ASTM E3223/E3223M-20

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3223/E3223M − 20
Standard Guide for
Specifying and Testing Field-Constructed Exterior Building
Wall System Mockups in New Construction
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE3223/E3223M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This guide provides information to assist in the
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
specification, design, and performance testing of field-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
constructedexteriorwallassemblies(“mockups”)forconstruc-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tion projects. This includes testing procedures appropriate to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
evaluate the component and assembly performance for water
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
penetration resistance, air leakage resistance, and other test
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
methods that may be applied as part of the quality assurance
(QA) program for the installed systems.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This guide is intended to be applied to exterior wall
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mockups that include components, systems, and assemblies
C724 Test Method for Acid Resistance of Ceramic Decora-
including, but not limited to, curtain walls, windows, doors,
tions on Architectural-Type Glass
masonry walls, precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, exte-
C794 TestMethodforAdhesion-in-PeelofElastomericJoint
rior insulation and finish system (EIFS), roofing interfaces,
Sealants
stucco, wood siding, metal panels, sealants, appurtenances,
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
penetrations,louvers,andcombinationsthereof.Suchmockups
C1601 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Pen-
are expected to include the intersection between wall systems.
etration of Masonry Wall Surfaces
1.3 This guide is not intended to provide a comprehensive
C1651 Test Method for Measurement of Roll Wave Optical
list of potential testing that may be applicable to field-
Distortion in Heat-Treated Flat Glass
constructed mockups. Additional tests may be applicable to
C1652/C1652M Test Method for Measuring Optical Distor-
mockups for specific projects.
tion in Flat Glass Products Using Digital Photography of
Grids
1.4 This guide is not intended to address all possible project
C1715/C1715M Test Method for Evaluation of Water Leak-
delivery methods and as such the requirements listed herein
age Performance of Masonry Wall Drainage Systems
must be evaluated by the specifier for appropriateness with the
D4541 Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using
delivery method.
Portable Adhesion Testers
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D7234 Test Method for Pull-OffAdhesion Strength of Coat-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
ings on Concrete Using Portable Pull-Off Adhesion Tes-
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
ters
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
E283 Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage
used independently of the other, and values from the two
Through Exterior Windows, Skylights, Curtain Walls, and
systems shall not be combined.
Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the Specimen
E330 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Windows, Doors, Skylights and CurtainWalls by Uniform
Static Air Pressure Difference
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance
of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.55 on Perfor- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mance of Building Enclosures. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E3223_E3223M-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E3223/E3223M − 20
E331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior testing and calibration laboratories
Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uni-
form Static Air Pressure Difference
3. Terminology
E488/E488M Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of general terms related to
Concrete Elements
building construction used in this guide, refer to Terminology
E576 Test Method for Frost/Dew Point of Sealed Insulating
E631.
Glass Units in the Vertical Position
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
3.2.1 complete wall assembly mockup, n—mockup assem-
E783 Test Method for Field Measurement of Air Leakage
bly that is adequately complete to simulate accurately the
Through Installed Exterior Windows and Doors
conditions and properties of the wall being evaluated by the
E966 Guide for Field Measurements of Airborne Sound
specifier.
Attenuation of Building Facades and Facade Elements
E997 Test Method for Evaluating Glass Breakage Probabil-
3.2.2 detailing mockup, n—mockupspecimenusedtoevalu-
ity Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Proof
ate detailing of wall system components but not performance.
Load Testing
3.2.2.1 Discussion—This type of mockup is intended to
E1105 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Pen-
serve as a full-scale, three-dimensional model and training tool
etration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors,
illustrating the proper assembly of the exterior wall systems as
and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air
required in the approved project documents for a given
Pressure Difference
building or structure.
E1186 Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building
3.2.3 integrated mockup, n—mockup specimen built on the
Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
building structure.
E1233/E1233M Test Method for Structural Performance of
3.2.3.1 Discussion—If properly installed and validated
ExteriorWindows,Doors,Skylights,andCurtainWallsby
through testing, it may be integrated into the completed
Cyclic Air Pressure Differential
constructioniftestingdoesnotcausevisibleorunseendamage.
