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ASTM F2849-10

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Handling of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Divert Airfields

Standard Practice for Handling of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Divert Airfields

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is written to preclude damage or injury to property and personnel in the event of an unplanned landing by an unmanned aircraft at an airfield not equipped or trained to handle that type of aircraft and to prevent unintentional damage to the aircraft once it lands. It is intended for use by unmanned aircraft equipment designers, procedures developers, and ground personnel.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice identifies and describes equipage and procedures for safely handling unmanned aircraft forced to recover at alternate or diversionary airfields where personnel trained in recovering that type of aircraft may not be present. It is intended to apply to fixed-wing unmanned aircraft conducting non-visual line-of-sight operations. It is intended to establish common locations, labeling, and functions of equipment necessary to safely power down the aircraft without damaging it and common procedures for untrained personnel to follow to contact the owner of the aircraft. It addresses mission planning procedures, automated functions, and manual functions/handling procedures in the preflight, in-flight, and post-flight phases, respectively.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jun-2010
ICS
49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
Technical Committee
F38 - Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Drafting Committee
F38.02 - Flight Operations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F2849-10(2019) - Standard Practice for Handling of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Divert Airfields
Effective Date
01-Feb-2019

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ASTM F2849-10 - Standard Practice for Handling of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Divert AirfieldsASTM F2849-10 - Standard Practice for Handling of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Divert Airfields
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ASTM F2849-10 - Standard Practice for Handling of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Divert Airfields
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F2849 −10
Standard Practice for
1
Handling of Unmanned Aircraft Systems at Divert Airfields
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope along the planned route of flight. This is dependent upon a
number of factors including—but not limited to—geographic
1.1 This practice identifies and describes equipage and
location of flight operations (for example, austere operating
procedures for safely handling unmanned aircraft forced to
environment or maritime operations with few available air-
recover at alternate or diversionary airfields where personnel
fields)andmissionflightprofile.Ifmissionplanninganddivert
trained in recovering that type of aircraft may not be present. It
airfield accommodations are in conflict, mission requirements
is intended to apply to fixed-wing unmanned aircraft conduct-
shall take priority over divert airfield planning.
ing non-visual line-of-sight operations. It is intended to estab-
lish common locations, labeling, and functions of equipment
4.2 Gliding distance is defined as aircraft altitude above
necessary to safely power down the aircraft without damaging
ground level (absolute altitude minus 1000 ft for pattern
it and common procedures for untrained personnel to follow to
altitude)timesitslifttodragratio(L/D).Zerowind,allengines
contact the owner of the aircraft. It addresses mission planning
out, and 50 % fuel onboard are assumed.Aircraft configuration
procedures, automated functions, and manual functions/
(for example, stores on wings) should be taken into account
handling procedures in the preflight, in-flight, and post-flight
when determining the L/D ratio to be used for a flight segment.
phases, respectively.
4.3 Selected airfields shall be capable (for example, runway
length, width, bearing strength) of accommodating recovery of
2. Referenced Documents
the aircraft in its planned configuration.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.4 Contact information for the alternate airfields shall be
F2395 Terminology for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
3
updated and made available to the pilot for use during flight.
2.2 Other Standard:
ICAO Annex 1, Chapter 1
5. Automated Functions
3. Significance and Use
5.1 Ataminimum,theaircraftshallbeabletorecognizeand
3.1 This practice is written to preclude damage or injury to
report the condition of not being capable of maintaining level
property and personnel in the event of an unplanned landing by
flightatitsmissionaltitudeoratareducedaltitude(thatis,sink
an unmanned aircraft at an airfield not equipped or trained to
rate at reduced or full power). This condition shall trigger the
handlethattypeofaircraftandtopreventunintentionaldamage
aircraft’s flight control computer to enter a “divert mode” (that
to the aircraft once it lands. It is intended for use by unmanned
is, a subset of its contingency mode) of functioning. Excep-
aircraft equipment designers, procedures developers, and
tional conditions where a sink rate exists at full power under
ground personnel.
normal operating conditions, for example, when encountering
mountainwaveeffects,shouldalsoberecognizable.Theremay
4. Mission Planning Procedures
be other contingencies such as environmental conditions,
4.1 If mission requirements allow, alternate or divert air- system-specific issue, or other factors which trigger the divert
fields shall be planned within gliding distance of any point mode as well. This is only meant to describe a minimum level
of automated functions.
1 5.2 In divert mode, the aircraft shall automatically (1)
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F38 on Unmanned
Aircraft Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F38.02 on Flight
squawk a predetermined code, (2) safe any weapons being
Operations.
carried, (3) cease any potentially hazardous emissions to
Current edition approved June 15, 2010. Published July 2010. DOI: 10.1520/
ground personnel unless doing so compromises aircraft safety
F2849-10.
2
prior to landing, (4) notify via the command and control link
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the intended alternate airfield to the pilot in command at the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
ground control station (if the link is still available), and (5)
the ASTM website.
3
disable or destroy any encryption devices as needed once the
Available from International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), 999 Univer-
sity Street, Montréal, Quebec H3
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this standard practice is to provide the minimum requirements for the conduct of compliance audits.  
4.2 The intended use of this practice is to provide a basis for an internal or external entity to develop an audit program. An audit program defines specific requirements for the execution of audits for a particular objective. An example of an audit program would be an external (third party) audit of UAS manufacturer’s quality assurance system.  
4.3 Compliance to this practice would ensure that audit programs and those who develop and execute them are following a consensus set of minimum requirements.  
4.4 This practice does not mandate either internal or external audits.  
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4.7 Additional Services—Additional services are outside the scope of an audit objective. Examples of such services are consultation to resolve negative or open findings or any other service where the auditing entity conducts an activity other than an audit for the audited entity.  
4.8 Compliance Assurance—An audit is only an indicator of the compliance health of the facility or organization, or both, during only the period under review and therefore has limited compliance assurance and is not assumed to be exhaustive.  
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1.1 This standard practice establishes the minimum set of requirements for auditing programs, methods, and systems, the responsibilities for all parties involved, and qualifications for entities conducting audits against ASTM standards on Unmanned Aircraft Systems. This document has been purposefully designed within the broader context of the Committee F38 library. Although the original source materials for the content presented here were intended to function as standalone documents, the committee has consciously removed any redundant information in favor of adopting a referential "single-source-of-truth" approach. Consequently, when applying this standard, it is essential to consider and integrate all relevant Committee F38 standards to ensure its comprehensive and accurate implementation.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a minimum set of requirements for an Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Operator Independent Audit Program in compliance with Practice F3365. This document has been purposefully designed within the broader context of the Committee F38 library. Although the original source materials for the content presented here were intended to function as standalone documents, the committee has consciously removed any redundant information in favor of adopting a referential "single-source-of-truth" approach. Consequently, when applying this standard, it is essential to consider and integrate all relevant Committee F38 standards to ensure its comprehensive and accurate implementation.  
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.2 Successful completion of this training course neither constitutes nor implies certification or licensure from the CAA.  
4.3 This guide is intended to provide guidance to:  
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This specification provides a consensus standard for an application to a nation's governing aviation authority (GAA) for a permit to operate a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) for commercial or public use purposes. It is intended for all sUAS that are allowed to operate over a defined area and in airspace authorized by a nation's GAA. Unless otherwise specified by a nation's GAA, this specification applies only to UA that have a maximum gross takeoff weight of 25 kg (55 lb) or less. This specification covers general command and control (C2) requirements, C2 system spectrum requirements, C2 link requirements, UA requirements, and fly-away functionality.
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Standard Specification for Vertiport Design

