ASTM E1732-09
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, and the year of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.
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Designation:E1732–09
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1387 Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Ex-
5
tracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding
6
2.2 ISO Standards:
definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific
ISO Guide 2 General Terms and Their Definitions Relating
terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in
to Standardizing Activities
other readily available sources may not be included.
ISO Guide 30 Terms and Definitions Used in Connection
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-
with Reference Materials
mation included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, and
ISO Guide 17025 General Requirements for the Compe-
the year of last review or revision is appended.
tence of Calibration and Testing Laboratories
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another
ISO Standard 3534:1993 (E/F) Statistics – Vocabulary and
standards organization orASTM committee are identified with
Symbols
the abbreviation of the name of the organization or the
Part 1: Probability and General Statistical Terms
identifying document and ASTM committee; for example,
2
Part 2: Statistical Quality Control
ASME is the American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
ISO 9000:2000 (E) Standard Quality management
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are
3
systems—Fundamentals and vocabulary International Vo-
identified with an abbreviation.
cabularyofBasicandGeneralTermsinMetrology(VIM),
2. Referenced Documents
ISO
4
2.3 Other Sources:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods English
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
Edition, EURACHEM Working Group. IUPAC Compen-
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
dium of Chemical Terminology second edition (1997),.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
5
International Union of Pure andApplied Chemistry Glos-
E1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment
sary of Terms and Definitions, Scientific Working Group
E1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory
for theAnalysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG); reviewed
Comparisons
2005
1
3. Significance and Use
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on
Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic
Terminology.
sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were
Current edition approved July 15, 2009. Published October 2009. Originally
used in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1732 – 96a (2005).
DOI: 10.1520/E1732-09.
as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical
2
Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM Subcommittee
dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Defini-
E30.92.
7
3
tions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after
Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioned docu-
ments, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = pathology/biology, all of the sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
ANTH = anthropology, and ODEN = odentology.
4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
the ASTM website. www.iso.ch.
5 7
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, 7th Ed.,ASTM, Philadelphia, PA,
on www.astm.org. 1990.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E1732–09
4. Terminology class, n—agroup,set,orkindmarkedbycommonattributesor
a common attribute (source: Webster’s Unabridged Diction-
4.1 Definitions:
ary, 1967) (use: Test Method E1387) CRIM.
accelerant, n—any material used to initiate or promote the
class characteristic(s), n—the attribute(s) that establish mem-
spread of a fire. The most common accelerants are flam-
bership in a class.
mable or combustible liquids. Whether a substance is an
classifi
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1732–96a (Reapproved 2005) Designation: E 1732 – 09
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Forensic Science
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1732; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This is a compilation of terms and corresponding definitions used in the forensic sciences. Legal or scientific terms that are
generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources may not be included.
1.2 Adefinition is a single sentence with additional information included in notes. It is reviewed every five years, and the year
of last review or revision is appended.
1.3 Definitions identical to those published by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified with the
abbreviation of the name of the organization or the identifying document and ASTM committee; for example, ASME is the
2
American Society of Mechanical Engineering.
3
1.4 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field are identified with an abbreviation.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E 1187 Terminology Relating to Conformity Assessment
E 1301 Guide for Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparisons.
E 1387 Test Method for Flammable or Combustible Liquid Residues in Extracts from Samples of Fire Debris By Gas
Chromatography Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO Guide 2, General Terms and Their Definitions Relating to Standardizing Activities
ISO Guide 30, Terms and Definitions Used in Connection with Reference Materials
ISOGuide17025,GeneralRequirementsfortheCompetenceofCalibrationandTestingLaboratories GeneralRequirementsfor
the Competence of Calibration and Testing Laboratories
ISO Standard 3534-1:1993 (E/F) Statistics – Vocabulary and Symbols – Part 1: Probability and General Statistical Terms
ISO Standard 3534-2:1993 (E/F) Statistics – Vocabulary and Symbols – Part 2: Statistical Quality Control
ISO 9000:2000 (E) Standard Quality management systems—Fundamentals and vocabulary International Vocabulary of Basic
and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), ISO
2.3 Other Sources:
The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods English Edition, EURACHEM Working Group. IUPAC Compendium of
Chemical Terminology second edition (1997),. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Glossary of Terms and
Definitions, Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG); reviewed 2005
3. Significance and Use
3.1 These terms have particular application to the forensic sciences. In addition, a hierarchy of sources of definitions were used
in the development of this terminology. The hierarchy is as follows: Websters New Collegiate 7th Dictionary; technical
5
dictionaries; and the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions. The subcommittee developed a suitable definition after all of the
sources in the hierarchy were found wanting.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.92 on Terminology.
Current edition approved April 1, 2005.July 15, 2009. Published June 2005.October 2009. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 19962005 as
e1
E1732–96 .(2005).
2
Any definition that is unsourced has been developed by ASTM Subcommittee E30.92.
3
Abbreviations are as follows: CRIM = criminalistics, QD = questioned documents, ENGR = engineering, TOX = toxicology, PB = pathology/biology,
ANTH = anthropology, and ODEN = odentology.
4
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
5
Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions, 7th Ed., ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 1990.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1732–09
4. Terminology
4.1 Definitions:
accelerant, n—any material used to initiate or promote the spread of a fire. The most common accel
...
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