ASTM C1781/C1781M-21

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Designation: C1781/C1781M − 18 C1781/C1781M − 21
Standard Test Method for
Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit Pavement
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1781/C1781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Summary of Changes section was editorially corrected in April 2020.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field surface infiltration rate of in place permeable unit pavement systems
surfaced with solid interlocking concrete paving units, concrete grid paving units, or clay paving brick.
NOTE 1—For in-place pervious concrete, Test Method C1701/C1701M should be used. Test Method C1701/C1701M is functionally identical to this
standard, but does not include the added provisions for positioning and securing the test ring to a discontinuous surface, which are detailed in this standard.
Both tests methods give comparable results
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as
requirements of the test method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving Brick
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
C936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units
C1232 Terminology for Masonry
C1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick
C1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2018Dec. 1, 2021. Published December 2018December 2021. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 20152018
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as C1781/C1781M – 15.C1781/C1781M – 18 . DOI: 10.1520/C1781_C1781M–18E01.10.1520/C1781_C1781M–21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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C1781/C1781M − 21
C1701/C1701M Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete
2.2 Other Standards:
Federal Specification A-A-3110 (TT-P-1536A) Plumbing Fixture Setting Compound
3. Terminology
3.1 The terms used in this test method are defined in Terminology C1232.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 permeable unit pavement system, n—pavement with wearing surface made from clay or concrete units that allows infiltration
of water through open-graded aggregate in the joints, cores, or other openings, to a bed, base, and subbase, or combinations thereof.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
Permeable pavement systems are utilized to reduce stormwater runoff. Permeable pavements have wearing surfaces with high
initial water infiltration through open spaces filled with aggregates to drain water into open-graded bedding and base materials. The
open spaces in the wearing surface are designed to enable sufficient infiltration rates to handle runoff from designated storm types
(for example, 1 year, 24-hour event). With unit pavers the open spaces can be achieved with exposed coring, a specially-shaped
perimeter configuration, or wider joints, or combinations thereof. Permeable pavement systems can also be made with standard
units and a laying pattern that permits sufficient water entry.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 An infiltration ring is temporarily sealed to the surface of a permeable unit pavement system. These pavements typically
consist of solid concrete paving units conforming to Specification C936/C936M, concrete grid paving units conforming to
Specification C1319, or clay paving brick conforming to Specification C902 or C1272. These pavements allow drainage through
joints between the units or through voids formed by the intersection of two or more units or intentionally manufactured into the
units. The results of this test method for unit pavement systems can be compared to that using Test Method C1701/C1701M for
pervious concrete. After pre-wetting the test location, a given mass of water is introduced into the ring and the time for the water
to infiltrate the pavement is recorded. The infiltration rate is calculated in accordance with 9.1.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method can be used for acceptance of surface infiltration of new permeable unit pavement systems.
5.2 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of the
permeable surface, thereby identifying the need for any remedial maintenance intended to increase the infiltration rates to
predefined levels.
5.3 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted.
To determine the surface infiltration rate of the entire permeable pavement, multiple locations must be tested and the results
averaged.
5.4 The minimum acceptable infiltration rate is typically established by the design engineer of record or the municipality and can
be a function of the design precipitation event.
5.5 This test method can also be used to demonstrate the infiltration rate of a particular permeable unit pavement system if the
drainage joints are filled with the aggregate that is specified for use in that system.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Infiltration Ring—A cylindrical ring, open at both ends (See Fig. 1). The ring shall be watertight, sufficiently rigid to retain
its form when filled with water, and shall have a diameter of 300 6 10 mm [12.0 6 0.5 in.] with a minimum height of 50 mm
[2.0 in.]. The bottom edge of the ring shall be even. The inner surface of the ring shall be marked or scored with two lines at a
distance of 10 and 15 mm [0.40 and 0.60 in.] from the bottom of the ring. Measure and record the inner diameter of the ring to
the nearest 1 mm [0.05 in.].
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://dodssp.daps.dla.mil.
C1781/C1781M − 21
FIG. 1 Dimensions of Infiltration Ring
NOTE 2—Ring materials that have been found to be suitable include steel, aluminum, rigid plastic, and PVC.
6.2 Balance—A balance or scale accurate to 0.05 kg [0.1 lb].
6.3 Container—A cylindrical container typically made of plastic having a volume of at least 20 L [5 gal], and from which water
may be easily poured at a controlled rate into the infiltration ring.
6.4 Stop Watch—Accurate to 0.1 s.
6.5 Plumbers Putty (Non-Hardening)—Meeting Specification C920 or Federal Specification A-A-3110.
6.6 Water—Potable water.
7. Test Locations
7.1 Perform tests at multiple locations at a site as requested by the purchaser of testing services. Unless otherwise specified, use
the following to determine the number of tests to perform:
2 2
7.1.1 Three test locations for areas up to 2500 m [25 000 ft ].
2 2
7.1.2 Add one test location for each additional 1000 m [10 000 ft ] or fraction thereof.
7.2 Provide at least 1 m [3 ft] clear distance between test locations, unless at least 24 h have elapsed between tests.
7.3 Do not test if there is standing water on top of the permeable pavement. Do not test within 24 h of the last precipitation.
