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ASTM F2910-22

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Design and Construction of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)

Standard Specification for Design and Construction of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the design, construction, and test requirements for a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS). It is intended for all sUAS that are permitted to operate over a defined area and in airspace authorized by a nation's governing aviation authority (GAA). Unless otherwise specified by a nation’s GAA, this specification applies only to UA that have a maximum takeoff gross weight of 55 lb/25 kg or less.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines the design, construction, and test requirements for a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2022
ICS
49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
Technical Committee
F38 - Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Drafting Committee
F38.01 - Airworthiness
Current Stage
Ref Project

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2910 −22
Standard Specification for
Design and Construction of a Small Unmanned Aircraft
1
System (sUAS)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This specification defines the design, construction, and
3.1 Unique and Common Terminology—Terminology used
test requirements for a small unmanned aircraft system
in multiple standards is defined in F3341/F3341M, UAS
(sUAS).
Terminology Standard and F3060, Aircraft Terminology Stan-
dard.Terminology that is unique to this specification is defined
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the in this section.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 continued safe flight, n—a condition whereby a UAis
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
capable of continued safe flight, possibly using emergency
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
procedures, without requiring exceptional pilot skill. Upon
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
landing some UA damage may occur as a result of a failure
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
condition.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2 launch and recovery load, n—those loads experienced
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
during normal launch and recovery of the UA.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.3 limit load, n—those loads experienced in the normal
operation and maintenance of the UA.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.4 manufacturer, n—entity responsible for assembly and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
integration of components and subsystems to create a safe
F2908 Specification for Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual
operating sUAS.
(UFM) for an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)
F2909 Specification for Continued Airworthiness of Light-
3.1.5 permanent deformation, n—aconditionwherebyaUA
weight Unmanned Aircraft Systems
structure is altered such that it does not return to the shape
F2911 Practice for Production Acceptance of Small Un-
required for normal flight.
manned Aircraft System (sUAS)
3.1.6 propulsion system, n—consists of one or more power
F3002 Specification for Design of the Command and Con-
plants (for example, a combustion engine or an electric motor
trolSystemforSmallUnmannedAircraftSystems(sUAS)
F3003 Specification for Quality Assurance of a Small Un- and, if used, a propeller or rotor) together with the associated
manned Aircraft System (sUAS) installation of fuel system, control and electrical power supply
F3005 Specification for Batteries for Use in Small Un-
(for example, batteries, electronic speed controls, fuel cells, or
manned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
other energy supply).
F3060 Terminology for Aircraft
3.1.7 small unmanned aircraft system, sUAS, n—composed
F3341/F3341M Terminology for Unmanned Aircraft Sys-
ofthesmallunmannedaircraft(sUA)andallrequiredon-board
tems
subsystems, payload, control station, other required off-board
subsystems, any required launch and recovery equipment, and
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 on
command and control (C2) links between the sUA and the
UnmannedAircraftSystemsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeF38.01
control station. For purposes of this standard sUAS is synony-
on Airworthiness.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally
mous with a small Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (sRPAS)
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as F2910–14. DOI:
andsUAissynonymouswithasmallRemotelyPilotedAircraft
10.1520/F2910-22.
2 (sRPA).
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.8 structural failure, n—a condition whereby the struc-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ture is not able to carry normal operating loads.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2910 − 22
3.1.9 supplier, n—any entity engaged in the design and but is not limited to: containing the fire if the
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2910 − 14 F2910 − 22
Standard Specification for
Design and Construction of a Small Unmanned Aircraft
1
System (sUAS)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification defines the design, construction, and test requirements for a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2908 Specification for Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)(UFM) for a Small an Unmanned Aircraft System
(sUAS)(UAS)
F2909 PracticeSpecification for Maintenance and Continued Airworthiness of SmallLightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems
(sUAS)
F2911 Practice for Production Acceptance of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
F3002 Specification for Design of the Command and Control System for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
F3003 Specification for Quality Assurance of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
F3005 Specification for Batteries for Use in Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
F3060 Terminology for Aircraft
F3341/F3341M Terminology for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Unique and Common Terminology—Terminology used in multiple standards
is defined in F3341/F3341M, UAS Terminology Standard and F3060, Aircraft Terminology Standard. Terminology that is unique
to this specification is defined in this section.
3.1.1 continued safe flight, n—a condition whereby a UA is capable of continued safe flight, possibly using emergency procedures,
without requiring exceptional pilot skill. Upon landing some UA damage may occur as a result of a failure condition.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F38 on Unmanned Aircraft Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F38.01 on
Airworthiness.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014Oct. 1, 2022. Published January 2014December 2022. Originally approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
F2910–14. DOI: 10.1520/F2910-14.10.1520/F2910-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2910 − 22
3.1.2 launch and recovery load, n—those loads experienced during normal launch and recovery of the UA.
3.1.3 limit load, n—those loads experienced in the normal operation and maintenance of the UA.
3.1.4 manufacturer, n—entity responsible for assembly and integration of components and subsystems to create a safe operating
sUAS.
3.1.5 permanent deformation, n—a condition whereby a UA structure is altered such that it does not return to the shape required
for normal flight.
3.1.6 propulsion system, n—consists of one or more power plants (for example, a combustion engine or an electric motor and, if
used, a propeller or rotor) together with the associated installation of fuel system, control and electrical power supply (for example,
batteries, electronic speed controls, fuel cells, or other energy supply).
3.1.7 small unmanned aircraft system, sUAS, n—composed of the small unmanned aircraft (sUA) and all required on-board
subsystems, payload, control station, other required off-board subsystems, any required launch and recovery equipment, and
command and control (C2) links between the sUA and the control station. For purposes of this standard sUAS is synonymous with
a small Remote
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this standard practice is to provide the minimum requirements for the conduct of compliance audits.  
4.2 The intended use of this practice is to provide a basis for an internal or external entity to develop an audit program. An audit program defines specific requirements for the execution of audits for a particular objective. An example of an audit program would be an external (third party) audit of UAS manufacturer’s quality assurance system.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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1.2 This specification is intended to support the design of civil vertiports and vertistops, however, it may also be used as a best practice document for other facilities.  
1.2.1 Vertiport  is a generic reference to the area of land, water, or structure used, or intended to be used, for the landing and takeoff of VTOL aircraft, together with associated buildings and facilities. At this time, aircraft with floats conducting water landings and takeoffs are not included in this specification.  
1.2.2 Vertistop—The same as Vertiport, except that no fueling, defueling, scheduled maintenance, scheduled repairs, or storage of aircraft is permitted. Unscheduled maintenance and repairs to return an aircraft in an AOG (Aircraft on Ground) status to a serviceable status are permissible.  
1.3 This document may present information in either SI units, English Engineering units, or both. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3411-22a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Remote ID and Tracking

