ASTM E747-18

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it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E747 − 04 (Reapproved 2010) E747 − 18
Standard Practice for
Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of
Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the design, material grouping classification, and manufacture of wire image quality indicators (IQI)
used to indicate the quality of radiologicradiographic images.
1.2 This practice is applicable to X-ray and gamma-ray radiology.radiography.
1.3 This practice covers the use of wire penetrameters as the controlling image quality indicator for the material thickness range
from 6.4 to 152 mm (0.25 to 6.0 in.).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B139/B139M Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar, and Shapes
B150M Specification for Aluminum Bronze, Rod, Bar, and Shapes [Metric] (Withdrawn 2002)
B161 Specification for Nickel Seamless Pipe and Tube
B164 Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and Wire
B166 Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys (UNS N06600, N06601, N06603, N06690, N06693, N06025, N06045,
and N06696), Nickel-Chromium-Cobalt-Molybdenum Alloy (UNS N06617), and Nickel-Iron-Chromium-Tungsten Alloy
(UNS N06674) Rod, Bar, and Wire
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiography
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
2.2 OtherISO Standards:
EN 462–1ISO 19232–1 Non-Destructive Testing—Image Quality of Radiographs-Part 1: Image Quality Indicators (Wire-Type)-
Determination of Image Quality Value
ISO 19232–2 Non-Destructive Testing—Image Quality of Radiographs-Part 2: Determination of the Image Quality Value using
Step/hole Type Image Quality Iindicators
ISO 19232–3 Non-Destructive Testing—Image Quality of Radiographs-Part 3: Image Quality Classes
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology (X and
Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010June 1, 2018. Published March 2011September 2018. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20042010
as E747 - 04.E747 - 04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E0747-04R10.10.1520/E0747-18.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice SE-747 in Section II of that Code.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms in Terminology E1316, Section D, relating to gamma and X-radiology,X-radiography,
shall apply to the terms used in this practice.
4. Wire IQI Requirements
4.1 The quality of all levels of examination shall be determined by a set of wires conforming to the following requirements:
4.1.1 Wires shall be fabricated from materials or alloys identified or listed in accordance with 7.2. Other materials may be used
in accordance with 7.3.
4.1.2 The IQI consists of sets of wires arranged in order of increasing diameter. The diameter sizes specified in Table 1 are
established from a consecutive series of numbers taken in general from the ISO/R 10 series. The IQI shall be fabricated in
accordance with the requirements specified in Figs. 1-8 and Tables 1-3. IQIs previously manufactured to the requirements of Annex
A1Appendix X1 may be used as an alternate provided all other requirements of this practice are met.
4.1.3 Image quality indicator (IQI) designs other than those shown in Figs. 1-8 and Annex A1 are permitted by contractual
agreement. If an IQI set as listed in Table 1 or Annex A1 is modified in size, it must contain the grade number, set identity, and
essential wire. It must also contain two additional wires that are the next size larger and the next size smaller as specified in the
applicable set listed in Table 1.
4.1.4 Each set must be identified using letters and numbers made of industrial grade lead or of a material of similar radiographic
density. Identification shall be as shown on Figs. 1-8 or Annex A1, unless otherwise specified by contractual agreement.
4.1.5 EuropeanISO standard EN 462-1 ISO 19232-1 contains similar provisions (with nominal differences-see Table A1.1) for
wire image quality indicators as this standard (E747). International users of these type IQI standards who prefer the use of
EN 462-1 ISO 19232-1 for their particular applications should specify such alternate provisions within separate contractual
arrangements from this standard.
5. Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Procurement
5.1 When selecting IQI’s for procurement, the following factors should be considered:
5.1.1 Determine the alloy group(s) of the material to be examined.
5.1.2 Determine the thickness or thickness range of the material(s) to be examined.
5.1.3 Select the applicable IQI’s that represent the required IQI thickness(s) and alloy(s).
6. Image Quality Levels
6.1 The quality level required using wire penetrameters shall be equivalent to the 2-2T level of Practice E1025 for hole-type
IQI’s unless a higher or lower quality level is agreed upon between purchaser and supplier. Table 4 provides a list of various
hole-type IQI’s and the diameter of wires of corresponding equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) with the applicable 1T, 2T,
and 4T holes in the IQI. This table can be used for determining 1T, 2T, and 4T quality levels. The conversion of plaque
identification number to the equivalent wire diameter and identity as defined in this standard is provided in Appendix X1Annex
A1 gives the equation for calculating other equivalencies if needed.
