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ASTM F2909-14

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Maintenance and Continued Airworthiness of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)

Standard Practice for Maintenance and Continued Airworthiness of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes the standard practice for the maintenance and continued airworthiness of sUAS.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jan-2014
ICS
49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
Technical Committee
F38 - Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Drafting Committee
F38.02 - Flight Operations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F2909-19 - Standard Specification for Continued Airworthiness of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Effective Date
01-Sep-2019
Referred By
ASTM F3478-20 - Standard Practice for Development of a Durability and Reliability Flight Demonstration Program for Low-Risk Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) under FAA Oversight
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3366-19 - Standard Specification for General Maintenance Manual (GMM) for a small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3298-19 - Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3330-23 - Standard Specification for Training and the Development of Training Manuals for the UAS Operator
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3322-22 - Standard Specification for Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Parachutes
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3341/F3341M-23 - Standard Terminology for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3196-18 - Standard Practice for Seeking Approval for Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) Operations
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F2910-22 - Standard Specification for Design and Construction of a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F3600-22 - Standard Guide for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Maintenance Technician Qualification
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM F2908-23 - Standard Specification for Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual (UFM) for an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014

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ASTM F2909-14 - Standard Practice for Maintenance and Continued Airworthiness of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)ASTM F2909-14 - Standard Practice for Maintenance and Continued Airworthiness of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
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ASTM F2909-14 - Standard Practice for Maintenance and Continued Airworthiness of Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2909 − 14
Standard Practice for
Maintenance and Continued Airworthiness of Small
1
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2909; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope and, if used, a propeller or rotor) together with the associated
installation of fuel system, control and electrical power supply
1.1 This specification establishes the standard practice for
(for example, batteries, electronic speed controls, fuel cells, or
the maintenance and continued airworthiness of sUAS.
other energy supply).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.6 shall versus should versus may, v—use of the word
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
“shall” implies that a procedure or statement is mandatory and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
must be followed to comply with this standard, “should”
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
implies recommended, and “may” implies optional at the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
discretion of the supplier, manufacturer, or operator. Since
“shall” statements are requirements, they include sufficient
2. Referenced Documents
2 detail needed to define compliance (for example, threshold
2.1 ASTM Standards:
values, test methods, oversight, reference to other standards).
F2908 Specification for Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) for a
“Should” statements are provided as guidance towards the
Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)
overall goal of improving safety, and could include only
F3005 Specification for Batteries for Use in Small Un-
subjective statements. “Should” statements also represent pa-
manned Aircraft Systems (sUAS)
rameters that could be used in safety evaluations, and could
lead to development of future requirements. “May” statements
3. Terminology
are provided to clarify acceptability of a specific item or
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
practice, and offer options for satisfying requirements.
3.1.1 command and control (C2) link(s), n—safety-critical
3.1.7 small unmanned aircraft system, sUAS, n—composed
radio-frequency (RF) link(s) between ground control station
ofthesmallunmannedaircraft(sUA)andallrequiredon-board
(GCS) and the small unmanned aircraft (sUA).
subsystems, payload, control station, other required off-board
3.1.2 flight control system, FCS, n—composed of system
subsystems, any required launch and recovery equipment, and
components intended to take GCS commands via a C2 link and
C2 links between the sUAand the control station. For purposes
control flight control surfaces and propulsion systems.
of this standard UAS is synonymous with the ICAO definition
3.1.3 ground control station, GCS, n—a land- or sea-based
of a Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) and UA is
control center that provides the facilities for human control of
synonymous with the ICAO definition of a Remotely Piloted
sUA.
Aircraft (RPA).
3.1.4 manufacturer, n—entity responsible for assembly and
3.1.8 supplier, n—any entity engaged in the design and
integration of components and subsystems to create a safe
production of components (other than payload if it is not
operating sUAS.
required for safe operation of the sUAS) used on an sUAS.
3.1.5 propulsion system, n—consists of one or more power
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Where the supplier is not the
plants (for example, a combustion engine or an electric motor
manufacturer, the supplier can only ensure that the components
comply with accepted consensus standards.
1
3.1.9 support equipment, n—all associated equipment,
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F38 on Unmanned
Aircraft Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F38.02 on Flight
whether ground based or airborne, used to enable safe opera-
Operations.
tion of the sUA. This includes all elements of the control
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014. Published January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/
station, C2 links, telemetry, navigation, communications
F2909-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or equipment, as well as equipment that may be used to launch
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and recover the aircraft.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. 3.2 Acronyms:
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2909 − 14
...