E2359/E2359M Test Method for Field Pull Testing of an
It may also be known as an “on-structure mockup.”
In-Place Exterior Insulation and Finish System Clad Wall
Assembly
3.2.4 layered mockup, n—mockup specimen of components
E2813 Practice for Building Enclosure Commissioning
orsubsystemswithportionsoftheexteriorcladdingpartiallyor
fullyomittedsothattheydonotentirelyconcealtheunderlying
2.2 AAMA Standards:
AAMA501.1 StandardTestMethodforWaterPenetrationof layers of the wall assembly.
Windows, Curtainwalls and Doors Using Dynamic Pres- 3.2.4.1 Discussion—A critical component or subsystem,
sure
which is covered up and concealed by subsequent work (such
AAMA 501.2 Quality Assurance and Diagnostic Water as flashing), is difficult to inspect and receive potential correc-
Leakage Field Check of Installed Storefronts, Curtain
tive measures.Alayered mockup of the component or subsys-
Walls, and Sloped Glazing Systems tem provides an opportunity for the project team to review the
AAMA 502 Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of
standard of installation of the critical component or subsystem
Newly Installed Fenestration Products and, if required, develop and test corrective measures.
AAMA 503 Specification for Field Testing of Newly In-
3.2.5 off-structure mockup, n—mockupspecimenbuiltsepa-
stalled Storefronts, Curtain Walls and Sloped Glazing
rate from the building structure and typically, but not
Systems
necessarily, constructed on the building site; may also be
AAMA 508 Voluntary Test Method and Specification for
known as a “remote mockup” or a “standalone mockup.”
Pressure Equalized Rain Screen Wall Cladding Systems
3.2.6 owner’s designated representative, n—party whom the
AAMA 509 Voluntary Test and Classification Method for
owner has authorized to accept or reject work.
Drained and Back Ventilated Rain Screen Wall Cladding
Systems
3.2.7 reduced scale mockup, n—mockup that includes the
AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 North American Fen-
same components as will be used on the building but that does
estration Standard/Specification for windows, doors, and
nothaveaconsistentscaleastothesizesofindividualfeatures.
skylights
3.2.7.1 Discussion—Note that the size of the components
2.3 Other Standards: could potentially affect the performance of those components
ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Crite- during testing.
ria for Buildings and Other Structures
3.2.8 specifier, n—party responsible for defining the exterior
ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of
wall system; typically, but not necessarily, the specifier is the
designer of record.
Available from American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA),
1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4268, http://
www.aamanet.org. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
E3223/E3223M − 20
3.2.9 testing/inspection agency, n—agency selected to 5.4 A complete wall assembly mockup represents a more
verifycomplianceofthemockupwithcontractrequirementsor comprehensive mockup scope option. The complete wall
conduct the specified testing, or both. assembly mockup can be either an integrated mockup or an
off-structure mockup. In some cases, a cladding could be
3.2.10 visual mockup, n—mockup specimen used to assess
omitted if it is solely aesthetic and not part of the weather
color, shape, and texture of exposed building components, but
resistance of the wall. If a cladding is omitted, any related
not constructability or performance.
anchorage or fastening penetrations should still be installed to
assess their impact on the air and water barrier. A complete
4. Significance and Use
wall assembly mockup can satisfy many objectives of a
4.1 This guide is intended to assist the construction team in
mockup program, but concealed conditions will not be acces-
evaluating the constructability, functionality, sequence of
sible for training or serve as an easily observed standard of
construction,interference,tolerances,componentperformance,
workmanship.
and assembled system performance of the exterior wall sys-
5.5 While a complete wall assembly mockup can be speci-
tems.
fied to be off site, off structure, or integrated into the
4.2 This guide does not establish specific roles for the
construction, a detailing or layered mockup is typically con-
parties involved during construction or the contractual obliga-
structed on site for demonstration and instructional purposes
tionsofthoseparties.Theroleofeachpartywithinanyspecific
but is not incorporated into the finished work on the project as
project should be established and documented before the start
an integrated mockup.
of the project.