6.2 In specifying quality levels, the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawing should clearly indicate the
thickness of material to which the quality level applies. Careful consideration of required quality levels is particularly important.
TABLE 1 Wire IQI Sizes and Wire Identity Numbers
SET A SET B
Wire Diameter Wire Diameter
Wire Identity Wire Identity
in. (mm) in. (mm)
A
0.0032 (0.08) 1 0.010 (0.25) 6
0.004 (0.1) 2 0.013 (0.33) 7
0.005 (0.13) 3 0.016 (0.4) 8
0.0063 (0.16) 4 0.020 (0.51) 9
0.008 (0.2) 5 0.025 (0.64) 10
0.010 (0.25) 6 0.032 (0.81) 11
SET C SET D
Wire Diameter Wire Diameter
Wire Identity Wire Identity
in. (mm) in. (mm)
0.032 (0.81) 11 0.10 (2.5) 16
0.040 (1.02) 12 0.126 (3.2) 17
0.050 (1.27) 13 0.160 (4.06) 18
0.063 (1.6) 14 0.20 (5.1) 19
0.080 (2.03) 15 0.25 (6.4) 20
0.100 (2.5) 16 0.32 (8) 21
A
The 0.0032 wire may be used to establish a special quality level as agreed upon
between the purchaser and the supplier.
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TABLE 2 Wire Diameter Tolerances, mm
Wire Diameter (d), mm Tolerance, mm
0.000 < d# 0.125 ±0.0025
0.125 < d # 0.25 ±0.005
0.25 < d # 0.5 ±0.01
0.50 < d # 1.6 ±0.02
1.6 < d # 4 ±0.03
4.0 < d # 8 ±0.05
TABLE 3 Wire Diameter Tolerances, in.
Wire Diameter (d), in. Tolerance, in.
0.000 < d # 0.005 ±0.0001
0.005 < d # 0.010 ±0.0002
0.010 < d # 0.020 ±0.0004
0.020 < d # 0.063 ±0.0008
0.063 < d # 0.160 ±0.0012
0.160 < d # 0.320 ±0.0020
7. Material Groups
7.1 General:
7.1.1 Materials have been designated in eight groups based on their radiographic absorption characteristics: groups 03, 02, and
01 for light metals and groups 1 through 5 for heavy metals.
7.1.2 The light metal groups, magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), and titanium (Ti) are identified 03, 02, and 01 respectively, for
their predominant alloying constituent. The materials are listed in order of increasing radiation absorption.
7.1.3 The heavy metal groups, steel, copper-base, nickel-base, and kindred alloys are identified 1 through 5. The materials
increase in radiation absorption with increasing numerical designation.
7.1.4 Common trade names or alloy designations have been used for clarification of the pertinent materials.
7.1.5 The materials from which the IQI for the group are to be made are designated in each case and these IQI’s are applicable
for all materials listed in that group. In addition, any group IQI may be used for any material with a higher group number, provided
the applicable quality level is maintained.
7.2 Materials Groups:
7.2.1 Materials Group 01:
7.2.1.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of titanium or titanium shall be the predominant alloying constituent.
7.2.1.2 Use on all alloys of which titanium is the predominant alloying constituent.
7.2.2 Materials Group 02:
7.2.2.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of aluminum or aluminum shall be the predominant alloying constituent.
7.2.2.2 Use on all alloys of which aluminum is the predominant alloying constituent.
7.2.3 Materials Group 03:
7.2.3.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of magnesium or magnesium shall be the predominant alloying
constituent.
7.2.3.2 Use on all alloys of which magnesium is the predominant alloying constituent.
7.2.4 Materials Group 1:
7.2.4.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of carbon steel or Type 300 series stainless steel.
7.2.4.2 Use on all carbon steel, low-alloy steels, stainless steels, and manganese-nickel-aluminum bronze (Superston).
7.2.5 Materials Group 2:
7.2.5.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 623 of Specification B150M) or
equivalent, or nickel-aluminum bronze (Alloy No. 630 of Specification B150M) or equivalent.