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4.1 The purpose of this standard practice is to provide the minimum requirements for the conduct of compliance audits.  
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1.1 This standard practice establishes the minimum set of requirements for auditing programs, methods, and systems, the responsibilities for all parties involved, and qualifications for entities conducting audits against ASTM standards on Unmanned Aircraft Systems. This document has been purposefully designed within the broader context of the Committee F38 library. Although the original source materials for the content presented here were intended to function as standalone documents, the committee has consciously removed any redundant information in favor of adopting a referential "single-source-of-truth" approach. Consequently, when applying this standard, it is essential to consider and integrate all relevant Committee F38 standards to ensure its comprehensive and accurate implementation.  
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1.1 This specification provides the minimum requirements for an Unmanned Aircraft Flight Manual (UFM) for an unmanned aircraft system (UAS) designed, manufactured, and operated in the light UAS category as defined by a Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). Depending on the size and complexity of the UAS, an UFM may also contain the instruction for maintenance and continuing airworthiness for owner / operator authorized maintenance. This document has been purposefully designed within the broader context of the Committee F38 library. Although the original source materials for the content presented here were intended to function as standalone documents, the committee has consciously removed any redundant information in favor of adopting a referential "single-source-of-truth" approach. Consequently, when applying this standard, it is essential to consider and integrate all relevant Committee F38 standards to ensure its comprehensive and accurate implementation.  
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1.1 This specification defines the requirements for the planning, design, and establishment of vertiports intended to service vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft. These aircraft include, but are not limited to, standard category aircraft, optionally piloted aircraft, and unmanned aircraft. Aircraft not covered by this specification include VTOL aircraft less than 55 lb [25 kg]. In developing these standards, identified types of eVTOL aircraft, for example, Multi-Rotor, Lift & Cruise, Vectored Thrust, Tilt Wing, Tilt Rotor, etc., were considered. Ultimately it is up to the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) as to how and to what extent these standards are applied. Vertiports may provide commercial or private services in support of the operation of eVTOL aircraft including, but not limited to, some or all of occupant and cargo transport, air medical, flight instruction, aerial work, aircraft rental, fueling, charging of energy storage devices, battery exchange, hangaring, and maintenance services.  
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1.2.2 Vertistop—The same as Vertiport, except that no fueling, defueling, scheduled maintenance, scheduled repairs, or storage of aircraft is permitted. Unscheduled maintenance and repairs to return an aircraft in an AOG (Aircraft on Ground) status to a serviceable status are permissible.  
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ASTM F3411-22a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Remote ID and Tracking

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for remote identification (Remote ID) of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). Remote ID allows governmental and civil identification of UAS for safety, security, and compliance purposes. The objective is to increase UAS remote pilot accountability by removing anonymity while preserving operational privacy for remote pilots, businesses, and their customers. Remote ID is an enabler of enhanced operations such as beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations as well as operations over people.  
1.2 This specification defines message formats, transmission methods, and minimum performance standards for two forms of Remote ID: broadcast and network. Broadcast Remote ID is based on the transmission of radio signals directly from a UAS to receivers in the UAS’s vicinity. Network Remote ID is based on communication by means of the internet from a network Remote ID service provider (Net-RID SP) that interfaces directly or indirectly with the UAS, or with other sources in the case of intent-based network participants.  
1.3 This specification addresses the communications and test requirements of broadcast or network Remote ID, or both, in UAS and Net-RID SP systems.  
1.4 Applicability:  
1.4.1 This specification is applicable to UAS that operate at very low level (VLL) airspace over diverse environments including but not limited to rural, urban, networked, network degraded, and network denied environments, regardless of airspace class.  
1.4.2 This specification neither purports to address UAS operating with approval to use ADS-B or secondary surveillance radar transponders, nor does it purport to solve ID needs of UAS for all operations.  
1.4.3 In particular, this specification does not purport to address identification needs for UAS that are not participating in Remote ID or operators that purposefully circumvent Remote ID.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 Units of measurement included in this specification:    
m  
meters  
deg, °  
degrees of latitude and longitude, compass direction  
s  
seconds  
Hz  
Hertz (frequency)  
dBm  
decibel-milliwatts (radio frequency power)  
ppm  
parts per million (radio frequency variation)  
μs  
microseconds  
ms  
milliseconds  
1.6 Table of Contents:    
Title  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Remote ID and Network Interoperability Conceptual Overview  
4  
Performance Requirements  
5  
TEST METHODS  
Scope  
6  
Significance and Use  
7  
Hazards  
8  
Test Units  
9  
Procedure  
10  
Precision and Bias  
11  
Product Marking  
12  
Packaging and Package Marking  
13  
Keywords  
14  
ANNEX A1—Broadcast Authentication Verifier Service  
Annex A1  
ANNEX A2—Network Remote ID Interoperability Requirements, APIs, and Testing  
Annex A2  
ANNEX A3—Tables of Values  
Annex A3  
ANNEX A4—USS-DSS and USS-USS OpenAPI YAML Description  
Annex A4  
ANNEX A5—Number Registrar Management Policy  
Annex A5  
APPENDIX X1—Performance Characteristics  
Appendix X1  
APPENDIX X2—List of Subcommittee Participants and Contributors  
Appendix X2  
APPENDIX X3—Background Information  
Appendix X3  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 on Hazards.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the D...

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