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for remote identification (Remote ID) of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Remote ID allows governmental and civil identification of UAS for safety, security, and compliance purposes. The objective is to increase UAS remote pilot accountability by removing anonymity while preserving operational privacy for remote pilots, businesses, and their customers. Remote ID is an enabler of enhanced operations such as beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations as well as operations over people.  
1.2 This specification defines message formats, transmission methods, and minimum performance standards for two forms of Remote ID: broadcast and network. Broadcast Remote ID is based on the transmission of radio signals directly from a UAS to receivers in the UAS’s vicinity. Network Remote ID is based on communication by means of the internet from a network Remote ID service provider (Net-RID SP) that interfaces directly or indirectly with the UAS, or with other sources in the case of intent-based network participants.  
1.3 This specification addresses the communications and test requirements of broadcast or network Remote ID, or both, in UAS and Net-RID SP systems.  
1.4 Applicability:  
1.4.1 This specification is applicable to UAS that operate at very low level (VLL) airspace over diverse environments including but not limited to rural, urban, networked, network degraded, and network denied environments, regardless of airspace class.  
1.4.2 This specification neither purports to address UAS operating with approval to use ADS-B or secondary surveillance radar transponders, nor does it purport to solve ID needs of UAS for all operations.  
1.4.3 In particular, this specification does not purport to address identification needs for UAS that are not participating in Remote ID or operators that purposefully circumvent Remote ID.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 Units of measurement included in this specification:    
m  
meters  
deg, °  
degrees of latitude and longitude, compass direction  
s  
seconds  
Hz  
Hertz (frequency)  
dBm  
decibel-milliwatts (radio frequency power)  
ppm  
parts per million (radio frequency variation)  
μs  
microseconds  
ms  
milliseconds  
1.6 Table of Contents:    
Title  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Remote ID and Network Interoperability Conceptual Overview  
4  
Performance Requirements  
5  
TEST METHODS  
Scope  
6  
Significance and Use  
7  
Hazards  
8  
Test Units  
9  
Procedure  
10  
Precision and Bias  
11  
Product Marking  
12  
Packaging and Package Marking  
13  
Keywords  
14  
ANNEX A1—Broadcast Authentication Verifier Service  
Annex A1  
ANNEX A2—Network Remote ID Interoperability Requirements, APIs, and Testing  
Annex A2  
ANNEX A3—Tables of Values  
Annex A3  
ANNEX A4—USS-DSS and USS-USS OpenAPI YAML Description  
Annex A4  
ANNEX A5—Number Registrar Management Policy  
Annex A5  
APPENDIX X1—Performance Characteristics  
Appendix X1  
APPENDIX X2—List of Subcommittee Participants and Contributors  
Appendix X2  
APPENDIX X3—Background Information  
Appendix X3  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 on Hazards.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the D...