5.6 Complete wall assembly mockups often represent the
4.3 Thisguideisintendedforusewhenspecifyingconstruc-
typical detail conditions in the wall system; however, atypical
tion mockups that are either integrated mockups or off-
conditions can also be included to evaluate specific materials,
structure mockups.
details, or interfaces.
4.4 This guide is intended to aid the specifier in the
5.7 Reduced-scaleanddetailingmockupsaretypicallymore
development of a QA mockup program for assessing the
limited in size and scope than full-size mockups. As a result,
performance of exterior walls. It is not intended to provide a
they can help evaluate a greater range of specific details and
comprehensive list of applicable test methods for QA testing
configuration of the components in the assembly. An example
available or applicable to a mockup program.
of a typical detailing mockup might be the intersection of the
4.5 This guide does not address preconstruction laboratory
flashing, moisture barrier, air barrier, and window frame. It is
testing of a wall system.
important that detailing mockups remain consistent with the
project documents.
4.6 This guide is intended to address technical issues with
the performance of the wall system and the interconnection of
6. Design
the various components and systems. A mockup may or may
not be used as an aesthetic mockup; however, this guide is not
6.1 The primary objective of a mockup program is to
intended to address aesthetic issues with the wall system.
evaluate the constructability and performance of a representa-
4.7 This guide is not intended to provide guidance for tive building assembly at the beginning or during the construc-
tion process (or both) when further modification and refine-
construction observation services. However, the mockup may
be useful to inform inspectors of the intended construction, ment of exterior wall assemblies and details can still be
accomplished with minimal impact on the schedule and cost of
sequence, materials, and interface conditions encountered on
the work. The mockup program may include:
the project and serve as a standard of quality to which the
remainder of construction can be compared. 6.1.1 Evaluation of Details—A mockup can include typical
wall conditions as well as unique wall conditions. Complex
5. Scope of Mockups details, particularly interfacing details in which several subsys-
tems should be integrated and made weathertight, are difficult
5.1 The overall scope of a mockup program will vary
to conceptualize, draw, and communicate to the trades. A
between projects and should be clearly specified to achieve the
mockup provides the opportunity to verify that all the require-
objectivessetforthbythedesignteam,theownerordeveloper,
ments for a detail have been properly addressed in the design
and the overall project sequence.
and are understood by the trades.
5.2 The number of mockups for a specific project varies and
6.1.2 Coordination of Trades—Proper implementation of
is dependent on the number, complexity, and uniqueness of
waterproofing and weather-resisting details often require coor-
wall systems specified for the project.
dination of several different trades. A mockup can provide an
5.3 Visual mockups are primarily used to allow the designer opportunity for each of the trades involved to understand their
individual roles and integration with other trades in the
of record to approve or reject the appearance of the building
components. They often omit hidden components of the wall sequence of construction required to achieve the desired result.
assembly and, in some cases, use components that are not 6.1.3 Identification of Conflicts—Even with care and mod-
directly consistent with the design to convey the aesthetic ern analytical tools, constructability problems might not be
qualities. In these cases, visual mockups should not be used to identified in the design process. A mockup provides the
verify performance or constructability. opportunity to identify and respond to problems such as
E3223/E3223M − 20
conflicts and physical interference between subsystems, diffi- testing performed. These issues should be discussed during the
culties in accessing a work area because of preceding work, design development phase of the project.
unforeseen compatibility or adhesion issues, and gaps or
6.6 The extent of testing specified should be based on a
omissions in the interfacing between subsystems.
varietyoffactorssuchas:thesuccessofpreviouslyconstructed
6.1.4 Establishment of Acceptable Standards for
projects of similar wall design with similar weather exposure,
Workmanship—Several different crews may be working simul-
the complexity of the design, the extent of problems experi-
taneously on the same item of work. A mockup that remains
enced on previous projects of similar construction, the sensi-
undisturbed and accessible for the entire project can serve as a
tivity of the completed construction to water penetration and
standard or benchmark for the work so that all crews are held
air leakage, the extent of fenestration, the relevancy of previ-
to an agreed-upon and demonstrated standard for workman-
ously completed laboratory testing, and the owner’s project
ship. Mockups can also help resolve disputes, clarify intent,
requirements. These factors should be discussed in the devel-
and be used for training.
