ASTM E3089-22

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E3089 − 17 E3089 − 22
Standard Guide for
Nanotechnology Workforce Education in Material Properties
and Effects of Size
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3089; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides a framework for a basic workforce education in material properties at the nanoscale, to be taught at an
undergraduate college level. This education should be broad to prepare an individual to serve within one of the many areas in
nanotechnology research, development, or manufacturing.
1.2 This guide may be used to develop or evaluate an education program for unique material properties and their applications in
the nanotechnology field. This guide provides listings of key topics that should be covered in a nanotechnology education program
on this subject, but it does not provide specific course material to be used in such a program. This approach is taken in order to
allow workforce education entities to ensure their programs cover the required material while also enabling these institutions to
tailor their programs to meet the needs of their local employers.
1.3 While no units of measurements are used in this guide, values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the techniques, materials, and concepts needed for material properties and
applications. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to utilize other knowledge and skill objectives as applicable to local
conditions or required by local regulations.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E2456 Terminology Relating to Nanotechnology
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E56 on Nanotechnology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E56.07 on Education and Workforce
Development.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017Feb. 1, 2022. Published September 2017April 2022. Originally approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as
E3089 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/E3089-17.10.1520/E3089-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E3089 − 22
E2996 Guide for Workforce Education in Nanotechnology Health and Safety
2.2 Other Standards:
ISO/TS 80004-2 Nanotechnologies – Vocabulary – Part 2: Nano-Objects
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms related to nanotechnology in general, refer to Terminology E2456 and ISO/TS 80004-2.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 This guide designates a list of subject areas related to material properties and the effects of size that are relevant to
nanotechnology workforce education. Selection of the areas is based on inputs from industry, nanotechnology educators and
subject matter experts.
4.2 Within each subject area, important topics to be covered are listed specifically.
4.3 This approach provides both a broad education as well as in-depth emphasis for key subjects within the time constraints of
an instructional course or program.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This guide establishes, at the undergraduate college level, the basic education structure for understanding the unique properties
and applications of nanoscale materials as compared to bulk properties and applications of macroscale materials. It helps to
describe the minimum knowledge base for anyone involved in nanomanufacturing or nanomaterials research and can be used by
organizations developing or carrying out education programs for the nanotechnology workforce.
5.2 The basic education should prepare an individual for varied roles in the nanotechnology workplace. The material in this guide
may require a post-secondary two-year science or technology background to be understood sufficiently.
5.3 Workers may transition in their roles in the workplace. Participants in such education will have a broad understanding of
material properties and the effects of size, thus increasing their marketability for jobs within as well as beyond the nanotechnology
field.
5.4 Because nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field, the individual educated in nanotechnology needs to be cognizant of
changing and evolving safety procedures and practices. Individuals should be aware of how to maintain an up-to-date
understanding of the technology and have sufficient base education to enable the synthesis of emerging or evolving safety
procedures and practices.
5.5 This guide is intended to be one in a series of standards developed for workforce education in various aspects of
nanotechnology. It will assist in providing an organization a basic structure for developing a program applicable to many areas in
nanotechnology, thus providing dynamic and evolving workforce education.
6. General Background Knowledge and Skills
6.1 Introductory algebra, chemistry, physics, and statistics at the college level.
6.2 The environmental, health, and safety (EHS) hazards presented by nanoscale materials can be very different from those
presented by bulk materials. Students should have a basic understanding of the unique EHS factors when handling nanoscale
materials.materials (see Note 1).
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
E3089 − 22
NOTE 1—See Guide E2996 and the National Nanotechnology Initiative’s website on Environmental, Health, and Safety Issueswebpage on recent EHS
research for more information.
7. Concepts and Skills to be Covered
7.1 The subject areas and topics relevant for workforce education in nanotechnology regarding material properties are given in
Section 8, and select examples of how a reduction of material or structure size to the nanoscale affect material properties are shown
in Section 9. These should be covered in a manner wherein bulk and nanoscale properties are compared and contrasted.
7.2 Select examples of how nanoscale materials are utilized in a variety of applications are given in Section 10.
7.3 Additional subject areas, topics, and examples may be added on an as-needed basis.
8. Fundamental Material Properties
8.1 This section consists of topics that pertain to the basic properties of materials. These are considered to be essential for
introduction in an undergraduate-level class to facilitate the subsequent understanding of how and why certain properties are
affected when material or structure dimensions change from the macroscale to the nanoscale.
8.2 Material Characteristics:
8.2.1 Structure:
8.2.1.1 Crystalline material.
NOTE 2—Include discussion of Miller indices.
8.2.1.2 Non-crystalline material.
8.2.1.3 Allotropes and polymorphism.
8.2.2 Bonding.
8.2.3 Defects.
8.2.4 Phase diagrams.
Available from U.S. National Nanotechnology Coordination Office (NNCO), 4201 Wilson Blvd., Stafford II, Rm 405, Arlington, VA 22230, https://www.nano.gov/you/
environmental-health-safety.2415 Eisenhower Ave., Alexandria, VA 22314, https://www.nano.gov/Highlights-Federal-NanoEHS-Report.
E3089 − 22
8.3 Physical Properties:
8.3.1 Surface energy.
8.3.2 Melting temperature.
8.3.3 Diffusion.
8.4 Mechanical Properties:
8.4.1 Stress and strain.
8.4.2 Tensile and compressive strength.
8.4.3 Elastic and plastic responses.
8.4.4 Moduli.
NOTE 3—Include introduction to Young’s, shear, and bulk modulus.
8.4.5 Hardness.
8.5 Optical Properties:
8.5.1 Reflection.
8.5.2 Refraction.
8.5.3 Absorption.
8.5.4 Transmittance.
8.5.5 Emission.
8.6 Electrical Properties:
8.6.1 Fermi level.
NOTE 4—This is to provide an overview for insight into electronic devices, corrosion, and batteries.
8.6.2 Conductivity.
8.6.3 Electronic transport.
8.6.4 Dielectric constant.
8.7 Magnetic Properties:
8.7.1 Ferromagnetism.
8.7.2 Diamagnetism.
9. Effects of Scale on Properties
9.1 While the subject of nanotechnology is generally associated with materials or structures having at least one dimension with
E3089 − 22
a size approximately within the 1 to 100 nanometres (nm) range, it should be noted that the small size alone does not necessarily
distinguish the technology. The uniqueness of nanotechnology arises when the
...