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1.1 This specification defines the requirements for the planning, design, and establishment of vertiports intended to service vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. These aircraft include, but are not limited to, standard category aircraft, optionally piloted aircraft, and unmanned aircraft. Aircraft not covered by this specification include VTOL aircraft less than 55 lb [25 kg]. In developing these standards, identified types of eVTOL aircraft, for example, Multi-Rotor, Lift & Cruise, Vectored Thrust, Tilt Wing, Tilt Rotor, etc., were considered. Ultimately it is up to the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) as to how and to what extent these standards are applied. Vertiports may provide commercial or private services in support of the operation of eVTOL aircraft including, but not limited to, some or all of occupant and cargo transport, air medical, flight instruction, aerial work, aircraft rental, fueling, charging of energy storage devices, battery exchange, hangaring, and maintenance services.  
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ASTM F3411-22a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Remote ID and Tracking

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for remote identification (Remote ID) of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Remote ID allows governmental and civil identification of UAS for safety, security, and compliance purposes. The objective is to increase UAS remote pilot accountability by removing anonymity while preserving operational privacy for remote pilots, businesses, and their customers. Remote ID is an enabler of enhanced operations such as beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations as well as operations over people.  
1.2 This specification defines message formats, transmission methods, and minimum performance standards for two forms of Remote ID: broadcast and network. Broadcast Remote ID is based on the transmission of radio signals directly from a UAS to receivers in the UAS’s vicinity. Network Remote ID is based on communication by means of the internet from a network Remote ID service provider (Net-RID SP) that interfaces directly or indirectly with the UAS, or with other sources in the case of intent-based network participants.  
1.3 This specification addresses the communications and test requirements of broadcast or network Remote ID, or both, in UAS and Net-RID SP systems.  
1.4 Applicability:  
1.4.1 This specification is applicable to UAS that operate at very low level (VLL) airspace over diverse environments including but not limited to rural, urban, networked, network degraded, and network denied environments, regardless of airspace class.  
1.4.2 This specification neither purports to address UAS operating with approval to use ADS-B or secondary surveillance radar transponders, nor does it purport to solve ID needs of UAS for all operations.  
1.4.3 In particular, this specification does not purport to address identification needs for UAS that are not participating in Remote ID or operators that purposefully circumvent Remote ID.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 Units of measurement included in this specification:    
m  
meters  
deg, °  
degrees of latitude and longitude, compass direction  
s  
seconds  
Hz  
Hertz (frequency)  
dBm  
decibel-milliwatts (radio frequency power)  
ppm  
parts per million (radio frequency variation)  
μs  
microseconds  
ms  
milliseconds  
1.6 Table of Contents:    
Title  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Remote ID and Network Interoperability Conceptual Overview  
4  
Performance Requirements  
5  
TEST METHODS  
Scope  
6  
Significance and Use  
7  
Hazards  
8  
Test Units  
9  
Procedure  
10  
Precision and Bias  
11  
Product Marking  
12  
Packaging and Package Marking  
13  
Keywords  
14  
ANNEX A1—Broadcast Authentication Verifier Service  
Annex A1  
ANNEX A2—Network Remote ID Interoperability Requirements, APIs, and Testing  
Annex A2  
ANNEX A3—Tables of Values  
Annex A3  
ANNEX A4—USS-DSS and USS-USS OpenAPI YAML Description  
Annex A4  
ANNEX A5—Number Registrar Management Policy  
Annex A5  
APPENDIX X1—Performance Characteristics  
Appendix X1  
APPENDIX X2—List of Subcommittee Participants and Contributors  
Appendix X2  
APPENDIX X3—Background Information  
Appendix X3  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 on Hazards.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the D...

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