7.2.5.2 Use on all aluminum bronzes and all nickel-aluminum bronzes.
7.2.6 Materials Group 3:
7.2.6.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of nickel-chromium-iron alloy (UNS No. N06600) (Inconel). (See
Specification B166).
7.2.6.2 Use on nickel-chromium-iron alloy and 18 % nickel-maraging steel.
7.2.7 Materials Group 4:
7.2.7.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of 70 to 30 nickel-copper alloy (Monel) (Class A or B of Specification
B164) or equivalent, or 70 to 30 copper-nickel alloy (Alloy G of Specification B161) or equivalent.
Superston is a registered trademark of Superston Corp., Jersey City, NJ.
Inconel is a registered trademark of The International Nickel Co., Inc., Huntington, WV 25720.
Monel is a registered trademark of The International Nickel Co., Inc., Huntington,, WV 25720.
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FIG. 1 Set A/Alternate 1
FIG. 2 Set A/Alternate 2
7.2.7.2 Use on nickel, copper, all nickel-copper series, or copper-nickel series of alloys, and all brasses (copper-zinc alloys).
Group 4 IQI’s may include the leaded brasses since leaded brass increases in attenuation with increase in lead content. This would
be equivalent to using a lower group IQI.
7.2.8 Materials Group 5:
7.2.8.1 Image quality indicators (IQI’s) shall be made of tin bronze (Alloy D of Specification B139/B139M).
7.2.8.2 Use on tin bronzes including gun-metal and valve bronze, or leaded-tin bronze of higher lead content than valve bronze.
Group 5 IQI’s may include bronze of higher lead content since leaded bronze increases in attenuation with increase in lead content.
This would be equivalent to using a lower group IQI.
NOTE 1—In developing the eight listed materials groups, a number of other trade names or other nominal alloy designations were evaluated. For the
purpose of making this practice as useful as possible, these materials are listed and categorized, by group, as follows:
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FIG. 3 Set B/Alternate 1
FIG. 4 Set B/Alternate 2
(1) Group 2—Haynes Alloy IN-100.
(1) Group 2—Haynes Alloy IN-100.
(2) Group 3—Haynes Alloy No. 713C, Hastelloy D , G.E. Alloy SEL, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 21, GMR-235 Alloy, Haynes Alloy No. 93, Inconel
X , Inconel 718, and Haynes Stellite Alloy No. S-816.
(3) Group 4—Hastelloy Alloy F, Hastelloy Alloy X, and Multimeter Alloy Rene 41.
(4) Group 5—Alloys in order of increasing attenuation: Hastelloy Alloy B, Hastelloy Alloy C, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31, Thetaloy, Haynes Stellite
No. 3, Haynes Alloy No. 25. Image quality indicators (IQI’s) of any of these materials are considered applicable for the materials that follow it.
(2) Group 3—Haynes Alloy No. 713C, Hastelloy D , G.E. Alloy SEL, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 21, GMR-235 Alloy, Haynes Alloy No. 93, Inconel
All Haynes alloys are registered trademarks of Union Carbide Corp., New York, NY.
All Hastelloys and Haynes Stellite alloys are registered trademarks of the Cabot Corp., Boston, MA.
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FIG. 5 Set C/Alternate 1
FIG. 6 Set C/Alternate 2
X , Inconel 718, and Haynes Stellite Alloy No. S-816.
(3) Group 4—Hastelloy Alloy F, Hastelloy Alloy X, and Multimeter Alloy Rene 41.
(4) Group 5—Alloys in order of increasing attenuation: Hastelloy Alloy B, Hastelloy Alloy C, Haynes Stellite Alloy No. 31, Thetaloy, Haynes Stellite
No. 3, Haynes Alloy No. 25. Image quality indicators (IQI’s) of any of these materials are considered applicable for the materials that follow it.
NOTE 2—The committee formulating these recommendations recommend other materials may be added to the materials groups listed as the need arises
or as more information is gained, or that additional materials groups may be added.
7.3 Method for Other Materials:
7.3.1 For materials not herein covered, IQI’s of the same materials, or any other material, may be used if the following
requi
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