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ASTM
ASTM F3586-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Remote ID Means of Compliance to Federal Aviation Administration Regulation 14 CFR Part 89

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The general approach to this practice is to serve as an “overlay” of requirements to the ASTM F3411-22a Standard Specification for Remote ID and Tracking by identifying mandatory portions, substituting values as needed, overriding items that may be optional, and providing additional requirements that are beyond the scope of Specification F3411, yet are necessary to provide proper guidance to meet the requirements set forth in Part 89.  
3.2 Furthermore, this practice provides additional details on minimal testing requirements for those submitting a DOC based on this MOC.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a Means of Compliance (MOC) that gives sufficient clarity to the Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) or Broadcast Module manufacturers to produce a compliant Remote ID (RID) System (RIDS) such that submitting a Declaration of Compliance2 (DOC) to this MOC will satisfy the requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 14 CFR Part 89 (Part 89) rule.3 This practice also explains what to expect from aircraft operating in compliance to this MOC.  
1.2 The FAA provided three options to comply with the Remote ID regulations: Standard Remote ID UAS, Remote ID Broadcast Modules, and FAA-recognized identification areas (FRIAs). The scope of this MOC is to cover both Standard RID and RID Broadcast Modules.  
1.3 The FRIA portion of the rule is out of scope since it provides a means to avoid the technical RID requirements by operating within administrative boundaries.  
1.4 Both SI and non-SI units are used in this document. Since this is an aviation standard and it addresses FAA rules, some units are used in preference of being consistent with industry and regulatory norms.  
1.5 Table of Contents:    
Title  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Significance and Use  
3  
Subset of Options in the F3411 Specification Considered  
4  
Requirements and Exceptions from the F3411 Specification  
5  
Alternative Applications of Specification F3411 to Meet Part 89
Requirements  
6  
MOC Requirements Not Covered by the Practice  
7  
Test Methods  
8  
Precision and Bias  
9  
Satisfaction of Rule Requirements  
10  
Keywords  
11  
ANNEX A1—Simulation Option for Accuracy Testing  
Annex A1  
APPENDIX X1—External Device for GCS Location Source Rationale  
Appendix X1  
APPENDIX X2—Power Level Rationale  
Appendix X2  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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