opment of the scope of testing and included in the project
6.1.5 Performance Verification—Field preconstruction
documents.
qualification testing may be required to be performed on a
mockup. If so, the project documents should define the portion
6.7 The performance requirements of the mockups should
of the wall system to test, the approximated construction
be consistent with the construction proposed for the building
intervals for which the testing is to occur, the parties to be in
wall systems.
attendance, and the test methods and the performance require-
6.8 The number of in-situ field tests to be performed on
ments of the specified testing. Where possible, tests of a
exterior wall integrated mockups of the building and guidance
mockupshouldbeperformedinadvanceofreleaseofmaterials
regarding locations for the testing should be provided in the
and actual construction providing an opportunity to respond to
project documents.
issues identified during the tests in a timely manner.
6.1.6 In-Service Operation, Repair, and Maintenance—
6.9 The necessary pass/fail criteria and subsequent approv-
Components and systems included in a mockup should accu-
als required on the mockups should be defined, as well as who
rately reflect the construction of the wall system in service so
will provide those approvals, including the consequences and
that considerations for the operation, removal, or replacement
follow-up actions required after failures.
of components (such as damaged glass or failed sealants) may
6.10 The schedule for completion of the mockups should be
be reviewed. Maintenance of renewable items should be
indicated at specific stages of the project. Integrated mockups
considered in the design of a mockup, and the viability of the
are typically installed before installing other portions of the
required maintenance procedures should be verified after the
wall system. For off-structure mockups, the timeframe is not
mockup is constructed.
tied directly to the progress of the building structure; however,
6.2 Specific design criteria for the construction, evaluation,
mockupsshouldbecompletedearlyenoughtoprovidetimefor
and testing of the mockups should be included in the project
modifications as necessary before the start of constructing the
documents.
exterior walls on the building.
6.3 The project documents produced should include enough
6.11 When there are stages at which the contractor should
information to describe the materials, details, and performance
provide notification to allow for the inspection of a partially
testing requirements of the mockups. This should include:
completed mockup, those stages and the notification require-
6.3.1 Types of mockups,
ments should be defined in the project documents. Construc-
6.3.2 Mockup size and dimensions (including drawings
tion of a mockup should not continue until the mockup is
depicting mockups as necessary),
reviewed. The extent of the review will vary depending on the
6.3.3 Number and location of mockups,
mockup type being specified. For example, mockups that have
6.3.4 Test protocol for each mockup,
portions of the systems covered by subsequent layers of
6.3.5 Performance requirements and any pass/fail criteria,
material will require multiple visits during construction versus
6.3.6 Requirements for notification of parties before testing,
mockups in which the layers remain exposed.
6.3.7 Schedule for performing mockup construction and
6.12 The project documents should identify who should be
testing, and
present at meetings to review mockup construction.
6.3.8 Clarification of roles and responsibilities.
6.13 “Pretesting” and subsequent modification of mockups
6.4 Project documents should include the requirements for
should be prohibited unless the modifications are reviewed by
mockup shop drawing submittals and related technical
the owner’s designated representative and the resulting correc-
information, illustrating the design and intended construction
tive work is documented so that it can be implemented on
of the mockups. For each trade, shop drawings and submittals
similar systems on the rest of the project.
for the mockups should be required by the project documents
tobereviewedandapprovedbeforestartingtheconstructionof
6.14 Unless otherwise agreed upon by the design
the mockups.
professional, owner’s representative, and the contractor, an
6.5 The specification of mockups for testing during the independent third-party testing/inspection agency should be
construction of a building can have an impact on both the required to perform specified performance testing of the
construction schedule and cost depending on the extent of mockups and report the results.
E3223/E3223M − 20
6.15 Procedures for documenting modifications to a 8.4 The testing/inspection agency should perform the test-
mockup and noting corrections to be made in the final ing in accordance with the specified test procedures or report
construction should be listed in the project documents. any deviations from the test procedure.
