ASTM D3888-15(2022)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3888 − 15 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Terminology for
Yarn Spinning Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3888; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope production had been the traditional spinning since the early
1800s when hand spinning became mechanized. Rotor spin-
1.1 This terminology covers terms related to ring, rotor, and
ningandotherspinningtechnologiesincreasedyarnproduction
air jet yarn spinning systems.
rates and formed yarns by different mechanical means that
1.1.1 This standard formerly only included terminology
generated yarns with characteristics unlike traditional ring-
related to open-end spinning. It has been expanded to include
spun yarns. The revision of this document is intended to
terms relating to ring and air jet spinning systems.
compile terminology for current yarn spinning systems into
1.1.2 While the term rotor spinning is technically correct,
one standard rather than individual standards, in that all yarn
the terms rotor and open-end are used interchangeably in the
formation is generated by processing raw fiber into a spun yarn
textile industry.
by using common preparation steps, such as opening, cleaning,
1.1.3 While the clarifying examples given in this terminol-
carding, roving formation, and sometimes combing. Terminol-
ogy do not cover industrial yarns and fibers, the technical
ogy in this standard is grouped by the type of spinning system
spinning principles are also valid for this category of textile
andinchronologicalorderoftheirdevelopmentandproduction
materials.
usage. It should be noted that the higher end of yarn number
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
rangescitedwitheachspinningsystemarepossiblebutarerare
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in actual production.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Ring Spinning—Ring spinning is the oldest spinning
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
system in use, therefore ring-spun yarns are the basis for
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
comparing yarns produced from other spinning systems. See
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Fig. 1. Production rates are low when compared to new
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical spinning systems. The production delivery capability of ring
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. spinning is limited by traveler velocity and the twist limits of
the yarn number being made; the speed may range between 10
2. Referenced Documents
m/min and 20 m/min. Ring spinning allows for the production
of the widest range of yarn numbers from 200 to 2 tex (Ne 3/1
2.1 ASTM Standards:
c
D2255 Test Method for Grading SpunYarns forAppearance to 300/1). Ring-spun yarns are produced by drafting rovings
between pairs of rollers, twisting the drafted roving by passing
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects it under a traveler that rotates around a fixed ring on the frame
of the spinning machine, and winding the twisted strand on a
3. Significance and Use
removable bobbin mounted on a rotating spindle.
3.1 Terminology D3888 was originally developed as a
bobbin, n—a cylinder (can be slightly tapered; plastic or
terminology standard for rotor spinning when it evolved as a
cardboard), mounted on a spindle of a ring spinning frame
new yarn spinning technology in the 1980s. Ring spinning
on which yarn produced from drafting and twisting is
wound.
DISCUSSION—Yarn from several ring frame bobbins is wound onto a
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. cone or cheese to create a larger package from which it can be easily
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally
unwound for use in weaving, knitting, or other processes.
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D3888 – 15. DOI:
10.1520/D3888-15R22.
carding, v—a mechanical preparation, utilized by staple fiber
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
spinning systems, that cleans, straightens, and aligns fibers
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
using wire-covered rolls (or cylinders) that converts fibers
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. into a sliver.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3888 − 15 (2022)
carded yarn, n—an organized, continuous strand of staple traveler, n—a C-shaped metal or plastic piece that rides on the
fibers produced by carding, drawing, roving formation, and ring of a spinning frame and guides the twisted yarn onto a
spinning. (Compare with combed yarn.) bobbin.
twist, n—the number of turns about the axis per unit of length
combing, v—an optional mechanical preparation process un-
in a yarn or other textile strand.
dertaken to remove additional trash particles, neps, and short
fibers (typically fibers less than 12.5 mm or 0.5 in.) from
4.2 Rotor Spinning—Rotor, or open-end, spinning is a
carded sliver to further align the remaining fibers.
production spinning technology that can spin yarn at a rate of
uptotentimesthatofringspinning.Rotorspinningproduction
combed yarn, n—an organized, continuous strand of staple
capability, typically utilized for coarser yarn number
fibers produced by carding, roving, drawing, formation,
production, is dependant on rotor dimensions and nozzle
combing, and spinning. (Compare with carded yarn.)
configuration; its spinning speeds may range between 150
DISCUSSION—Combed yarns produced on the same spinning system
m/min to 250 m/min. It does not require either roving forma-
are, generally, stronger, more uniform with fewer imperfections, and
tion prior to spinning or an extra winding step after spinning.
have greater luster than carded yarns.
Its yarn number production range is 200 to 15 tex (Ne 3/1 to
c
compact spinning, n—a modified ring-spinning process that
40/1). See Fig. 5.
alters the geometry of the spinning twist triangle to produce
carding, n—See carding in 4.1.
a more uniform structure by binding fibers into the body of
collecting surface, n—in the rotor of an open-end spinning
the yarn. See Fig. 2.
machine, that portion of the internal surface of the rotor,
compact- (ring-) spun yarn, n—compact-spun yarn is char-
often in the form of a groove, in which the fibers are
acterized by reduced hairiness and higher strength than
condensed for assembly into yarn.
conventional ring spun yarns in the same fiber properties,
doffing tube, n—a component of an open-end spinning ma-
yarn number, and twist per unit distance. See Fig. 3.
chine which is an extension to the navel and is used to guide
drafting, v—the process of attenuating a web, sliver or roving
the withdrawn yarn en route to the take-up rollers. (See also
of staple fiber to increase its length per unit mass.
navel.)
DISCUSSION—Drafting is generally attained by passing a web, sliver
feed unit, n—in an open-end spinning machine, the device
or roving between pairs of rollers (or a combination of pairs of rollers
with aprons), operating at differing speeds. which presents the fiber feed stock to the opening roller by
either a feed roller and feed plate combination or interacting
drafting zone, n—the location on a drawing, roving or
feed rollers. (See opening device.)
spinning frame where pairs of rollers, cylinders, aprons or a
fiber channel, n—a component of an open-end spinning
combination of the same, operate at differing surface speeds.
machine through which the fibers are conveyed by an air
DISCUSSION—The differing surface speeds attenuate the material
current from the opening device to the rotor. (Syn. fiber
being processed, and control the number of fibers per cross-section.
transport tube.) (See also opening device.)
ring spinning machine, n—a machine that converts roving of
DISCUSSION—Different navel designs will impact the physical prop-
staple fiber (produced from carded or combed sliver) into
erties of rotor-spun yarns.
spun yarn by drafting, twisting, and winding onto a remov-
navel, n—a component of an open-end spinning machine
able bobbin. (Syn. ring-spinning frame.) See Fig. 4.
located on the axis of the rotor through which the yarn is
ring-spun yarn, n—ring-spun yarn is characterized by a withdrawnfromtherotorandwhic
...