ASTM E2995-15a(2020)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2995 −15a (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Specification for
ASTM Thermohydrometers with Integral Low-Hazard
Thermometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope nent Records (Withdrawn 2010)
E77Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
1.1 This specification covers glass thermohydrometers of
mometers
various scale graduation systems, intended for use in a variety
E100Specification for ASTM Hydrometers
of ASTM Test Methods.
E126Test Method for Inspection, Calibration, and Verifica-
1.2 The thermohydrometers presented in this standard are
tion of ASTM Hydrometers
not exact replacements for the thermohydrometers in Specifi-
E344Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
cation E100; the thermometers have larger maximum permis-
etry
sible scale errors than do their Hg-filled counterparts.The user
2.2 ISO Standard:
should decide if these thermohydrometers are appropriate for
ISO 1768:1975Glass Hydrometers—Conventional Value
use in his or her application.
for the Thermal Cubic Expansion Coefficient (for Use in
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the Preparation of Measurement Tables for Liquids)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1 Definitions:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1.1 The definitions given in Terminology E344 apply.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.1 ledger paper, n—a paper characterized by strength,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
high tearing resistance, eraseability, water resistance, ink
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
receptivity, uniformity of surface, and smoothness.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Originally,ledgerpaperwasusedespe-
cially for pen and ink records. Most ledger papers are surface
2. Referenced Documents
sized, frequently subjected to appreciable wear, and must have
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a high degree of permanence and durability.
D287Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
3.2.2 length of the scale, n—length of the nominal range in
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
thestem,notincludinggraduationsextendingaboveandbelow
D1250Guide for the Use of the Joint API and ASTM
the nominal limits.
Adjunct for Temperature and Pressure Volume Correction
FactorsforGeneralizedCrudeOils,RefinedProducts,and 3.2.3 thermohydrometer, n—glass hydrometer having an
Lubricating Oils: API MPMS Chapter 11.1 integral thermometer.
D3290SpecificationforBondandLedgerPapersforPerma-
3.2.4 top of the thermohydrometer, n—top of the finished
instrument.
3.2.5 total length, n—overall length of the finished instru-
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on
ment.
Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05
on Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers.
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally
approved in 1910. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2995–15a. DOI:
10.1520/E2995-15AR20 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or www.astm.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
the ASTM website. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2995 − 15a (2020)
4. Specifications 7. Ballast
4.1 Thermohydrometersshallconformtothedetailedspeci-
7.1 Material used for ballast shall be secured to the lower
ficationsinTable1andtothegeneralrequirementsspecifiedin part of the body, with no loose material of any sort inside the
Sections5–15.
thermohydrometer. When cement is used to hold the ballast
securely in place, this cement shall not soften below 105 °C
4.2 Thermohydrometers shall conform to the inspection
(221 °F).
criteria found in Section 16 and the calibration and verification
criteria found in Section 14.
7.2 If shot is used and sealed with wax, the wax shall not
soften below 105 °C (221 °F).
4.3 Thermohydrometersmanufacturedtopreviousrevisions
ofthisspecificationshallretainthesameASTMstatusasthose
8. Stem
meeting current specifications.
8.1 The stem shall be uniform in cross section, with no
4.4 At time of purchase, scale errors shall not exceed the
perceptible irregularities. It shall extend at least 15mm above
maximum permissible scale error found in Table 1.
the top graduation, and remain cylindrical for at least 3mm
NOTE 1—Caution—Users should be aware that both temperature and
below the lowest graduation.
density indications of thermohydrometers may change with rough
handling, shock, exposure to aggressive liquids, and thermal cycling,
9. Scale
among other factors. Consequently, test results and performance obtained
at the time of manufacture may not necessarily apply throughout an
9.1 The material for the scale is not specified. However, if
extended period of use. Periodic calibration or verification of these
paper is used, ledger paper, meeting the specifications in
instruments, in accordance with procedures set forth in Standard Test
Method E126 (for the hydrometer), or Standard Test Method E77 (for the SpecificationD3290,shallbeused.Thescalemaybeanchored
integral thermometer), is recommended.
by a design which prevents it from moving; otherwise it shall
be fixed in place with a cement that will not soften below
5. Type
105 °C (221 °F) and will not deteriorate with time. The paper
shall show no evidence of scorching or charring when
5.1 Thermohydrometers shall be of the constant mass,
received, or after use at 105 °C (221 °F). The scale shall be
variable displacement type.Thermohydrometers shall be made
straight and without twist.
of glass, except for the scale, ballast, cement, and the thermo-
metric liquid of the thermometer.
10. Markings
5.2 The outer surface of the stem and body shall be
10.1 Graduation lines and inscriptions shall be in a perma-
symmetrical about the vertical axis. There shall be no uneven
nent black marking material, such as India ink.
or unnecessary thickening of the walls, and no abrupt changes
or constrictions that would hinder thorough cleaning or tend to
10.2 All graduation lines shall be straight, fine lines not
trap air bubbles when the instrument is immersed.
exceeding one fifth of the graduation interval in thickness, and
in no case more than 0.2mm. The lines shall be perpendicular
5.3 The thermohydrometer shall float with its axis vertical
to the vertical axis of the thermohydrometer. The lengths of
in the liquids for which it is intended.
maindivisionlines,subdivisionlines,andintermediatelines,if
5.4 The thermohydrometer shall be thoroughly dry on the
used, shall be chosen so as to facilitate readings. The shortest
insidewhensealed.Thetopofthestemshallbeneatlyrounded
lines shall be at least 2mm long.
without unnecessary thickening.
10.3 Identification of scale increments.
5.5 The glass shall be smooth, transparent, and free of
10.3.1 Scale graduations shall be numbered at ten scale
bubbles, strain patterns, cracks, or other imperfections that
division increments.
might interfere with the use of the thermohydrometer. The
10.3.2 The numeric values displayed on the numbered scale
glass shall adequately resist the reaction of chemical agents to
graduations of API thermohydrometers shall be complete
whichthermohydrometersmaybeexposed,andalsoshallhave
values corresponding to the indicated API value.
suitable thermal properties to permit its use over the range of
10.3.3 The numeric values displayed on the numbered scale
temperatures to which it may be subjected. In general, glasses
graduations of density thermohydrometers shall be complete
suitable for constructing the bulbs of thermometers are satis-
values at 50kg⁄m intervals. Numeric values appearing on
factory for thermohydrometers.
intermediate numbered scale divisions may be abbreviated.
5.6 Thesethermohydrometersshallbefabricatedfromsoda-
10.3.4 The numeric values displayed on the numbered scale
lime glass tubing having a thermal cubical expansion coeffi-
-6 of the thermometer shall be complete values.
cient of (25 62)×10 per ºC.
10.3.5 Scale Slippage Indicator—There shall be a perma-
NOTE 2—The value of the thermal cubical expansion coefficient given
nent reference mark on the stem of the thermohydrometer
above is consistent with t
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