6.16 Mockups constructed before or during construction 8.5 The testing/inspection agency should prepare a written
should be constantly updated (where possible) to reflect report presenting the results of the testing that states the
modificationstotheexteriorwallsthataregeneratedduringthe location of deficiencies, observations, and failures and whether
construction period. the specimen meets or fails to meet the specified requirements
of the project. The report should also include any additional
7. Construction
information required by the specified test procedures.
7.1 The project documents should include specific require-
8.6 The testing/inspection agencies should be independent
ments for the responsibilities of all stakeholders and their roles
third parties reporting directly to the owner and be qualified
in the construction and testing of the mockups.
professionals (credentialed where required).
7.2 Mockups to be tested should be installed as required by
9. Factors in Selection of Field Testing for Mockups
the project documents.
9.1 The testing to be performed on exterior wall system
7.3 A mockup should be installed by the same subcontrac-
mockups should be defined by the specifier in the project
tors (and if possible, the same personnel) who will construct
documents.
the related exterior wall systems on the project. It is important
that mockups be installed under the supervision of the contrac-
9.2 The assembly and testing of field-constructed mockups
tor’s designated representative and reviewed by the quality
arevaluabletoolsintheevaluationofwallsystemdetailingand
control personnel who will be responsible for the work on the
performance.Thetestscanbeperformedtoevaluatetheimpact
remainder of the project.
of field conditions (that is, proximity of the wall system to the
building structural elements) and form a part of the QA
7.4 In projects with performance-based specifications, the
program for the construction of the building. Field tests should
contractor and subcontractors should be responsible for modi-
be selected based on the owner’s project requirements for the
fications to the wall system to meet the performance require-
performance of the building.
ments of the project. All modifications made to a mockup
should be documented in writing by the contractor and
9.3 Certain tests are typically performed in a laboratory
subcontractors and the testing/inspection agency. The project
rather than in the field, including, but not limited to, structural
documents should make it clear that the contractor cannot
testing, thermal testing, acoustical testing, fire testing, missile
make modifications to the approved design on his/her own
or windborne debris impact testing, and seismic and wind-
without the knowledge of other parties.
induced inter-story drift testing. Laboratory mockup testing is
not part of this guide; however, similar tests for acoustical,
7.5 All modifications that could affect the performance of a
structural, and thermal performance can be conducted on
mockup should be evaluated by the designer of record and the
field-constructed mockups when the performance of a particu-
owner’s designated representative to determine if post-
lar system or component is in question. Field versions of
modification testing is necessary. If retesting is required, the
laboratorytestmethodsshouldbevettedbeforeinclusioninthe
modification/retesting process should be repeated until the
contract documents to prevent conflicts during construction
mockup passes all the specified testing.
regarding the appropriateness of the methods. Field-
constructed mockups should incorporate remedies developed
8. Testing/Inspection Agency
to address deficiencies identified during laboratory testing, if
8.1 Provisions should be included in the project documents
any.
that outline the qualifications, accreditations, and responsibili-
ties of the testing/inspection agency. Guidance to the specifier 9.4 The performance requirements such as the test pressure
regarding the importance of testing/inspection agency accredi- and the pass/fail criteria for each of the test procedures should
tation is included in the appendix. be specified in the project documents.
8.2 The testing/inspection agency should verify that mock- 9.5 The field testing of a mockup for water penetration and
ups conform to the project documents and record, in writing, air leakage may be performed without project-specific labora-
variations and nonconformances of the as-built wall system tory testing. This may be performed on projects for which the
from the requirements of the project documents. It is important wall system to be installed is a standard wall system and the
that variations between the as-built wall system in a mockup manufacturer provides results from previous performance test-
and the project documents be identified by the testing/ ing on similar materials, systems, or assemblies.
inspection agency and understood by the project team.