8. Procedure
8.1 Clean the pavement surface by only sweeping off trash, debris, and other non-seated material.
8.2 If the test is being conducted to demonstrate the infiltration rate of a particular permeable unit pavement system, fill the
drainage joints with the aggregate specified for use in that system (see Note 3).
NOTE 3—The performance of any permeable unit pavement system is related to the interaction of the paving units with the aggregate that is used to fill
the drainage joints. When conducting tests to document the performance of a particular permeable unit pavement system, tests should not be conducted
with empty or partially filled drainage joints as this will yield unrealistically high drainage rates that are not representative of the complete system.
8.3 Take a photograph of the immediate area to be tested to document the pavement pattern and layout. Move the ring over the
surface of the pavement until the pattern, drainage joints and drainage voids framed within the infiltration ring are representative
of the entire paving pattern, drainage joints and drainage voids across the pavement surface. Set the ring on the pavement surface
and mark its location by circumscribing it with chalk or other temporary marking. Take a photograph of the circumscribed chalk
or temporary marking to document the placement of the ring relative to the pavement pattern and layout (see Note 4).
C1781/C1781M − 21
NOTE 4—The procedure in 8.3 for selecting and documenting the placement of the infiltration ring on a representative area of the pavement is sufficient
in most cases for determining the infiltration rate of the pavement. The drainage area within the infiltration ring is typically within 620 % of the average
drainage area of the pavement as a whole. This accuracy is adequate for most situations. If a more accurate quantification of the infiltration rate is needed,
the procedure detailed in Appendix X1 can be used to normalize the drainage area within the infiltration ring to the average drainage area of the pavement
as a whole.
8.4 For solid interlocking concrete paving units and clay brick paving, remove aggregate to a depth of no greater than 10 mm [0.5
in.] in any joint or drainage void that will be directly below the test ring and fill these areas with plumbers putty so that a positive
seal can be made to the test ring once it is placed on the surface. Take care not to extend the plumbers putty more than 10 mm
[0.5 in.] inside the perimeter of the chalk line or other temporary marking. For concrete grid paving units, center as much of the
ring as possible on the webs. For ring locations over openings, remove any vegetation, if present, directly below the test ring to
a depth of no greater than 10 mm [0.5 in] and apply plumbers putty to the surface of the soil, or to the aggregate, if present, so
that a positive seal can be made to the test ring once it is placed on the surface. Take care not to extend the plumbers putty more
than 10 mm [0.5 in.] inside the perimeter of the chalk line or other temporary marking.
8.5 Infiltration Ring Installation—Apply plumbers putty around the bottom edge of the ring and place the ring onto the surface
being tested. Press the putty into the surface and around the bottom edge of the ring to create a watertight seal making sure that
the putty does not extend more than 10 mm [0.5 in.] inside the perimeter of the ring. Place additional putty as needed to ensure
a watertight seal.
NOTE 5—In a hot environment or when the surface temperature is over 38°C [100°F] plumbers putty may not adhere to the surface of the pavement easily.
Therefore it is advisable to perform this test during a cooler temperature.
8.6 Prewetting—Pour water into the ring at a rate sufficient to maintain a head between the two marked lines. Take care to pour
the water such that it falls directly on the surface of a paving unit and not onto the joints. This minimizes displacement of jointing
aggregate and any accumulated sediment in the joints during the test (see Note 6). Use a total of 3.60 6 0.05 kg [8.0 6 0.1 lb]
of water. Begin timing as soon as the water impacts the permeable pavement surface. Stop timing when free water is no longer
present on the surface. Record the amount of elapsed time to the nearest 0.1 second.
NOTE 6—It is recommended that the pour height be limited to a maximum of 150 mm [6.0 in.] above the surface of the paving units to minimize
disruption.
8.7 Test—The test shall be started within 2 min after the completion of the prewetting. If the elapsed time in the prewetting stage
is less than 30 s, then use a total of 18.00 6 0.25 kg [40.00 6 0.5 lb] of water. If the elapsed time in the prewetting stage is greater
than or equal to 30 s, then use a total of 3.60 6 0.05 kg [8.0 6 0.1 lb] of water. Record the weight of water to the nearest 0.05
kg [0.1 lb]. Pour the water onto the ring at a rate sufficient to maintain a head between the two marked lines and until the measured
amount of water has been used. Take care to pour the water such that it falls directly on the surface of a paving unit and not onto
the joints. This minimizes displacement of jointing aggregate and any accumulated sediment in the joints during the test (see Note
7). Begin timing as soon as the water impacts the permeable pavement surface. Stop timing when free water is no longer present
on the surface. Record the testing duration (t) to the nearest 0.1 second.
NOTE 7—If a sloped pavement is being measured, maintain head between the two marked lines at the lowest point of the slope.
8.8 If a test is repeated at the same location, the repeat test does not require pre-wetting if conducted wit
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