5 °C Hot spacing 1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm) Cold spacing 1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm) Center versus end gripping of the bars Hot hold time 10 to 15 min Cold hold time 10 to 15 min Operator air speed 0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h) Initially cold or heated samples Last in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO) removal from the furnace Sawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testing Bar thickness 0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm) SCOPE 1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling. 1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling. 1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM C1171-16(2022) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 17.200.10 - Heat. Calorimetry; 81.080 - Refractories. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM C1171-16(2022) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM C133-24, ASTM C1419-14(2020), ASTM C607-88(2016), ASTM C1419-14, ASTM E4-14, ASTM E691-13, ASTM E691-11, ASTM E4-10, ASTM C607-88(2010)e1, ASTM E4-09a, ASTM C1419-99a(2009), ASTM E4-09, ASTM E4-08, ASTM E691-08, ASTM C133-97(2008). Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM C1171-16(2022) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1171 − 16 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
Quantitatively Measuring the Effect of Thermal Shock and
Thermal Cycling on Refractories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C1419 Test Method for Sonic Velocity in Refractory Mate-
rials at Room Temperature and Its Use in Obtaining an
1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength
Approximate Young’s Modulus
loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and
ing Machines
subjected to thermal cycling.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and
the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.
3. Significance and Use
1.3 Thereductioninstructuralcontinuityisestimatedbythe
3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractory
difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.
product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in
temperature.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of this
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
cycling test is 1200 °C (2190 °F), this test method may not
and are not considered standard.
indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the morphology of the refractory product changes.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.3 This test method is useful for research and development,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
should be considered when using this test for specification
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
purposes.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
rugged:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Temperature +5 °C
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1 3
Hot spacing ⁄2 to ⁄4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1 3
Cold spacing ⁄2 to ⁄4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)
Center versus end gripping of the bars
2. Referenced Documents
Hot holdtime 10to15min
Coldholdtime 10to15min
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Operator air speed 0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)
C133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modu-
Initially cold or heated samples
Last in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO)
lus of Rupture of Refractories
removal from the furnace
C607 Practice for Coking Large Shapes of Carbon-Bearing
Sawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testing
Materials
Bar thickness 0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm)
4. Apparatus
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on Thermal
4.1 Furnace, capable of maintaining 1200 °C (2190 °F)
Properties.
with recovery rate of less than 5 min to temperature.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C1171 – 16. DOI:
4.2 Abrasive Saw, to cut the test specimens.
10.1520/C1171-16R22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4.3 Dryer, capable of operating at 105 °C to 110 °C (220 °F
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
to 230 °F).
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 4.4 Tongs or Fork, for handling hot specimens.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1171 − 16 (2022)
4.5 Safety Equipment, such as gloves, face shields, and 7. Procedure
tinted safety glasses.
7.1 Measure the sonic velocity along the length of each test
4.6 AluminaSetterBrick, 90 %, placed 5 in. (127 mm) apart specimen according to Test Method C1419 and divide the
in and outside the furnace. specimens into two equal groups on the basis of similar
distributions of velocity measurements.
4.7 Strength Testing Machine—Any form of standard me-
chanical or hydraulic compression testing machine that con- 7.2 Determine the cold modulus of rupture (using Test
forms to the requirements of Practices E4 may be used. Methods C133) on one group, using three-point loading with a
5-in. (127-mm) span and a loading rate of 175 lbf/min
4.8 Sonic Velocity Machine—Test apparatus conforming to
(778 N⁄mm).
the section on Test Apparatus of Test Method C1419.
7.3 Preheat the test furnace to the test temperature of 1200
5. Sampling
6 15 °C (2190 6 25 °F); preheating is usually done the night
5.1 The sampling shall consist of at least two bricks or prior to testing. Use of other test temperatures is allowed and
must be included as a deviation in the report.
shapes, or test samples made from monolithic refractories. At
least ten test specimens shall be used. An equal number of
7.4 Place the test specimens from the remaining group into
specimens shall be taken from each of the bricks or shapes.
the furnace spanning the setter brick and allow them to remain
there for 10 to 15 min. Then, remove the specimens from the
5.2 Samples should be prefired to a temperature at least as
furnaceandallowthemtocoolfor10to15minwhilespanning
high as the test temperatures.
the setter brick in ambient air.This is considered one full cycle.
6. Test Sp
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.
Loading comments...