9.6 In many cases, the primary surface that performs air,
8.3 After review of the contract documents, the testing/ water, and vapor management is concealed within the system
inspection agency should develop a test plan that includes the or behind other cladding elements. In some cases, it may be
reference test methods, the pass/failure criteria for each test, appropriate to adapt existing test methods to test these transi-
and the proposed sequence of testing. The test plan should be tions and concealed conditions to provide a more accurate
reviewed by the designer of record and the owner’s designated evaluation of their performance and locate possible defects in
representative before the start of testing. the overall assembly. However, test standards that are intended
E3223/E3223M − 20
only for the exposed conditions shall be carefully adapted to useful to identify the testing setup requirements such as
account for the fact that many of these concealed conditions pressurization chambers and interface conditions with a
would not ordinarily be exposed to such rigorous test condi- mockup in the project documents.
tions. The specifier should recognize that there are conditions (5) Off-structure mockups provide a significant advantage
in which testing of a fenestration perimeter with or without the
when opaque wall and whole mockup air infiltration/
adjacent cladding or screen sealants may be appropriate. exfiltration testing is required.
10.2.1.2 Disadvantages of an Off-structure Mockup:
9.7 Where test methods are adapted by the construction
(1) The selection of trade contractors responsible for con-
documents to test the interface elements, or to test enclosure
struction of an off-structure mockup may not be entirely
elements differing from those intended by the test standards,
establishedearlyintheproject.Somematerialsandassemblies,
the construction documents shall resolve any conflicts in test
such as windows, may have significant lead times for delivery.
methods and failure criteria.
Additionally, the schedule may be impacted by construction
10. Factors in Selection of Mockup Specimen
factors such as material cure time and construction sequencing.
Such issues should be considered before the specification of a
10.1 Selection of Mockup Specimen—The specifier should
schedule for the construction of an off-structure mockup.
determine the number and type of mockup specimens to test.
(2) Consideration should be given to the possible costs
The type and number of tests should be defined in the
associated with the following: engineering, testing setup
construction bid documents to avoid changes to the contract
charges, minimum order quantities, mobilization, coordination
during construction. The mockup specimen may be a hybrid of
of trades, fabrication and delivery of specialty items (for all
mockup types.
subsystems involved in the mockup), preceding out of se-
10.2 Execution of the Mockup—Amockup specimen should
quence with the on-site work, and removal of the mockup from
be selected and specified according to the objectives of the
the site.
process and the sequencing of the overall project. A mockup
can be specified as either an off-structure or as an integrated
10.3 Integrated Mockup—A mockup can be implemented
mockup, each with its advantages and disadvantages. on the actual construction project, and the components of the
10.2.1 Off-Structure Mockup—A field mockup can be con-
mockup can eventually be integrated into the finished work.
structed separately from the actual project. This is typically
One or more areas can be selected for completion early in the
specified to be constructed on site. However, in special
project.
circumstances, often when the site does not allow for on-site
10.3.1 Advantages of an Integrated Mockup:
construction,theoff-structuremockupcanbebuiltatanoff-site
10.3.1.1 A simulation of structural support and substrate
location. In these cases, some of the advantages listed in
conditions does not have to be designed and built separately
10.2.1.1 are diminished. The substrates and the subsystems
from the project.
included in an off-structure mockup should be clearly speci-
10.3.1.2 Materials installed remain in service for the actual
fied.
project. Only limited materials and labor are consumed spe-
10.2.1.1 Advantages of an Off-structure Mockup:
cifically and exclusively for the mockup process.
(1) Off-structuremockupconstructionisnottieddirectlyto
10.3.1.3 An integrated mockup can provide most of the
the progress of construction of the building. The off-structure
benefits of a mockup program at potentially less cost than an
mockup can be constructed early in the project, such as when
off-structure mockup.
foundation work is being performed. As a result, lessons
learned from the mockup early in the project can more easily 10.3.2 Disadvantages of an Integrated Mockup:
be incorporated into project documents (through shop draw-
10.3.2.1 The integrated mockup area may be covered or
ings) and the built systems. An off-structure mockup can be
concealed by subsequent phases of the work and, therefore, not
used for qualification and quality control testing before work
be available a
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